Stop staring. I bet you heard this more than once growing up. This command, after all, marks the unbridgeable gap between the impulsiveness of the child, who gawks at whatever seizes his attention, and the adult’s social awareness, based on a fear of giving offense.
The auto mechanic has a huge mole on his nose. There’s a woman crying unaccountably2) in the supermarket aisle. The little boy looks and looks, while the mother pulls him away, scolding all the while.
Most children eventually get the point and quit their gaping. For good reason: Although we’re tempted to gaze at the car wreck on the side of the highway, suffering is involved.
But let’s be honest. We’re running late for work. We hit a traffic jam. We creep angrily ahead, inch by inch, until we finally see the source of the slowdown: an accident. As we near the scene, we realize that the highway’s been cleared. The dented cars are on the shoulder3). This is just an onlooker delay, rubberneckers braking to stare.
We silently judge all those seekers of sick thrills—for making us late, for exploiting the misfortune of others. Surely we won’t look, we tell ourselves as we pull beside the crash. Then it comes: the need to stare, like a tickle in the throat before a cough or the awful urge to sneeze. We hold it back until the last minute, then gawk for all we’re worth, enjoying the experience all the more because it’s frowned upon.
Is there a benefit to rubbernecking? Why do we do this? Our list of morbid4) fascinations is longer than we’d like to admit, including disaster footage on the TV news, documentaries featuring animal attacks, sordid5) reality shows, funny falls on YouTube, celebrity scandals, violent movies and television shows, gruesome video games, mixed martial arts6), TMZ7), Gawker8), and the lives of serial killers.
Everyone loves a good train wreck. We are enamored of ruin. Our secret and ecstatic wish: Let it all fall down. Why? Does this macabre9) propensity10) merely reflect humanity’s most lurid tendencies? Or might this grimmer side produce unexpected virtues?
In Killing Monsters: Why Children Need Fantasy, Superheroes, and Make—Believe Violence, Gerard Jones argues that children can benefit from exposure to fictional violence because it makes them feel powerful in a “scary, uncontrollable world.” The child’s fascination with mayhem11) has less to do with the fighting and more to do with how the action makes her feel. Children like to feel strong. Those committing violence are strong. By pretending to be these violent figures, children take on their strength and with it negotiate daily dangers.
Carl Jung12) made a similar argument for adults. He maintained that our mental health depends on our shadow, that part of our psyche that harbors our darkest energies, such as murderousness. The more we repress the morbid, the more it foments neuroses or psychoses. To achieve wholeness, we must acknowledge our most demonic inclinations.
Yes, I took pleasure in my enemy’s tumble from grace. No, I couldn’t stop watching 9/11 footage. Once we welcome these unseemly admissions as integral portions of our being, the devils turn into angels. Luke13) owns the Vader14) within, offers affection to the actual villain; off comes the scary mask, and there stands a father, loving and in need of love.
The gruesome brings out the generous: a strange notion. But think of the empathy that can arise from witnessing death or destruction. This emotion—possibly the grounding of all morals—is rare, but it frequently arises when we are genuinely curious about dreadful occurrences.
Renaissance scholars kept skulls on their desks to remind them how precious this life is. John Keats believed that the real rose, because it is dying, exudes more beauty than the porcelain one.
The man in the photo was blessing the rescue workers before their day’s hellish efforts. They kneeled amidst the fog—covered wreckage, heads bowed. I hit the play button. The commentator spoke. As the search for bodies lengthened and grief and fatigue worsened; as hopes coalesced only to be immediately crushed; as firemen, bonded by their labor, grew close; as those who had lost their children and their parents, their wives and their husbands, realized the depth of their affection—as all of this was transpiring—this horrific terrain had turned into “holy ground.”
In the summer of 2010, I visited the National September 11th Memorial Museum in New York City. Photographs of the tragedy and its aftermath covered the walls. On a portable audio player, I listened to commentaries on each. After an hour of taking in the devastation, raw with sadness and wanting nothing more than to return to my wife and daughter, I stood before a picture of a clergyman praying in an eerie gray haze.
