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    以雄性不育華柚2號為母本有性雜交創(chuàng)制柚潛在無核新種質(zhì)

    2024-12-31 00:00:00師小舒謝善鵬解凱東周銳陳鵬戴亞郭玲霞伍小萌郭文武
    果樹學(xué)報 2024年12期
    關(guān)鍵詞:柑橘

    摘" " 要:【目的】中國柚地方品種多但多數(shù)有種子,缺乏品質(zhì)優(yōu)良且無核的柚新品種。柑橘胞質(zhì)雄性不育為母系遺傳,以具有該性狀的柚為母本與有核柚雜交,可將雄性不育胞質(zhì)遺傳至有性后代,有望在二倍體水平實現(xiàn)柚無核新品種選育?!痉椒ā恳岳眉?xì)胞工程技術(shù)自主創(chuàng)制的雄性不育胞質(zhì)雜種柚華柚2號為母本、地方特色有核柚為父本進行有性雜交,果實成熟期收集種子后,催芽播種培育雜交后代;在幼苗階段依據(jù)多倍體形態(tài)特征從后代中篩選疑似多倍體并用流式細(xì)胞儀對其倍性進行鑒定;通過親本重測序開發(fā)多態(tài)性InDel標(biāo)記并對雜交后代遺傳來源進行鑒定。【結(jié)果】以華柚2號為母本,貢水白柚、雷公柚、菊花芯柚、馬家柚和甜柚1號為父本,配置5個雜交組合;人工授粉后共獲得65個成熟果實,收集到1163粒種子,通過催芽播種共獲得實生苗781株;依據(jù)多倍體形態(tài)特征,從華柚2號 × 甜柚1號雜交組合的110株后代中發(fā)掘出2株疑似多倍體,經(jīng)流式細(xì)胞儀倍性鑒定其中1株為四倍體。用6對多態(tài)性InDel引物對從華柚2號 × 貢水白柚和華柚2號 × 雷公柚隨機選取的各44株實生后代進行遺傳鑒定,結(jié)果表明,其均有各自父本的特異條帶,暗示2個雜交組合所有后代均為其相應(yīng)雙親的有性后代?!窘Y(jié)論】以雄性不育胞質(zhì)雜種柚為母本創(chuàng)制的有性后代,為二倍體水平的柚無核新品種選育提供了寶貴的種質(zhì)材料。

    關(guān)鍵詞:柑橘;胞質(zhì)雄性不育;無核育種;遺傳鑒定;華柚2號

    中圖分類號:S666.3 文獻標(biāo)志碼:A 文章編號:1009-9980(2024)12-2389-08

    Production of potential seedless pummelo sexual progenies via sexual hybridization using male-sterile cybrid Huayou No. 2 as the female parent

    SHI Xiaoshu1, XIE Shanpeng1, XIE Kaidong1, ZHOU Rui2, CHEN Peng3, DAI Ya4, GUO Lingxia3, WU Xiaomeng1, GUO Wenwu1*

    (1College of Horticulture amp; Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University/National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation amp; Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China; 2Chenzhou Institute of Agricultural Science, Chenzhou 423000, Hunan, China; 3Horticultural Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Science, Changsha 410125, Hunan, China; 4Agriculture and Rural Affairs Bureau of Yongding District, Zhangjiajie 427000, Hunan, China)

