六級(jí)聽力解題技巧分析

2006年六級(jí)改革后，聽力部分所占分值比例大幅上升。2008年之后，聽力題目難度增大。面對(duì)難度不斷提高的六級(jí)聽力題目，考生該如何應(yīng)對(duì)呢？

對(duì)于聽力錄音中的信息，考生要做到以下幾點(diǎn)：“聽到”“聽清”“聽懂”，并在“聽懂”的基礎(chǔ)上，結(jié)合解題技巧得出正確答案。除非考試時(shí)出現(xiàn)錄音故障，否則一般情況下，考生做到“聽到”是沒問題的。而“聽到”之后，是否可以“聽清”，除了取決于錄音是否清晰外，還與考生是否熟悉英語的發(fā)音規(guī)則，是否適應(yīng)音頻語速，是否做過大量聽力真題練習(xí)有直接關(guān)系。絕大多數(shù)考生能“聽清”錄音原文70%~90%的內(nèi)容。而“聽清”之后是否可以“聽懂”，就要看考生對(duì)單詞、語法、習(xí)慣表達(dá)和固定搭配等基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)的掌握情況了。這些基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)需要考生在前期復(fù)習(xí)階段下大力氣掌握。不過，在實(shí)際考試中，大多數(shù)聽力題目不用考生逐詞吃透，考生只要能聽懂大部分內(nèi)容，再結(jié)合有效的技巧，同樣可以得出正確答案。下面筆者就針對(duì)六級(jí)聽力考試中的對(duì)話題、短文理解和復(fù)合式聽寫來講解和分析具體的解題技巧。

對(duì)話題解題技巧

對(duì)話題包括短對(duì)話和長對(duì)話，采用選擇題的形式進(jìn)行考查。一般短對(duì)話有八個(gè)，每個(gè)為一輪對(duì)話，對(duì)應(yīng)一道題；長對(duì)話有兩個(gè)，每個(gè)為7～10輪對(duì)話，對(duì)應(yīng)3～4道題。對(duì)話部分共有l(wèi)5道題。每個(gè)對(duì)話均朗讀一遍，每個(gè)問題后留有13秒的答題時(shí)間。

技巧一：短對(duì)話之“同義替換優(yōu)先”

所謂“同義替換優(yōu)先”，是指如果某個(gè)選項(xiàng)中的單詞或短語是錄音原文中考生聽到的單詞或短語的同義形式，則該選項(xiàng)多數(shù)情況下為正確答案。以2010年6月六級(jí)聽力真題短對(duì)話第18題為例。

18. What do we learn from the conversation?

A) The speakers will dress formally for the concert.

B) The man will return home before going to the concert.

C) It is the first time the speakers are attending a concert.

D) The woman is going to buy a new dress for the concert.

錄音原文：

M: Honey， I’ll be going straight to the theatre from work this evening. Could you bring my suit and tie along?

W: Sure， it’s the first performance of the State Symphony Orchestra in our city， so suit and tie is a must.

解析：選項(xiàng)A中dress formally和錄音原文中的suit and tie在語義上屬于同義替換，所以正確答案為A。

技巧二：短對(duì)話之“選項(xiàng)邏輯助答題”

所謂“選項(xiàng)邏輯助答題”，是指考生在審題時(shí)可以先對(duì)四個(gè)選項(xiàng)之間的邏輯關(guān)系進(jìn)行比較。如果考生發(fā)現(xiàn)兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)說的是同一話題，但表達(dá)的評(píng)價(jià)觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度卻截然相反，那么答案很可能就在這兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)之中。如果考生發(fā)現(xiàn)兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)所表述的意思基本相同，那么這兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)通?？梢耘懦?。對(duì)各選項(xiàng)之間邏輯關(guān)系的比較和分析在一定程度上縮小了考生尋找答案的范圍，對(duì)于觀點(diǎn)相反的兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)，考生在聽錄音時(shí)只需重點(diǎn)聽兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)的差異點(diǎn)即可。以2010年6月六級(jí)聽力真題短對(duì)話第15題為例。

15. What does the woman suggest the man do?

A) Leave Daisy alone for the time being.

B) Go see Daisy immediately.

C) Apologize to Daisy again by phone.

D) Buy Daisy a new notebook.

錄音原文：

M: Daisy was furious yesterday because I lost her notebook. Should I go see her and apologize to her again?

W: Well， if I were you， I’d let her cool off a few days before I approach her.