At that moment, I understood the terrible logic of suffering: When we agonize over what has cruelly been taken from us, we love it more, and know it better, than when we were near it. Affliction can reveal what is most sacred in our lives, essential to our joy. Water, Emily Dickinson writes, is “taught by thirst.”
Staring at macabre occurrences can lead to mere insensitivity—gawking for a cheap thrill—or it can result in stunned trauma, muteness before the horror. But in between these two extremes, morbid curiosity can sometimes inspire us to imagine ways to transform life’s necessary darkness into luminous vision. Go ahead. Stare. Take a picture. It will last longer.
不要再瞪著眼看了!這樣的話我敢說(shuō)你從小到大聽(tīng)過(guò)不止一次。說(shuō)到底,這個(gè)命令標(biāo)志著孩童的好奇心和成人的社會(huì)意識(shí)之間一種不可逾越的差距:孩子總是會(huì)瞪大眼睛去看任何吸引他注意力的東西,而成年人則擔(dān)心這樣會(huì)冒犯他人。
汽車(chē)修理工的鼻子上有一顆巨大的痣。超市貨架間有個(gè)女人不知什么原因在嚎啕大哭。小男孩看了又看,而媽媽則一邊拖著他走,一邊不停地責(zé)罵。
大多數(shù)孩子最終都能明白過(guò)來(lái),不再?gòu)埓笞彀涂聪∑?。理由很充分:盡管我們都忍不住要看一看公路邊的車(chē)禍場(chǎng)面,當(dāng)事人卻是痛苦的。
不過(guò)還是讓我們實(shí)話實(shí)說(shuō)吧。我們上班快要遲到了,結(jié)果卻遇到了交通擁堵。我們強(qiáng)壓怒火緩緩前行,一寸一寸地向前移動(dòng),最后終于看到導(dǎo)致車(chē)流緩慢的罪魁禍?zhǔn)祝阂粓?chǎng)交通事故。駛近車(chē)禍現(xiàn)場(chǎng)后,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)道路實(shí)際上已清理完畢。撞壞的汽車(chē)已移到緊急停車(chē)道上。剛才的擁堵只不過(guò)是人們好奇旁觀而引起的,是看客們紛紛剎車(chē)觀看的緣故。
我們心里默默地認(rèn)定那些人是一群追尋變態(tài)刺激的看客——他們讓我們遲到,還將自己的快樂(lè)建立在別人的不幸之上。我們一邊緩緩地將車(chē)開(kāi)到事故車(chē)輛旁,一邊告訴自己:我們肯定不會(huì)去看的。可就在這時(shí),看客的欲望還是如期而至,就像嗓子眼發(fā)癢,忍不住要咳嗽一樣,又像一個(gè)來(lái)勢(shì)兇猛的噴嚏,非打不可。終于我們?nèi)虩o(wú)可忍,目不轉(zhuǎn)睛地盡情瞧了個(gè)夠,越是知道這樣做別人會(huì)有意見(jiàn),我們就越是看得津津有味。
旁觀有什么好處嗎?我們?yōu)槭裁匆@樣做?實(shí)際上,我們變態(tài)的嗜好要遠(yuǎn)比我們所樂(lè)于承認(rèn)的多,包括熱衷于電視新聞上的災(zāi)難鏡頭、動(dòng)物廝殺的紀(jì)錄片、粗鄙的真人秀、YouTube上滑稽可笑的摔倒片段、名人丑聞、充滿暴力的影視節(jié)目、陰森可怖的電子游戲、綜合格斗比賽、美國(guó)名人消息網(wǎng)和高客網(wǎng)之流的八卦網(wǎng)站、系列殺人犯的生平介紹等等。
人人都喜歡看火車(chē)失事。我們對(duì)毀滅情有獨(dú)鐘。我們有一個(gè)瘋狂的秘密心愿:讓一切都倒塌垮掉!為什么?這種恐怖嗜好難道僅僅反映了人類(lèi)最可怕的脾性?還是說(shuō)人類(lèi)心理的這一陰暗面有可能產(chǎn)生什么意料之外的好處嗎?