    Abstract: 【Objective】 Seedlessness is an important trait in citrus. Numerous pummelo cultivars in China contain seeds, with certain fruits containing over 150 seeds, reducing the edible portion of the fruit and consumer acceptance. Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS), controlled by maternally inherited mitochondrial genome and nuclear genome, is one of the main reasons for seedlessness in citrus fruits, and it has been utilized to obtain seedless germplasm in citrus. For instance, the Satsuma mandarin is a typical example of the CMS type. In Japan, it was chosen as maternal parent in cross breeding to develop the superior breeding parent Kiyomi tangor, known for its monoembryony and male sterility. Following that, Kiyomi tangor was utilized as the female parent to produce various seedless citrus varieties, such as Shiranui, Harumi, Setoka and Harehime through cross breeding. Therefore, the strategy of utilizing citrus varieties with CMS as the maternal parent to cross with seedy varieties can effectively transfer the trait of CMS to the offspring. This approach enables the production of seedless citrus at the diploid level, greatly improving the efficiency of seedless citrus breeding. Huayou No. 2 pummelo is a new seedless citrus variety produced via protoplast fusion with Satsuma mandarin as callus parent and Hirado Buntan (HB) pummelo as leaf parent, with its mitochondrial genome originated from Satsuma mandarin while the nuclear genome and chloroplast genome inherited from the HB pummelo. Compared to its mesophyll parent HB pummelo, Huayou No. 2 pummelo displayed male sterility and seedlessness (under isolated cultivation), with all other traits staying consistent with HB pummelo, making it ideal for direct cultivation as a new variety. In addition, Huayou No. 2 pummelo carries the CMS cytoplasm from Satsuma mandarin and is a monoembryonic variety. Utilizing it as a female parent for hybridization with other seedy pummelo types holds significant practical value in generating seedless germplasm at the diploid level, as the CMS cytoplasm from Huayou No. 2 pummelo can be transferred to the offspring. With this strategy, in our previous breeding program, Huayou No. 2 pummelo was used as the female parent to cross with Shatian pummelo and Cocktail grapefruit, from which more than 1500 hybrids were obtained. Over 500 hybrids from the cross of Huayou No. 2 pummelo × Shatian pummelo have exhibited male sterility, providing evidence of the success achieved through this strategy. 【Methods】 Five local pummelo varieties including Gongshuibai, Juhuaxin, Leigong, Majia and Tianyou No. 1 were selected as materials in this study due to their seedy fruits, peel thickness and low edible rate. Five sexual crosses were conducted with Huayou No. 2 pummelo as the female parent and the above five seedy pummelos as the male parents during 2022 to 2023, aiming to produce hybrids that could yield seedless and high-quality fruits with a high edible rate. Controlled pollination was conducted in Huazhong Agricultural University. Following the mature fruits collected, the seeds were extracted and sowed in a growth chamber. After germination, putative polyploids were screened according to the morphological feature and then determined by flow cytometry. By DNA re-sequencing of the parents, InDel (insertion-deletion) markers were mined and used to identify the genetic origin of the plants derived from these crosses. 【Results】 From the five crosses with Huayou No. 2 pummelo as the female parent, and Gongshuibai, Leigong, Juhuaxin, Majia, and Tianyou No. 1 pummelos as the male parents, 65 mature fruits were obtained, from which 1163 mature seeds were extracted and sowed in the chamber. After germination, a total of 781 seedlings were obtained, including 221 seedlings from the cross of Huayou No. 2 × Gongshuibai pummelo, 238 seedlings from Huayou No. 2 × Leigong pummelo, 104 seedlings from Huayou No. 2 × Majia pummelo, 108 seedlings from Huayou No. 2 × Juhuaxin pummelo and 110 seedlings from Huayou No. 2 × Tianyou No. 1 pummelo, respectively. Based on the morphological trait screening, we identified two putative polyploids from the seedlings derived from the cross of Huayou No. 2 × Tianyou No. 1 pummelo and one of them was verified as tetraploid using flow cytometry. Based on DNA re-sequencing of Huayou No. 2, Gongshuibai pummelo and Leigong pummelo, six pairs of polymorphic InDel primers were mined and used for identifying the genetic origin of the offspring derived from Huayou No. 2 × Gongshuibai pummelo and Huayou No. 2 pummelo × Leigong pummelo. For each cross, 44 plants were randomly selected and the results showed that all the detected offspring displayed the bands only in their male relative parent, suggesting that all the offsprings of both crosses were the hybrids of their parents. 【Conclusion】 Using a high efficient cell engineering breeding technique in which Huayou No. 2 pummelo was used as the female parent to cross with seedy pummelos to produce seedless germplasm at the diploid level, hundreds of diploid hybrid and one tetraploid seedlings for potential seedlessness were obtained, providing abundant materials for pummelo seedless breeding at the diploid level. This study also laid a foundation for providing materials for the researches related to male sterility.

