Ｕｎｉｔ２０Ｈｕｍｏｕｒ要點(diǎn)解讀

馮發(fā)昌

一、詞語例解

1. intend vt. 1)想要；打算；計(jì)劃

I intend to get there as soon as I can.我打算盡快趕到那里。

The writer clearly intends his readers to identify with the main character 作者顯然想讀者同情主人公。

2) 意指

He hadnt intended that we should all be there. 他沒想要讓我們都到那里。

What do you intend by this word? 你說這話是什么意思？

【聯(lián)想拓展】intend to do sth打算做某事 intend sb to do sth 打算要某人做某事intend that計(jì)劃had intended to do sth.= intended to have done sth本想或打算做某事（而實(shí)際上沒做） be intended for 為……而；供……用

【辨析】intend，mean 和 design

這組動(dòng)詞的一般含義是“意欲”或“打算”。intend 強(qiáng)調(diào)“意欲”做某一件確定的事，或者“決定”達(dá)到某一確定的目的，此外還常用于表達(dá)“意欲”使某人從事某職業(yè)，或“打算”某物用作何種目的；mean 常?？梢院?intend 互換使用，但不強(qiáng)調(diào)決心達(dá)到某一目的；design 強(qiáng)調(diào)為達(dá)到某目的，事先作過精心安排和仔細(xì)考慮，包含“預(yù)謀”、“策劃”以達(dá)到自己的目的這一意義。例如：

The dictionary is intended for the beginners. 這本詞典是為初學(xué)者編的。

He always meant to go back one day，but not to stay.他總想某一天回去，但不住下。

Did you design this, or did it just happen itself ?這件事是你有意圖安排的還是它自行發(fā)生的？

2. certain adj.確定的；無疑的

I am certain hell come, in spite of the bad weather. 盡管天氣不好，我還是確信他會(huì)來的。

Are you certain about (of) it? 你對(duì)此有把握嗎？

He is certain of success. 他必然會(huì)成功。

He is certain to come. 他一定會(huì)來。

2) 某一；一些

A certain person called on you yesterday. 昨天有個(gè)人來探訪你。

Certain things are not openly spoken about. 有些事是不能公開說的。

【拓展】for certain確定；確保 be certain of確信；深信 be certain to必然；一定 be not certain whether…不能確定是否…… make certain of / that把……弄清楚；把……弄確實(shí), 保證 It is certain that …某事是確定無疑的

3. actuallyadv. 1)(無比較級(jí)、最高級(jí))實(shí)際上；事實(shí)上

He looks unpleasant, but actually he is very kind.他看起來板著面孔,但事實(shí)上心地很好。

She looks young, but shes actually 50. 她看上去年輕,可是實(shí)際上已五十歲了。

2)(這樣說也許令人難以置信,不過) 真地；竟然；居然

He actually refused!他竟然拒絕了!She was so angry that she actually tore up the letter.她一氣之下竟然將信撕碎了。

4. appreciate v. 1) 感謝；感激

I appreciate your help.我感激你的幫助。They deeply appreciated his kindness.他們對(duì)他的好意深表感謝。

2)重視；賞識(shí)；欣賞

She was appreciated everywhere. 她到處受到賞識(shí)。

Her talent for music was not appreciated.她的音樂才能無人賞識(shí)。

【辨析】appreciate一詞尤指高度看重，是以批評(píng)式的評(píng)價(jià)、比較和判斷為基礎(chǔ)的；value意指對(duì)事物重要性和價(jià)值的高度評(píng)價(jià)；cherish強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)珍貴事物的關(guān)切并常帶有摯愛之情。

I really appreciate your help. 我真的很感激你的幫助。

We treasure our freedom. 我們珍視自由。

I value your advice. 我尊重你的勸告。

He cherished the memory of his departed youth.他緬懷他那一去不復(fù)返的青春年華。

【聯(lián)想拓展】appreciationn. 欣賞；體諒appreciate doing sth. 感激做…… would appreciate it if…假如……我將不勝感激

5. suffer v. 1) experience something painful or unpleasant遭受（痛苦、不幸等）

He has suffered a lot of pain. 他痛得很厲害。

He is suffering from toothache.他正在遭受牙痛的折磨。

2) experience sorrow or grief 經(jīng)歷不幸、痛苦

We all have to suffer at some time in our lives.在人生的道路上我們都時(shí)而要受苦的。

She had learnt to suffer without complain-ing. 她已經(jīng)學(xué)會(huì)了吃苦的時(shí)候不抱怨。

3) be injured受害；受損失

The train fell over the edge, but no one suffered much in the accident. 火車翻到路基下面去，但在這場(chǎng)事故中沒人受重傷。

【聯(lián)想拓展】 sufferingn. 苦難suffer loss / defeat遭受損失/失敗suffer from 患……?。皇堋目嗤?/p>

6. directionn. 1)方向

When the police arrived, the crowd scattered in all directions. 警察趕到后，人群向四面八方散去了。