解析：選項(xiàng)A的意思是“暫時(shí)不要去看Daisy”，選項(xiàng)B的意思是“馬上就去看Daisy”，選項(xiàng)A和選項(xiàng)B提出的主張正好相反，選項(xiàng)C和選項(xiàng)D談的不是一個(gè)話題，所以考生可以推斷出答案就在選項(xiàng)A和B中?？s小答案范圍后，考生再根據(jù)錄音原文內(nèi)容，就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)正確答案為選項(xiàng)A。

技巧三：長對(duì)話之“視聽基本一致結(jié)合同義替換”

所謂“視聽基本一致結(jié)合同義替換”，是指考生在做長對(duì)話題目時(shí)，如果發(fā)現(xiàn)某個(gè)選項(xiàng)中的大部分信息在錄音原文中出現(xiàn)，而且少部分信息還是原文相應(yīng)內(nèi)容的同義替換時(shí)，該選項(xiàng)很可能就是正確答案。以2010年12月六級(jí)聽力真題長對(duì)話第19題為例。

19. What is the key to writing a good classical detective story according to the man?

A) Unique descriptive skills.

B) Good knowledge of readers’ tastes.

C) Colorful world experiences.

D) Careful plotting and clueing.

解析：這道題目對(duì)應(yīng)的錄音原文為“Yes， you must， really， if you are writing a classical detective story， because it must be so carefully plotted and so carefully clued.”根據(jù)“視聽基本一致”原則，再結(jié)合單詞間詞性轉(zhuǎn)換，考生可以得出正確答案為選項(xiàng)D。

技巧四：長對(duì)話之“重點(diǎn)邏輯關(guān)系詞定位出題點(diǎn)”

所謂“重點(diǎn)邏輯關(guān)系詞定位出題點(diǎn)”，是指在錄音原文中，比較重要的邏輯關(guān)系詞出現(xiàn)的地方多是出題點(diǎn)所在處?？忌犱浺魰r(shí)對(duì)這些地方要多留意，最好能記下該詞所在句子的大致意思。其中重點(diǎn)邏輯關(guān)系詞主要包括因果關(guān)系詞、轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系詞、讓步關(guān)系詞等。需要說明的是，這一技巧也適合短對(duì)話答題。以2010年12月六級(jí)聽力真題長對(duì)話第21題為例。

21. What does the man say about writers?

A) They rely heavily on their own imagination.

B) They have experiences similar to the characters’.

C) They look at the world in a detached manner.

D) They are overwhelmed by their own prejudices.

錄音原文：

W: You are very lucky. Someone once said that there is a bit of ice at the heart of every writer.

M: Yes， I think this is true. The writer can stand aside from the experience and look at it， watch it happening. This is the “detachment” and I realize that there are obviously experiences which would overwhelm everyone. But very often， a writer can appear to stand aside， and this detachment makes people feel there’s a bit of ice in the heart.

解析：本題所對(duì)應(yīng)的錄音原文正是男士話語中but后面的文字：“… very often， a writer can appear to stand aside， and this detachment makes people feel there’s a bit of ice in the heart.”這段文字表明“作家總是能夠顯得置身事外，有一種超脫感”。通過看四個(gè)選項(xiàng)，考生會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)選項(xiàng)C是對(duì)原文的同義替換，所以正確答案為選項(xiàng)C。

短文理解和復(fù)合式聽寫解題技巧

短文理解采用選擇題的形式進(jìn)行考查，共有三篇短文，每篇短文長度為240～260個(gè)詞，對(duì)應(yīng)3～4道題，共10道題。該部分的每篇短文朗讀一遍，每個(gè)問題后留有13秒的答題時(shí)間。復(fù)合式聽寫是一篇240～260個(gè)詞的短文，采用填空題的形式進(jìn)行考查，包括七個(gè)單詞題和三個(gè)句子題。該部分的短文朗讀三遍，其中第一遍和第三遍朗讀時(shí)使用常規(guī)語速，第二遍朗讀時(shí)使用常規(guī)語速，但在所填句子后有較長停頓。復(fù)合式聽寫要求考生根據(jù)聽到的內(nèi)容填寫所缺信息，當(dāng)空缺處為單詞時(shí)，考生必須用原詞填寫，當(dāng)空缺處為一個(gè)句子時(shí)，考生既可按原文填寫，也可用自己的語言表達(dá)。

技巧五：短文理解之“選項(xiàng)信息互通”

所謂“選項(xiàng)信息互通”，是指一篇文章不同題目的選項(xiàng)之間會(huì)有相關(guān)答案信息的提示?？忌梢愿鶕?jù)一道題的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)所涉及的內(nèi)容，猜出另一道題的答案。以2009年6月六級(jí)聽力真題短文理解第27題為例。

26. For what purpose did the Allstate Foundation sponsor the Keep-The-Drive Summit?

A) To help young people improve their driving skills.