    Key words: Citrus; Cytoplasmic male sterility; Seedless breeding; Genetic identification; Huayou No. 2 pummelo

    果實無核是柑橘重要的經(jīng)濟性狀,中國大多數(shù)地方特色柚為有核品種,部分品種單果種子數(shù)超過150粒,降低果實可食率的同時,也影響了消費者的食用體驗,綜合品質(zhì)優(yōu)良且果實無核的柚品種十分缺乏[1]。細(xì)胞質(zhì)雄性不育(cytoplasmic male sterility,CMS)特性通常表現(xiàn)為母系遺傳,由線粒體和細(xì)胞核基因組共同決定,也稱核質(zhì)互作不育[2],是柑橘果實無核的主要原因之一[3-4]。因此,以具有CMS特性的柑橘為母本與有核品種有性雜交,可利用母系遺傳的特性,將細(xì)胞質(zhì)雄性不育特性遺傳給后代,能實現(xiàn)在二倍體水平的柑橘無核化改良,提高柑橘無核育種效率。溫州蜜柑的果實無核屬于典型的CMS類型,日本育種家以溫州蜜柑為母本進行有性雜交,選育出了兼具單胚且雄性不育的優(yōu)良育種親本清見橘橙[5],進一步以其為母本,通過雜交育種培育出許多無核品種,如不知火、春見、愛媛、晴姬等[6]。

    華柚2號是華中農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)以雄性不育的溫州蜜柑與有核品種HB柚原生質(zhì)體融合培育而成的無核柚新品種[7],線粒體基因組來自溫州蜜柑,核基因組和葉綠體基因組均來自HB柚[4]。與其葉肉親本HB柚相比,華柚2號除表現(xiàn)雄性不育和果實無核(隔離種植)外,其余性狀基本一致,可直接作為鮮食品種發(fā)展。華柚2號遺傳了溫州蜜柑CMS特性,又為單胚品種,以其為母本與其他有核柚有性雜交,在改良中國地方特色柚的有核性狀方面具有重要的應(yīng)用價值,有望在二倍體水平直接培育出果實無核且品質(zhì)優(yōu)良的無核柚新品種。前人以華柚2號為母本,沙田柚、雞尾葡萄柚和溫嶺高橙為父本進行有性雜交,創(chuàng)制了一批有性后代[8-9],且華柚2號 × 沙田柚群體已有500余株開花結(jié)果,均表現(xiàn)雄性不育(數(shù)據(jù)未發(fā)表)和果實無核,推測柚細(xì)胞核不含有功能性核育性恢復(fù)基因,以華柚2號為母本與有核柚有性雜交,能實現(xiàn)二倍體水平的柚無核化改良。貢水白柚、菊花芯柚、雷公柚和馬家柚均為中國地方特色良種,果實品質(zhì)優(yōu)良,風(fēng)味濃郁,均有一定的種植面積,經(jīng)濟效益好,有效帶動了當(dāng)?shù)剞r(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)濟發(fā)展;甜柚1號是湖南省農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院園藝研究所通過實生選種自主培育的小果型柚品種,風(fēng)味濃郁。但上述品種的果實均存在有核或多核、果皮厚和可食率低等問題?;谏鲜鰡栴},筆者以華柚2號為母本,與上述有核柚品種有性雜交創(chuàng)制有性群體;并通過“觀根辨葉看油胞”的多倍體發(fā)掘技術(shù),從創(chuàng)制的群體中篩選四倍體,創(chuàng)制兼具雙親優(yōu)良性狀且果實無核的二倍體柚新種質(zhì),同時有望獲得兼具單胚、雄性不育特性的四倍體新種質(zhì),為倍性雜交創(chuàng)制柚無核新種質(zhì)提供核心育種親本。

    1 材料和方法

    1.1 試驗材料

    2022—2023年,以華柚2號(Citrus grandis L. Osbeck)為母本,貢水白柚(C. grandis L. Osbeck)、雷公柚(C. grandis L. Osbeck)、菊花芯柚(C. grandis L. Osbeck)、馬家柚(C. grandis L. Osbeck)和甜柚1號(C. grandis L. Osbeck)為父本雜交,創(chuàng)制二倍體有性群體。貢水白柚、菊花芯柚、雷公柚和馬家柚花粉分別采自湖北恩施、湖南張家界、湖南郴州和江西上饒;甜柚1號花粉由湖南省農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院園藝研究所提供。華柚2號(原始母樹)定植于華中農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)柑橘育種基地,樹齡15 a(年),授粉地點均為華中農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)。

