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    What Writing the Bad Science Column Have Taught Me 人人都恨偽科學(xué)

    2012-04-29 00:00:00BenGoldacre覃學(xué)嵐
    新東方英語 2012年2期

    科學(xué)是個神圣的詞匯,但不知何時,打著“科學(xué)”的旗號卻不行科學(xué)之事的烏合之眾將科學(xué)的“圣殿”變成了偽科學(xué)的“江湖”:江湖郎中招搖撞騙、編造科學(xué)謊言;醫(yī)藥公司對臨床試驗結(jié)果報喜不報憂;媒體記者斷章取義,誤導(dǎo)大眾;政客們?yōu)橥菩姓吖室馔崆茖W(xué)證據(jù);就連貨真價實的科學(xué)家都常常在科學(xué)實踐中拋棄科學(xué)的原則與方法……是時候了,所有心有良知、頭腦清醒、學(xué)識淵博的人是時候行動起來了,還大眾以真相,樹科學(xué)之威嚴(yán)。

    I’ve got to go and finish a book: I’ll be back in six months, but in case it kills me, here’s what I’ve learned in eight years of writing this column.

    First, alternative therapists2) don’t kill many people, but they do make a great teaching tool for the basics of evidence-based medicine3), because their efforts to distort science are so extreme. When they pervert the activities of people who should know better—medicines regulators, or universities—it throws sharp relief4) onto the role of science and evidence in culture. Characters from this community who wonder why people keep writing about them should look at their libel5) cases and their awesomely bad behaviour under fire.

    Next: the real story of how the world works is much weirder than anything a quack can make up. The placebo effect6) is maddening, the nocebo effect7) more so, but the research on how we make decisions, and are misled by heuristics8) and mental shortcuts, is the wildest of all. Knowing about these belief-hacks gives you thrills, and power.

    Pharmaceutical companies can behave dismally. Most important, they still won’t publish all the results of all the clinical trials conducted on humans. This is indefensible, and because we tolerate it, we don’t know the true effect sizes of the medicines that we give. This absurd situation mocks the whole of medicine: we need legislation to fix it, and popular movements to drive that. I’ll join yours.

    Journalists can mislead the public about the answers of evidence-based medicine, which is bad. But they also mislead us on the methods and techniques. We live in a new era of doctors and patients—at our best—making decisions together. For that collaboration to work, everyone needs to understand how we know if something is good for us, or bad for us. The basics of evidence-based medicine, of trials, meta-analyses9), cohort studies10) and the like should be taught in schools and waiting rooms. It’s interesting, but it’s also life and death: people care about it.

    Politicians misuse evidence, and distort it to shameful degrees. But more than that, there are endless cases where we could do randomised trials on policies—old and new—to find out if they achieve the outcomes they’re aiming for. There is no honourable excuse for failing to use the fairest tests we can design.

    Real scientists can behave as badly as anyone else. Science isn’t about authority, or white coats, it’s about following a method. That method is built on core principles: precision and transparency; being clear about your methods; being honest about your results; and drawing a clear line between the results, on the one hand, and your judgment calls about how those results support a hypothesis. Anyone blurring these lines is iffy11).

    Last, nerds are more powerful than we know. Changing mainstream media will be hard, but you can help create parallel options. More academics should blog, post videos, post audio, post lectures, offer articles and more. You’ll enjoy it: I’ve had threats and blackmail, abuse, smears12) and formal complaints with forged documentation.

    But it’s worth it, for one simple reason: pulling bad science apart13) is the best teaching gimmick I know for explaining how good science works. I’m not a policeman, and I’ve never set out to produce a long list of what’s right and what’s wrong. For me, things have to be interestingly wrong, and the methods are all that matter.

    我得去寫一本書,六個月后回來,但此去弄不好會因此書小命不保,為了以防萬一,這里先把本人八年來為本專欄(編注:指“偽科學(xué)專欄”)撰稿的心得寫下來。

    首先,另類治療師把人治死的情況并不多,但他們的確提供了一個不可多得的素材,可以用來講解循證醫(yī)學(xué)的基礎(chǔ)知識,因為他們不遺余力地歪曲科學(xué),已經(jīng)到了無以復(fù)加的地步。對于醫(yī)藥監(jiān)管部門或大學(xué)里那些應(yīng)該比他們更有頭腦的人的活動,他們大肆歪曲,而這清晰地凸顯出科學(xué)與證據(jù)在文化中的重要性。這個圈子里的有些人對于人們?yōu)槭裁蠢鲜悄盟麄冏鑫恼掠X得不可思議,這些人應(yīng)該好好審視一下自己所受到的種種“誹謗”,同時也好好審視一下自己那遭人炮轟的惡劣行為。

    其次,世界運轉(zhuǎn)的真實情形遠(yuǎn)比招搖撞騙的江湖郎中編出來的神話離奇得多。安慰劑效應(yīng)令人發(fā)狂,反安慰劑效應(yīng)則有過之而無不及,而最最令人瘋狂的還要數(shù)這項研究——研究我們?nèi)绾巫鳑Q定,以及如何被啟發(fā)式的解決問題之法和思維捷徑所誤導(dǎo)。對這幫信念黑客們略知一二,你會毛骨悚然,但同時也會充滿力量。

