余 文 劉寶清 門斯燁 薛霧松* 張少輝 劉會良 周春宇 楊成城 吳 偉
(北京中醫(yī)藥大學東方醫(yī)院普通外科,北京 100078)
HER2陽性的進展期胃癌目前和未來的靶向治療
余 文 劉寶清 門斯燁 薛霧松* 張少輝 劉會良 周春宇 楊成城 吳 偉
(北京中醫(yī)藥大學東方醫(yī)院普通外科,北京 100078)
目前對胃癌中人表皮生長因子受體2(HER2)的預(yù)測價值存有爭議。當前的治療指南已經(jīng)把檢測胃癌中HER2狀態(tài)作為標準化操作。最近,在治療HER2陽性進展期胃癌中,曲妥珠單抗已經(jīng)成為一線靶向治療用藥,而原發(fā)與繼發(fā)性藥物抵抗則成為主要問題,需要新的治療策略來克服這種抵抗。許多HER2陽性進展期胃癌患者在接受曲妥珠單抗治療后都出現(xiàn)疾病進展,必須接受二線方案治療。新的靶向藥物,諸如酪氨酸激酶抑制劑(TKI)拉帕替尼、哺乳動物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mTOR)通路抑制劑依維莫司、熱休克蛋白90(HSP90)抑制劑AUY922、HER二聚化抑制劑帕妥珠單抗以及抗體-藥物偶聯(lián)物曲妥珠單抗-emtansine(T-DM1),在以曲妥珠單抗為基礎(chǔ)的一線治療失敗時可以成為二線治療用藥。
胃癌;人表皮生長因子受體;曲妥珠單抗抵抗;多靶點酪氨酸激酶抑制劑;二線治療;靶向治療
胃癌在全世界最常見的惡性腫瘤中排名第四,因腫瘤而死亡的患者中,胃癌占第二位[1]。有臨床前研究證實[2],曲妥珠單抗對過度表達人表皮生長因子受體2(HER2)的胃癌細胞具有抗腫瘤活性。在曲妥珠單抗治療胃癌的臨床實驗中(ToGA實驗)[3],化療方案中增加曲妥珠單抗和沒有增加相比,總生存期(OS)改善明顯。約20%的胃癌過度表達HER2[4]。本文集中討論HER2陽性進展期胃癌(AGC)目前和未來HER2的靶向治療。
人源化重組單克隆抗體曲妥珠單抗通過兩種可能的機制來發(fā)揮其治療功效:第一種,直接作用機制,即阻斷HER2信號傳導(dǎo)通路,減少這種受體的表達,從而抑制血管的生成,減少DNA的修復(fù)以及誘導(dǎo)細胞凋亡;第二種,間接作用機制,是通過抗體依賴的細胞介導(dǎo)的細胞毒性反應(yīng)(ADCC)進行的[5]。
在ToGA實驗中[3],研究人員隨機將594名(50%是亞裔)HER2陽性的胃腺癌(占80%)和胃食管連接部(GEJ)癌癥(占20%)患者分為兩組,對照組接受順鉑和卡培他濱/氟尿嘧啶(CX方案)治療,實驗組在接受CX治療的同時還接受曲妥珠單抗(T+CX方案)治療。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)實驗組患者的OS明顯延長(13.8個月比11.1個月,P=0.0046)[3]。這一結(jié)果暗示出T+CX方案將病死率風險減少了26%。另外研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)實驗組的治療總緩解率也明顯增加(47%比35%,P=0.0017)。在ToGA實驗中[3],從西歐國家來源的患者中,無論是CX組還是T+CX組,僅有超過40%的患者接受的是二線方案治療。與此相比,在日本和韓國,有超過70%的患者接受二線治療。
當前,盡管有依立替康(CPT-11)的出現(xiàn),AGC仍然沒有標準的二線治療方案。二線藥物治療的平均緩解率為13%,PFS為2.5~5.0個月,平均OS為5.6個月[6]。近期發(fā)表的小規(guī)模隨機Ⅲ期臨床實驗報告中指出[7],在不知道HER2狀態(tài)的AGC患者中,二線化療要比最佳支持療法延長OS更顯著。
在ToGA實驗中,研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)在HER2陽性胃癌患者的化療方案中增加曲妥珠單抗僅使治療緩解率增加了12%[3],這一結(jié)果暗示,對于這類人群可能存在高度內(nèi)源性或原發(fā)性曲妥珠單抗抵抗。另外,多數(shù)最初對治療有效果的患者后期會發(fā)展成獲得性或繼發(fā)性抵抗。