B) To alert teenagers to the dangers of reckless driving.

C) To teach young people road manners through videotapes.

D) To show teens the penalties imposed on careless drivers.

27. What causes the greatest number of deaths among American teens according to the presentation?

A) Road accidents.

B) Street violence.

C) Drug abuse.

D) Lung cancer.

解析：如果考生對(duì)錄音原文聽得一塌糊涂，那么做第27題時(shí)，可以試著通過第26題選項(xiàng)中的黑體部分猜出答案。由第26題四個(gè)選項(xiàng)的黑體部分考生可知，這四個(gè)選項(xiàng)所涉及的內(nèi)容都與“交通、駕駛”有關(guān)，考生由此可以猜出文章談?wù)摰膬?nèi)容涉及的主要是“交通、駕駛”方面，再結(jié)合第27題的題干信息“什么是最嚴(yán)重危害美國青少年生命安全的因素？”考生可推斷出正確答案應(yīng)該為A。下面我們回到錄音原文中進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證：“According to the presentation， more teens die in automobile crashes in the United States each year than from drugs， violence， smoking and suicide. An average of 16 teens die every day in motor vehicle crashes and nearly forty percent of those are caused by speeding.”根據(jù)“more teens die in automobile crashes”，考生可斷定答案確實(shí)是選項(xiàng)A。

技巧六：短文理解之“特殊詞定位出題點(diǎn)”

“特殊詞定位出題點(diǎn)”是指錄音原文中某些表示“全部”“唯一”“特別”等特殊詞出現(xiàn)的地方，經(jīng)常是出題點(diǎn)，所以考生聽錄音時(shí)對(duì)出現(xiàn)這些詞匯的語句要格外認(rèn)真聽。這些特殊詞主要包括only、all、anything、everything、never、mainly、specifically、especially、particularly、absolutely等。以2010年6月六級(jí)聽力真題短文理解第30題為例：

30. What did Juan Louis learn from the analysis of his audience?

A) Some of them had once experienced an earthquake.

B) Most of them lacked interest in the subject.

C) Very few of them knew much about geology.

D) A couple of them had listened to a similar speech before.

錄音原文：

Juan Louis， a junior geology major， decided to give an informative speech about how earthquakes occur. From his audience and analysis he learned that only 2 or 3 of his classmates knew much of anything about geology …

解析：考生在聽錄音原文時(shí)，對(duì)含有特殊詞only、anything等的句子要重點(diǎn)聽。這道題目所對(duì)應(yīng)的錄音原文是“only 2 or 3 of his classmates knew much of anything about geology”，根據(jù)“視聽基本一致”原則，考生可以得出本題正確答案為選項(xiàng)C。

技巧七：復(fù)合式聽寫之“審題猜答案”

所謂“審題猜答案”，是指考生在聽錄音之前先審題(即復(fù)合式聽寫的短文)，根據(jù)上下文的意思猜出空格處所需填入的答案。填完后，放錄音時(shí)，考生再將填入的答案與錄音中所讀的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行核對(duì)，然后作出最終選擇。這種猜答案的方法需要考生對(duì)一些詞組和固定搭配十分熟悉。以2009年6月六級(jí)聽力真題復(fù)合式聽寫第36和37題為例。

English is the leading international language. In different countries around the globe， English is acquired as the mother (36) ; in others it’s used as a second language. Some nations use English as their (37) language， performing the function of (38) administration …

解析：在聽錄音之前，考生在審題時(shí)可根據(jù)上下文把個(gè)別空填上。通過上文首句，考生對(duì)段落大意有了一個(gè)了解：本段主要談?wù)撚⒄Z的應(yīng)用。通過第36題空格后的in others it’s used as a second language和空格前的mother一詞，考生很容易就可以猜出空格處所填單詞和mother構(gòu)成的短語應(yīng)是“母語”的意思。在英文中，帶有mother的表達(dá)“母語”的說法，我們常用的是mother tongue或mother language，經(jīng)過與錄音原文核對(duì)，空格處應(yīng)填入單詞tongue。接下來，我們?cè)倏吹?7題的空，根據(jù)句意“一些國家把英語作為他們的 語言”，考生可以猜出此處應(yīng)為“官方語言”，所以空格處應(yīng)填入單詞official。考生再與錄音原文核對(duì)，果然如此。