    制藥公司的行為有可能是見不得人的。最要緊的一點是,他們至今仍不愿意公布在人體上進(jìn)行的所有臨床試驗的全部結(jié)果。這是站不住腳的,而由于我們?nèi)萑塘诉@樣的事,我們根本就無從知道所有藥物的實際效果有多大。這一荒謬的情形對整個醫(yī)藥界都是一個嘲諷:我們需要立法來加以解決,同時需要民眾運動來加以推動。算上我一個。

    在循證醫(yī)學(xué)這個問題上,記者會誤導(dǎo)大眾,這一點很糟糕。但不僅如此,他們還會在方法和技術(shù)方面誤導(dǎo)我們。從最理想的狀態(tài)來說,我們生活在醫(yī)患雙方共同決策的新時代。要想實現(xiàn)這種合作,大家就需要了解如何鑒別某樣?xùn)|西于我們是有利還是有害。循證醫(yī)學(xué)、試驗、薈萃分析、群組研究等諸如此類的基礎(chǔ)知識,學(xué)校里應(yīng)該教,候診室里也應(yīng)該告知。這些知識很有意思,不過同時,其也關(guān)乎生死:人們不會不關(guān)心。

    政客們往往會濫用證據(jù),而且會將證據(jù)恣意歪曲到可恥的程度。不僅如此,對于各種政策,新的也好舊的也罷,有無窮無盡的案例可供我們進(jìn)行隨機試驗,看它們能否獲得預(yù)期的結(jié)果。而要拒絕使用我們所能設(shè)計的最公平的測試,則毫無體面的借口可言。

    就算是貨真價實的科學(xué)家,行起事來也有可能跟其他人一樣差勁。科學(xué)講究的不是權(quán)威,也不是白大褂,而是遵循一種方法。這一方法是建立在以下核心原則之上的:精確性和透明性;清楚地了解你所采用的方法;如實相告你所獲得的結(jié)果;結(jié)果是一碼事,你個人認(rèn)為這些結(jié)果在多大程度上支持某一假說是另一方面,兩者之間要界線分明。凡是混淆這些界線的人都是有問題的。

    最后,書呆子們比我們所以為的要強大。改變主流媒體會很困難,但你可以幫著創(chuàng)建與其并行的其他選擇。更多的學(xué)者應(yīng)該寫博客,上傳視頻、音頻、講稿,發(fā)文章和其他東西。你會嘗到其中的樂趣:我就曾受到過威脅、敲詐、辱罵、誹謗,還有人以偽造文件罪對我提出過正式的控告。

    但這樣做很值得,原因只有一個,而且很簡單:就我所知,批評偽科學(xué)是解釋科學(xué)運作方式的最佳教學(xué)策略。我不是警察,也從未打算開列一份長長的對錯清單。在我看來,錯得有趣的事情,究其原因,都是錯在方法上。

    1.Ben Goldacre:本·戈爾達(dá)克里(1972~),英國科學(xué)作家、醫(yī)生、精神病專家。自2003年以來,他每周在《衛(wèi)報》(The Guardian)為“偽科學(xué)”(Bad Science)專欄撰寫文章。2008年,作者出版了與專欄同名的《偽科學(xué)》(Bad Science)一書。

    2.alternative therapist:另類治療師,指傳統(tǒng)西醫(yī)以外的治療師。

    3.evidence-based medicine:循證醫(yī)學(xué),指遵循科學(xué)證據(jù)的醫(yī)學(xué),其核心思想是結(jié)合臨床證據(jù)、個人經(jīng)驗與患者的實際狀況和意愿三者來作出醫(yī)療決策。

    4.relief [r#618;#712;li#720;f] n. 對比鮮明,輪廓分明

    5.libel [#712;la#618;bl] n. 誹謗

    6.placebo effect:安慰劑效應(yīng),指在病人不知情的情況下給其施以無效的治療,但病人因為相信治療有效,從而使病患癥狀得到舒緩的現(xiàn)象。

    7.nocebo effect:反安慰劑效應(yīng),指病人盡管接受的是有效的治療,但由于病人不相信該治療有效,導(dǎo)致自身病情惡化的現(xiàn)象。

    8.heuristics [hju#712;r#618;st#618;ks] n. 啟發(fā)法,指依據(jù)經(jīng)驗而獲得探索問題、解決方法的技術(shù)手段。

    9.meta-analysis:薈萃分析,是對針對相同問題、采用相同方法而得出的不同研究結(jié)果進(jìn)行收集、合并,然后進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計分析的方法。

    10.cohort study:群組研究,是設(shè)立兩個對照群組,用于檢驗?zāi)撤N危險因子與特定疾病或現(xiàn)象之間是否有關(guān)的方法。

    11.iffy [#712;#618;fi] adj. 可疑的,有問題的

    12.smear [sm#618;#601;(r)] n. 誹謗

    13.pull apart:指出錯誤,批評

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