在有關(guān)HER2陽性轉(zhuǎn)移性乳腺癌患者的臨床實驗中[8],“曲妥珠單抗抵抗”被定義為在接受曲妥珠單抗為基礎(chǔ)的一線治療后3個月內(nèi),在首次影像學復(fù)查時發(fā)現(xiàn)疾病出現(xiàn)進展;而“曲妥珠單抗耐受”則是患者在接受二線或其它包括曲妥珠單抗的替代治療而從有效或穩(wěn)定變?yōu)榧膊∵M展。這種臨床差異反映出不同的分子機制:在曲妥珠單抗抵抗的腫瘤中,內(nèi)源性抵抗起主要作用,而在曲妥珠單抗耐受的腫瘤中,獲得性抵抗更重要。
胃癌腫瘤內(nèi)的異質(zhì)性可能與曲妥珠單抗抵抗有關(guān)[9]。在最初敏感的腫瘤中,一部分不敏感的克隆如果持續(xù)接受曲妥珠單抗治療可能會引起獲得性抵抗。
目前對于曲妥珠單抗抵抗的分子機制還不甚清楚。編碼PI3K催化結(jié)構(gòu)域的基因發(fā)生突變(胃癌和食管癌的發(fā)生率分別為13%和6%)常常會導(dǎo)致下游PI3K/Akt信號傳導(dǎo)通路的激活,由此會使胃-食管癌的細胞通過HER2相關(guān)受體和/或非HER受體如胰島素樣生長因子1受體(IGF1R)激活產(chǎn)生對曲妥珠單抗的抵抗[10]。在有些研究中已經(jīng)證實[11],胃癌患者中IGF1R的過度表達與預(yù)后不佳相關(guān)聯(lián)。另外,在超過50%的AGC患者中,都存在磷酸酶和張力蛋白同源物(PTEN)腫瘤抑制基因的缺失,這與預(yù)后不良相關(guān)聯(lián),且會增強Akt/mTOR的信號傳導(dǎo),從而導(dǎo)致對曲妥珠單抗敏感性的下降[12]。
細胞表面蛋白,諸如粘蛋白,會減弱曲妥珠單抗與HER2受體間的聯(lián)系,由此影響到藥物的抑制作用[13]。伴護蛋白,如熱休克蛋白90(HSP90),對HER2蛋白最初和成熟形式的穩(wěn)定性都非常關(guān)鍵。在臨床前期研究中[14]發(fā)現(xiàn),HSP90抑制劑可以抑制胃癌細胞的生長。
4.1 mTOR抑制劑
在細胞培養(yǎng)模式中[15],mTOR抑制劑對HER2抑制達到最佳效果發(fā)揮著十分重要的作用。但是,在一項隨機Ⅲ期臨床實驗(GRANITE-1)中顯示[16],對于沒有選擇HER2狀態(tài)且先前沒有接受過以HER2為靶向治療的AGC患者而言,依維莫司作為二線或三線方案治療和安慰劑相比并沒有改善OS,只是在無進展生存期(PFS)方面效果不錯。在一項臨床前期研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)[17],阻斷mTOR蛋白復(fù)合物-1可以導(dǎo)致IGF1R的上調(diào)和mTOR蛋白復(fù)合物-2介導(dǎo)的HER2的表達。因此,可以在臨床中評價新型全mTOR復(fù)合物抑制劑,以及mTOR抑制劑與以HER2和IGF1R為靶向治療藥物聯(lián)合應(yīng)用在HER2陽性胃癌患者中的使用情況[18]。
4.2 HSP90抑制劑
有臨床前研究表明[19],NVP-AUY922,一種新型HSP90抑制劑,具有抑制胃癌細胞生長的潛在活性,并且當與細胞毒性化療藥物如5-FU和奧沙利鉑聯(lián)合應(yīng)用時還有一定的協(xié)同作用。
4.3 曲妥珠單抗-emtansine(T-DM1)
有研究人員通過一種異種腫瘤細胞模型發(fā)現(xiàn)[20],抗體-藥物偶聯(lián)物T-DM1,即曲妥珠單抗與抗微小管藥物DM1的聯(lián)合體,在HER2陽性胃癌細胞中,即使是腫瘤細胞已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)對曲妥珠單抗的抵抗,仍然表現(xiàn)出顯著的抗腫瘤特性。只是目前還沒有臨床結(jié)果報告該藥在胃癌患者中的療效。
4.4 帕妥珠單抗
HER2-HER3異源性二聚體的形成是HER2導(dǎo)致的腫瘤細胞生長和增殖必不可少的[21]。曲妥珠單抗是與HER2細胞外區(qū)域中第Ⅳ區(qū)域結(jié)合,并不抑制配體活化的HER3與HER2的二聚化[5]。而帕妥珠單抗是一種人源化單克隆抗體,直接作用于HER2細胞外異源化區(qū)域第Ⅱ區(qū)域,可以有效地阻斷HER2/HER3的異源二聚化。有臨床前期研究發(fā)現(xiàn)[22],在HER2過度表達的胃癌細胞中,帕妥珠單抗與曲妥珠單抗和T-DM1聯(lián)合應(yīng)用是有效的。因此研究人員推測,對于曲妥珠單抗抵抗的HER2陽性胃癌患者,帕妥珠單抗治療會帶來不錯的療效。
4.5 全HER TKI