在《屠殺怪物:為什么兒童需要幻想、超級(jí)英雄和虛構(gòu)的暴力》一書(shū)中,作者杰拉德·瓊斯認(rèn)為,兒童能夠從接觸虛構(gòu)暴力的過(guò)程中獲益,因?yàn)槟菢涌梢宰屗麄冊(cè)谝粋€(gè)“無(wú)法控制的恐怖世界”里感覺(jué)到自己力量的強(qiáng)大。兒童對(duì)暴力行為的迷戀,與其說(shuō)是與格斗有關(guān),倒不如說(shuō)與兒童自身對(duì)格斗行為的感受有關(guān)。孩子們喜歡強(qiáng)大的感覺(jué)。那些實(shí)施暴力的人是強(qiáng)大的。通過(guò)把自己想象成那些暴力人物,孩子們可以獲得他們的力量,并利用這種力量來(lái)應(yīng)對(duì)日常生活中的危險(xiǎn)事件。
卡爾·榮格對(duì)成年人也持有類(lèi)似的觀點(diǎn)。他認(rèn)為,人類(lèi)的精神健康取決于自身的“陰影”,即蘊(yùn)涵著我們最黑暗能量的那部分心理狀態(tài),如殺人心態(tài)。我們?cè)绞菈阂肿儜B(tài)心理,它就越容易使我們患上神經(jīng)疾病,或者使我們精神失常。要達(dá)到心理上的健全,我們就必須承認(rèn)自己擁有最具惡魔性的一面。
是的,看到對(duì)手失去恩寵,我總是幸災(zāi)樂(lè)禍。沒(méi)錯(cuò),對(duì)于有關(guān)9·11恐怖事件的錄像,我總是看不夠。一旦我們勇于承認(rèn)這種不健康的心理,并將其看成是人性不可分割的一部分,魔鬼也就變成了天使。正義的絕地武士盧克的內(nèi)心中也有惡棍維德的一面,他對(duì)于這個(gè)惡棍也傾注了一定的感情。而惡棍維德一旦摘下恐怖的面具,站在我們眼前的就是一位父親,一位慈愛(ài)也需要被愛(ài)的父親。
大災(zāi)產(chǎn)生大善——這是一個(gè)奇怪的邏輯。但試想一下,在目睹死亡或者毀滅之后,我們產(chǎn)生的那種感同身受的心理狀態(tài)。這種感情——它也許是所有道德產(chǎn)生的基礎(chǔ)——雖然很少見(jiàn),但它經(jīng)常會(huì)在我們對(duì)恐怖事件真正感到好奇之時(shí)出現(xiàn)。
文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期的學(xué)者們喜歡將人的頭顱擺在書(shū)桌上,以提醒自己生命之寶貴。約翰·濟(jì)慈則認(rèn)為,真正的玫瑰正是因?yàn)榻K將枯萎,因而才比瓷制的玫瑰更有美感。
照片中的這個(gè)男人正在祝福救援人員,他們面臨的將是一整天地獄般的搜救工作。在霧氣繚繞的廢墟中,他們跪了下來(lái),深深地低垂著頭。我按下播放鍵。解說(shuō)員開(kāi)始解說(shuō)。當(dāng)搜尋尸體的時(shí)間不斷延長(zhǎng),悲傷與疲憊都已不堪忍受之時(shí);當(dāng)希望剛剛升起隨即又破滅之時(shí);當(dāng)消防員在并肩作戰(zhàn)的過(guò)程中結(jié)下深厚友誼之時(shí);當(dāng)那些失去了孩子、父母、妻子或丈夫的人們意識(shí)到自己對(duì)親人的深深?lèi)?ài)意之時(shí)——當(dāng)所有這一切發(fā)生時(shí),這塊恐怖地帶卻變成了一片“神圣之地”。
2010年夏天,我參觀了位于紐約市的9·11國(guó)家紀(jì)念館。紀(jì)念館的墻上貼滿了記錄這一悲劇及其創(chuàng)傷的照片。通過(guò)一臺(tái)便攜式播放器,我聽(tīng)到了每一幅照片的解說(shuō)。在看了一個(gè)小時(shí)的災(zāi)難場(chǎng)面之后,我已無(wú)法抑制內(nèi)心的悲痛,心中只想趕緊回到妻子與女兒身邊。這時(shí)我在一幅照片前停了下來(lái):照片中,一位牧師正在一片灰蒙蒙的陰森霧氣中祈禱。