    1.2 人工授粉、實生播種與植株移栽

    柑橘花粉制備和人工授粉方法參考解凱東等[10]的方法。初花期采摘父本處于氣球期的含苞待放花朵用于制備花粉,在華柚2號盛花初期進行人工授粉。待果實成熟后,采摘授粉果實剝?nèi)》N子并催芽播種,催芽播種參考謝善鵬等[11]的方法。播種后,用塑料薄膜覆蓋營養(yǎng)缽保濕,并將播種的營養(yǎng)缽置于生長室[溫度(25 ± 1)℃,光照16 h]催芽;待種子萌發(fā)和幼苗長至具有6片以上真葉大小時,將幼苗單獨移栽至黑色長營養(yǎng)缽,并置于溫室保存,幼苗期間進行正常水肥管理。

    1.3 實生后代疑似多倍體篩選和倍性鑒定

    利用課題組前期建立的“觀根辨葉看油胞”方法[12]對所有實生后代進行形態(tài)觀察,篩選疑似多倍體;采集疑似多倍體的葉片,參考謝善鵬等[11]的方法,用流式細(xì)胞儀(Cyflow space,Sysmex,Japan)對其倍性鑒定。

    1.4 實生后代的遺傳鑒定

    雜交后代及其親本DNA提取參照Cheng等[13]的方法。對親本進行重測序開發(fā)可用于后代遺傳鑒定的InDel分子標(biāo)記,數(shù)據(jù)分析參考Albers等[14]的方法,最終從獲得的InDel變異中開發(fā)獲得了6對多態(tài)性InDel引物(表1),引物序列由北京擎科生物科技有限公司合成。PCR反應(yīng)體系參考謝善鵬等[15]的方法,55 ℃退火30 s,72 ℃延伸10 min。擴增產(chǎn)物用2.5%高分辨率瓊脂糖凝膠(CAMBREX,MetaPhor Agarose,USA)于70 V電壓下電泳60 min后,用凝膠成像儀(Bio-Rad,Universal Hood Ⅱ,USA)對電泳結(jié)果拍照分析。

    2 結(jié)果與分析

    2.1 以華柚2號為母本與5個有核柚為父本有性雜交創(chuàng)制實生后代781株

    以華柚2號為母本,分別與貢水白柚、菊花芯柚、雷公柚、馬家柚和甜柚1號等父本進行有性雜交,配置了5個雜交組合。由表2可知,5個雜交組合共授粉408朵花,坐果65個,平均坐果率15.93%;從30個果實共剝?nèi)~@得種子1163粒,其中華柚2號×甜柚1號組合的單果種子最多,平均68.3?!す?1,華柚2號×貢水白柚組合的單果種子最少,平均20.6?!す?1;對所有種子進行催芽播種(圖1),所有組合共獲得實生后代781株,不同雜交組合的種子萌發(fā)率介于40.3%~94.7%。

    2.2 植株形態(tài)初選結(jié)合倍性鑒定從實生后代發(fā)掘出四倍體1株

    依據(jù)柑橘“觀根辨葉看油胞”發(fā)掘多倍體的方法,對5個組合所有實生后代進行多倍體形態(tài)初選,從華柚2號 × 甜柚1號的實生后代中篩選出2株疑似多倍體,其余組合未篩選到疑似多倍體,用流式細(xì)胞儀對2株疑似多倍體倍性鑒定,其中1株為四倍體(圖2);與二倍體植株相比,四倍體主要表現(xiàn)植株變矮、主根短粗、側(cè)根少、葉片厚等特點。

    2.3 雜交后代的遺傳鑒定

    利用親本重測序,開發(fā)獲得適用于華柚2號 × 貢水白柚和華柚2號 × 雷公柚組合實生后代分子鑒定的InDel引物6對(表1),其中HG3-1982338、HG3-9173442和HG4-24205043適用于華柚2號 × 貢水白柚組合;HL3-25472149、HL3-25864672和HL4-3919645適用于華柚2號 × 雷公柚組合。分別用上述引物對從2個雜交組合各隨機篩選的44株實生后代進行分子鑒定,結(jié)果表明,所鑒定的雜交后代均含有父本特異性條帶,表明均為其相應(yīng)雙親的有性后代(圖3)。