有臨床前研究發(fā)現(xiàn),全HER TK不可逆抑制劑(全HER TKI)如PF-00299804[23]和HM781-36B[24]可以導(dǎo)致HER2過度表達的人胃癌異種移植細胞的退化,主要是通過抑制HER家族受體的磷酸化和下游信號傳導(dǎo)通路,阻斷了EGFR/HER2、HER2/HER3和HER3/HER4的異源性二聚化。這些藥物與其它化療藥物或分子靶向藥物如曲妥珠單抗具有協(xié)同作用。它們算是第二代抑制劑,和第一代全HER TKI相比,它們藥代動力學特性更好、半衰期更長、清除率更低。有兩項Ⅱ期臨床實驗表明[25-26],新型全HER TKI dacomitinib和afatinib,在曲妥珠單抗難治型HER2陽性的AGC患者中療效顯著。
4.6 拉帕替尼
拉帕替尼是一種可逆的雙向TKI,同時影響HER2和EGFR,與曲妥珠單抗沒有交叉抵抗。有臨床前研究顯示[27],拉帕替尼可以有效地恢復(fù)曲妥珠單抗的敏感性。曲妥珠單抗抵抗的另外一個機制是HER2的縮短型,p95-HER2的積累。p95-HER2缺少曲妥珠單抗的結(jié)合位點,雖然沒有細胞外區(qū)域,但仍然保持著TK的活性。拉帕替尼的一項潛在優(yōu)勢是它可以抑制p95-HER2的磷酸化,從而導(dǎo)致HER2來源的腫瘤細胞生長減慢。
在過度表達HER2的食道和胃腺癌細胞系中,研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)拉帕替尼具有活性,在與其它化療藥物聯(lián)合應(yīng)用時還具有附加或協(xié)同作用[28]。目前缺少有關(guān)曲妥珠單抗難治型HER2陽性胃癌患者接受拉帕替尼治療的臨床療效數(shù)據(jù),不過根據(jù)一項研究亞洲人群的Ⅲ期臨床實驗TYTAN實驗的初步結(jié)果表明[29],拉帕替尼聯(lián)合紫杉醇作為二線方案治療HER2陽性且未接受過曲妥珠單抗治療的胃癌患者是有一定療效且安全性好。另有一項實驗研究了拉帕替尼與CPT-11聯(lián)合應(yīng)用作為二線方案治療的療效[30]。
在一項Ⅱ期臨床實驗(SWOG0413實驗)中[31]顯示,拉帕替尼作為一線方案單藥治療HER2狀態(tài)不詳?shù)腁GC患者活性有限。而另一項Ⅲ期臨床實驗(LOGiC實驗)[32]發(fā)現(xiàn),卡培他濱/奧沙利鉑聯(lián)合拉帕替尼作為一線方案治療HER2陽性AGC患者療效顯著。
4.7 蛋氨酸抑制劑
蛋氨酸(MET)受體的活化會造成HER2陽性胃癌細胞的抑制,這種抑制主要與下游信號傳導(dǎo)通路MAPK和AKT的再次活化有關(guān)[33]。一項涉及489名胃食道腫瘤的大型臨床研究證實[34],MET和HER2的擴增互不相關(guān),可能代表著獨立的分子表型。不過,MET通路的調(diào)節(jié)異??赡苁怯善渌煌贛ET基因擴增的機制造成的。在有些未具體選擇胃癌患者的臨床實驗中[35],研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)9%~12%的腫瘤中存在MET和HER2的共同表達,而且24%為腸型。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)[35],rilotumumab作為一種單克隆抗體可以直接作用于MET受體的配體,在未選擇HER2狀態(tài)的胃癌患者中具有一定的療效。foretinib(GSK1363089)是一種口服的MET和血管內(nèi)皮生長因子受體(VEGFR)多重TKI,在MET過度表達的HER2陽性胃癌細胞中與拉帕替尼有協(xié)同作用[36]。根據(jù)這些數(shù)據(jù)可以考慮對曲妥珠單抗或拉帕替尼治療無效的HER2陽性胃癌患者聯(lián)合應(yīng)用MET抑制劑和以HER2為靶向治療的藥物。
盡管HER2對胃癌預(yù)后的作用存有爭議,它已經(jīng)被看作是一種新型的重要的治療目標。因此在對進展期胃癌患者的診斷流程中,應(yīng)該常規(guī)包含對HER2的檢測。
曲妥珠單抗聯(lián)合鉑類制劑和氟嘧啶類藥物治療是目前HER2陽性AGC患者標準的一線治療方案,HER2過度表達的預(yù)測價值要大于其擴增的價值,然而,HER2的過度表達很明顯不是一種強有力的預(yù)測生物學標記物,因為以曲妥珠單抗為基礎(chǔ)的治療在許多患者中療效欠佳,而且多數(shù)患者還會產(chǎn)生對曲妥珠單抗的抵抗。