剎那間,我明白了痛苦的可怕邏輯。當(dāng)我們?yōu)槟切┍粡纳磉厽o(wú)情奪走的東西而感到痛苦萬(wàn)分時(shí),我們對(duì)它的愛(ài)也更為強(qiáng)烈,對(duì)它的理解也更為深刻,其程度要遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過(guò)它還在我們身邊的時(shí)候。痛苦能夠讓我們認(rèn)識(shí)到什么是我們生命中最神圣的東西,什么是攸關(guān)我們?nèi)松腋5臇|西。正如艾米莉·迪金森詩(shī)中所寫(xiě)的那樣:“借由干渴”,我們才懂得什么叫水。
對(duì)災(zāi)難性事故的旁觀有可能僅僅使人麻木——僅為獲得廉價(jià)的刺激而看熱鬧——也可能會(huì)令人深受震撼、留下創(chuàng)傷,以至于在慘狀面前患上失語(yǔ)癥。但在這兩種極端之間,對(duì)可怕事件的好奇有時(shí)會(huì)激勵(lì)我們想方設(shè)法將人生中不可避免的黑暗變成光明的愿景。去吧,睜大眼睛去看吧。別忘了拍照。照片更為持久。
1.rubberneck [?r?b?nek] vi. (好奇)觀看,伸長(zhǎng)脖子看
2.unaccountably [??n??ka?nt?bli] adv. 不可解釋地,莫名其妙地
3.shoulder [????ld?(r)] n. (道路兩旁的)路肩;緊急停車(chē)處
4.morbid [?m??b?d] adj. 病態(tài)的;對(duì)(不好的事情)感興趣的
5.sordid [?s??d?d] adj. 卑鄙的
6.mixed martial arts:綜合格斗,是一種集觀賞性、娛樂(lè)性、競(jìng)技性于一體的運(yùn)動(dòng)項(xiàng)目。它是拳擊、跆拳道、柔道和摔跤等運(yùn)動(dòng)的結(jié)合,可以說(shuō)是搏擊運(yùn)動(dòng)的“十項(xiàng)全能”。
7.TMZ:美國(guó)名人消息網(wǎng),TMZ是“thirty—mile zone”的縮寫(xiě),該網(wǎng)站專(zhuān)門(mén)搜集名人八卦與花邊新聞。
8.Gawker:高客網(wǎng),美國(guó)著名的八卦網(wǎng)站,最有名的明星追蹤網(wǎng)站之一,其信條是“信謠、傳謠、不造謠”。
9.macabre [m??kɑ?br?] adj. 恐怖的,令人毛骨悚然的
10.propensity [pr??pens?ti] n. 傾向,癖好
11.mayhem [?me?hem] n, 大混亂,大破壞
12.Carl Jung:即卡爾·G·榮格(Carl G. Jung , 1875~1961),瑞士心理學(xué)家和精神分析醫(yī)師,分析心理學(xué)的創(chuàng)立者。后文提到的shadow (陰影)在榮格的理論中指的是一種低級(jí)的、動(dòng)物性的種族遺傳,具有許多不道德的欲望和沖動(dòng)。
13.Luke:《星球大戰(zhàn)》(Star Wars)中正義的絕地武士盧克·天行者(Luke Skywalker),是下文提到的維德(Vader)的兒子,與維德處于對(duì)立的局面。
14.Vader:《星球大戰(zhàn)》中的達(dá)斯·維德(Darth Vader)。達(dá)斯·維德原名安納金·天行者(Anakin Skywalker),以前也是絕地武士,曾經(jīng)在共和國(guó)時(shí)代捍衛(wèi)銀河系的真理和正義。在共和國(guó)向帝國(guó)轉(zhuǎn)變的時(shí)期,整個(gè)銀河系陷入一片混亂,安納金墮入了黑暗面,成了惡貫滿盈的維德。