I dont know which is the right direction. 我不知道哪個(gè)方向?qū)Α?/p>

2)（常用復(fù)數(shù)）指示；說明書

He gave me full directions to enable me to find his house.他對(duì)我詳細(xì)說明如何去他家。

Follow the directions that your doctor gives you.請(qǐng)遵醫(yī)囑。

3)指導(dǎo)；命令；指示

We study English under his direction. 我們?cè)谒闹笇?dǎo)下學(xué)習(xí)英語。

He did not give me any directions. 他沒有給我任何指示。

【聯(lián)想拓展】directv. 指導(dǎo)；命令adj.直接的；徑直的directlyadv. 直接地；正好地 directorn經(jīng)理；導(dǎo)演in the direction of 向著……方向 in all directions向四面八方under ones direction 在……的指導(dǎo)下

7. confusev. 使迷惑；打亂；混淆

Dont give me so much information —Youre confusing me！ 別告訴我這么多，你會(huì)把我弄糊涂的。

His granddaughter confused the papers on his desk. 他的孫女把他書桌上的文件弄亂了。

Dont confuse Austria and/with Australia. 不要把奧地利跟澳大利亞弄混淆了。

【辨析】confusedadj.困惑的；煩惱的 confusingadj.令人混淆的；令人困惑的

The speaker suddenly changed tack and left us all rather confused. 演講人突然改變了論調(diào)，把我們都搞糊涂了。

The instructions on the box are very confusing. 盒子上的使用說明含混不清。

二、短語精析

1. make fun of 取笑，嘲笑

People make fun of her because she always speaks foolishly. 人們嘲笑她，因?yàn)樗Ｕf傻話。

James often made fun of the new pupil because her speech was not like the other pupils. 詹姆斯經(jīng)常嘲笑這個(gè)新學(xué)生，因?yàn)樗f的話與眾不同。

2. date back to = date from 追溯到……

This town dates back to Roman times. 這個(gè)小鎮(zhèn)的歷史可以追溯到羅馬時(shí)期。

This manuscript dates back to the 18th century. 這部手稿是十八世紀(jì)的。

3. be on good terms with sb.同某人關(guān)系好

He is on good terms with his employer. 他和雇主的關(guān)系很好。

Shes so boring a girl that our class-mates around her cant be on good terms with her.她太讓人煩了，周圍的同學(xué)都不能和她好好相處。

【拓展】be on bad terms with sb. 與某人關(guān)系不好；keep on good terms with sb. 與某人保持友好關(guān)系；make terms with sb.與某人達(dá)成協(xié)議come to terms with sb 與某人達(dá)成協(xié)議

4. look on … as … 將……看作……

She is looked on as the leading authority on the subject. 她被認(rèn)為是該問題的權(quán)威人士。

I decided to look on the whole matter as a great joke！ 我決定將整件事情當(dāng)作一個(gè)大笑話！

He looked on the old couple as his parents.他把這對(duì)老夫婦當(dāng)作自己的父母。

【拓展】look after 照料 look down on 輕視，看不起look forward to 盼望；期待

look in 順便看望；短暫訪問

5. pick up撿起，拾起；順便用車來接；接收，收聽（節(jié)目）；偶然獲得、學(xué)會(huì)

Then I picked up the little girl and walked off. 然后我把小女孩抱起來就離開了。

I plan to pick you up at your office at six. 我打算6點(diǎn)來你辦公室接你。

I often pick up the programs of BBC. 我經(jīng)常收聽BBC電臺(tái)的節(jié)目。

She picked up a valuable first edition at a village book sale. 她在鄉(xiāng)村圖書展銷會(huì)上買到一本珍貴的首版書。

三、句式點(diǎn)睛

1. The actors make us laugh by making fun of somebodys way of dressing or telling an amusing story.表演者通過取笑某人的著裝方式，講述有趣的故事，引我們發(fā)笑。

make sb. do sth.的意思是“使某人做某事”，其中的do sth.為不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語，這一結(jié)構(gòu)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，原來的賓語變成了主語，賓語補(bǔ)足語變成了主語補(bǔ)足語，這時(shí)的不定式要帶to，除make外，see，hear等動(dòng)詞也可接不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語。例如：

A funny movie often makes us laugh. 滑稽的影片常逗得我們捧腹大笑。

介詞by與動(dòng)名詞或名詞連用，表示方式、手段或原因，意為“通過，憑借，因?yàn)椤?。例如：He caught a cold by playing soccer in the rain.他在雨中踢足球而感冒了。

Dont judge a person by appearance. 不要以貌取人。

注意by多用于動(dòng)作，表示通過做什么事情以取得預(yù)期的結(jié)果；with多用于一件東西、工具等，表示我們用的是什么工具。例如：

He got what he wanted by talking very cleverly. 他話說得很乖巧，因而得到了他想要的東西。

He got what he wanted with flowers and chocolates. 他靠花束和巧克力糖得到了他想要得到的東西。

2. Typical for China is the crosstalk show, where a pair of comedians enter-tains the audience with word play.中國的代表是相聲，在相聲表演中，兩個(gè)喜劇演員用文字游戲來娛樂觀眾。