許多臨床前研究已經(jīng)明確了在HER2來源胃癌治療中曲妥珠單抗抵抗的多種機制,以及對HER2靶向治療藥物反應(yīng)的潛在預(yù)測因素。以這些理論為依據(jù)發(fā)展出合理的二線治療方案,可以用于克服對曲妥珠單抗的抵抗。鑒于在同樣細胞群中存在傳導(dǎo)通路之間和許多抵抗機制共同存在的相互作用,靶向治療的聯(lián)合應(yīng)用可以產(chǎn)生最佳的療效。現(xiàn)在急切需要可以預(yù)測對HER2靶向治療抵抗的新型生物學標記物,用以指導(dǎo)對治療敏感藥物的選擇。
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Present and Future Targeted Therapy of HER2-positive Advanced Stomach Cancer
YU Wen, LIU Bao-qing, MEN Si-ye, XUE Wu-song*, ZHANG Shao-hui, LIU Hui-liang, ZHOU Chun-yu, YANG Cheng-cheng, WU Wei
(Department of General Surgery, Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100078, China)
The prognostic value of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) in gastric cancer is controversial. Consensus guidelines have standardized the testing of HER2 status in gastric cancer. Recently, trastuzumab has emerged as the first targeted drug to improve overall survival when combined with chemotherapy in advanced HER2-positive gastric cancer. Primary and secondary resistance to trastuzumab has become a major problem and new strategies to overcome this resistance are needed. A high percentage of advanced HER2-positive gastric cancer patients who progress on trastuzumab therapy are candidates for second-line therapy. New families of targeted drugs, including tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) such as lapatinib, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway inhibitors such as everolimus, heat-shock protein 90 (HSP90) inhibitors such as AUY922, HER dimerization inhibitors such as pertuzumab, and antibody-chemotherapy conjugates such as trastuzumab-emtansine (T-DM1), could offer alternative second-line treatments when trastuzumab-based first-line therapy fails.
Gastric cancer; Human epidermal growth factor receptor; Trastuzumab resistance; Multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitors; Second line therapies; Targeted therapies
R735.2
A
1671-8194(2013)21-0092-04
*通訊作者: E-mail:xuewusong@sina.com