    3 討 論

    筆者利用具有細(xì)胞質(zhì)雄性不育特性的華柚2號為母本,與貢水白柚等5個有核柚有性雜交,以期通過將其雄性不育胞質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)移至有性后代,創(chuàng)制具有無核潛力的柚新種質(zhì),為柑橘二倍體水平的無核育種提供豐富的種質(zhì)材料。筆者所選的親本均為二倍體單胚柚品種,理論上其有性后代均應(yīng)為二倍體,經(jīng)倍性鑒定從華柚2號 × 甜柚1號有性后代中發(fā)掘到1株四倍體幼苗。據(jù)前人文獻報道可知,四倍體可由2n卵細(xì)胞與2n花粉結(jié)合所形成,植物界多數(shù)植物材料可產(chǎn)生未減數(shù)2n配子,2n配子形成原因主要有無孢子生殖、減數(shù)分裂前染色體加倍和紡錘體異常等。向素瓊等[16]通過細(xì)胞學(xué)觀察發(fā)現(xiàn)長壽沙田柚2n花粉發(fā)生頻率約為2%,證實了柑橘中存在未減數(shù)的2n花粉。Xie等[17-18]通過倍性雜交發(fā)現(xiàn)柑橘普遍存在2n雌配子。因此,本研究二倍體間有性雜交獲得的四倍體,可能由2n雌配子和2n雄配子受精形成。但自然條件下柑橘2n配子發(fā)生頻率較低,2n雌配子和2n雄配子受精形成四倍體的概率更低。此外,柑橘珠心細(xì)胞在自然條件下可以自然加倍[19],二倍體的合子細(xì)胞同樣可以自發(fā)加倍形成四倍體。該四倍體究竟由何種機制產(chǎn)生,需要后續(xù)對該四倍體進行基因分析鑒定。四倍體是柑橘倍性雜交創(chuàng)制三倍體無核新種質(zhì)的核心育種親本,特別是以單胚四倍體為母本的倍性雜交可省去胚搶救過程,能有效提升育種效率。但自然界柑橘單胚四倍體資源稀少,限制了該育種途徑的應(yīng)用。筆者在本研究中所選的親本均為單胚品種,且華柚2號還具有雄性不育特點,從以其為親本的雜交群體中發(fā)掘獲得的四倍體可能兼具單胚和雄性不育的特點,在未來的倍性雜交育種中具有重要的應(yīng)用價值。

    自然變異發(fā)掘、雜交育種和細(xì)胞工程育種是目前實現(xiàn)柑橘無核育種目標(biāo)的3種主要育種途徑[20]。自然變異相對隨機且發(fā)生頻率低,由此途徑獲得的無核資源有限。利用雜交育種手段創(chuàng)制無核資源,可有效提高無核育種效率,但柑橘傳統(tǒng)雜交育種受多胚性和童期長等影響,雜交育種進程緩慢。通過倍性雜交結(jié)合胚挽救技術(shù)創(chuàng)制三倍體可直接獲得無核種質(zhì),但技術(shù)難度大且倍性增加對果實品質(zhì)有一定影響[9]。因此,將細(xì)胞工程技術(shù)與雜交育種結(jié)合,以單胚性雄性不育胞質(zhì)雜種為母本與有核品種有性雜交,通過轉(zhuǎn)移雄性不育胞質(zhì)至有性后代,可實現(xiàn)二倍體水平的無核種質(zhì)創(chuàng)制,既能保證果實品質(zhì)又可縮短育種周期,為柑橘無核育種提供了新路徑。華中農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)前期利用細(xì)胞工程技術(shù)培育了具有細(xì)胞質(zhì)雄性不育特性的胞質(zhì)雜種華柚2號和華柚3號[21],均表現(xiàn)雄性不育和果實無核(隔離種植),且種子單胚,以其為核心種源與中國地方特色有核柚品種有性雜交,進而改良柑橘有核性狀,具有重要的應(yīng)用價值。筆者以華柚2號為母本,與貢水白柚等5個有核品種有性雜交,通過創(chuàng)制有性群體以期實現(xiàn)柚有核品種的無核化改良,為培育果實無核、品質(zhì)優(yōu)良的柚新品種提供了種質(zhì)材料。

    4 結(jié) 論

    以具有細(xì)胞質(zhì)雄性不育特性的華柚2號為母本,與貢水白柚等5個有核柚品種有性雜交,獲得了一批無核潛力柚新種質(zhì),為柑橘二倍體水平的無核改良與雄性不育基礎(chǔ)研究提供了種質(zhì)材料。

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