這是一個(gè)倒裝句，將表語typical提前，其主語是the crosstalk show，正常語序是

The crosstalk show, where a pair of comedians entertains the audience with word play, is typical for China. 由于show后接一較長(zhǎng)的定語從句，為避免句子結(jié)構(gòu)不平衡，所以把表語和系動(dòng)詞前置。

3. Dating back to the Qin Dynasty（221-207 BC）, the traditional crosstalk shows, or xiangsheng shows, have made people all over China roar with laughter for centuries. 傳統(tǒng)的相聲表演從秦朝（公元前221～207年）開始有，已經(jīng)讓中國人快樂了若干個(gè)世紀(jì)。

句中Dating back to the Qin Dynasty是動(dòng)詞-ing形式作狀語，表示時(shí)間。動(dòng)詞-ing形式作狀語可以表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間、原因、結(jié)果、條件、方式或表示主要?jiǎng)幼靼l(fā)生的伴隨情況，通常相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語從句或并列分句。一般說來，這種結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語就是句子的主語。例如：

Being ill, she had to stay at home.因?yàn)椴×耍缓么粼诩依铩?/p>

They came home smiling and singing.他們笑著、唱著回了家。

Her husband died ten years ago, leaving her with three children to look after. 她丈夫十年前去世了，撇下她和三個(gè)要照料的孩子。

Taking the path that leads out of the town，you will come to a dense wood. 如果你沿著通向郊外的小道前進(jìn)，就會(huì)走到一片密林處。

四、語法細(xì)解

V-ing形式作定語和賓語補(bǔ)足語

1. V-ing形式做定語可表示被修飾名詞的作用、用途、性質(zhì)和特點(diǎn)，也可表示被修飾名詞正在進(jìn)行的主動(dòng)動(dòng)作。單個(gè)V-ing作定語時(shí)，通常放在被修飾的名詞前面；如果是短語，就位于其所修飾的名詞之后，它的作用相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語從句。V-ing形式與邏輯主語之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系。例如：

The pot is full of boiling water. 壺里裝滿了沸騰的水。

Do you know the boy lying under the big tree? 你認(rèn)識(shí)躺在大樹底下的那個(gè)男孩嗎？

V-ing作定語所表示的動(dòng)作或行為是其所修飾的名詞發(fā)出的，在意義上表示主謂關(guān)系；或者表示名詞的用途，相當(dāng)于for短語。例如：a sleeping baby=a baby who is sleeping 一個(gè)睡著的嬰兒

a sleeping car=a car for sleeping臥車

working people=people who are working在工作的人們

a working method=a method for working 工作方法

2. V-ing形式做賓語補(bǔ)足語，對(duì)句子的賓語起補(bǔ)充或說明作用，常表示某一特定動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，而且強(qiáng)調(diào)一個(gè)過程。例如：

We found the story very interesting. 我們覺得這個(gè)故事很有趣。

I heard somebody breaking the windows. 我聽到有人打破了窗戶。

V-ing作賓語補(bǔ)足語，可帶這種復(fù)合賓語的動(dòng)詞有：see, observe, hear, notice, find, have, get, keep, catch, leave等。它強(qiáng)調(diào)賓語的動(dòng)作是主動(dòng)的，又是正在進(jìn)行的；賓語和賓語補(bǔ)足語之間是邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。例如：

We heard her singing in her room. 我們聽見她在她的房間里唱歌。

The salesman caught the boy stealing in the shop. 那個(gè)男售貨員發(fā)現(xiàn)這個(gè)男孩正在商店里偷東西。

注意區(qū)別V-ing與不定式、過去分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語：

V-ing強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的主動(dòng)、正在進(jìn)行；不定式強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的全過程；過去分詞強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的被動(dòng)、完成。比較：

I heard them singing that song. 我聽見他們正在唱那首歌。

I heard them sing that song. 我聽見他們唱了那首歌。

I heard that song sung.我聽人唱過那首歌。

【典型考例】

1. A cook will be immediately fired if he is found _______ in the kitchen.

A. smokeB. smoking

C. to smoke D. smoked

解析：選B。該空含義應(yīng)為正在吸煙，所以應(yīng)填現(xiàn)在分詞作主語補(bǔ)足語。

2. Mr Smith, _______ of the______ speech, started to read a novel.

A. tired; boringB. tiring; bored

C. tired; bored D. tiring; boring

解析：選A。第一空應(yīng)填 tired ，構(gòu)成 tired of （來源于系表結(jié)構(gòu) be tired of ）短語作非限制性定語。第二空表示令人厭煩的演講，應(yīng)填 boring 。

3. There was a terrible noise _______ the sudden burst of light.

A. followedB. following

C. to be followed D. be followed

解析：選B。該句含義為：有一陣可怕的噪音正隨著光的突然閃動(dòng)而出現(xiàn)。所以應(yīng)用 V-ing 形式作定語，表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，并表示噪音主動(dòng)伴著光的突然閃動(dòng)而出現(xiàn)。 Following 可轉(zhuǎn)換成定語從句 which was following 。