華夏文明的發(fā)祥地

人們常說，“8 000年文化看天水”，指的是中華文明的祖源在天水。天水，古稱“成紀(jì)”，又稱“上邽（guī）”“秦州”，因“天河注水”的傳說而得名，境內(nèi)有黃河最大的支流——渭河穿流而過。天水8 000年的歷史見證了早期的華夏文明，這里的大地灣遺址、羲（xī）皇故里、嬴秦發(fā)祥地、南郭古剎、麥積山石窟等，對了解中國歷史和文化具有十分重要的意義。

It is often said that “Tianshui represents 8，000 years of Chineseculture，” referring to the origin of Chinese civilization in Tianshui.Tianshui， formerly known as Chengji， Shanggui， or Qinzhou， derivedits name from the legend of “tianhe zhushui （meaning ‘where the skywater pours’）.” The largest tributary of the Yellow River， the Wei River，flows through its territory. The 8，000-year history of Tianshui bearswitness to the early stage of Chinese civilization. Cultural sites heresuch as Dadiwan site， the Hometown of Fuxi， the Birthplace of theQin Culture， Nanguo Temple， and Maijishan Grottoes， etc. are of greatsignificance in understanding Chinese history and culture.

大地灣遺址

大地灣遺址位于天水市秦安縣東北五營鄉(xiāng)，是一處距今4 800 ～ 8 000年的新石器時代文化遺址，出土了近萬件陶、石、玉、骨、角、蚌器等文物，發(fā)掘出房址241座。大地灣文化是由黃河流域的華夏先民創(chuàng)造的古老文明，也是華夏文明的重要來源之一。其最具代表性的器物是彩陶，人頭陶罐、彩陶魚紋盆、彩陶缽、彩陶瓶等都是國寶級文物。

Located in Wuying Township， northeast of Qin’an County inTianshui City， the Dadiwan site is a Neolithic cultural site dating back4，800 to 8，000 years ago. Nearly ten thousand artifacts such as pottery，stone， jade， bone， horn， and shell objects have been unearthed， alongwith 241 house sites. The Dadiwan culture， created by the ancestorsof Chinese people in the Yellow River basin， is one of the importantsources of Chinese civilization. Its most representative artifactsare colored pottery， such as pottery jars with human-head shapedopening， colored pottery fish-patterned basins， colored pottery bowls，colored pottery bottles， all of which are national treasures.

羲皇故里

據(jù)說，人文始祖、三皇之首伏羲氏生于天水，故而天水又稱羲皇故里。伏羲又稱“庖犧（páoxī）”“宓（ fú）犧”“包羲”等，據(jù)史書記載：“太昊帝庖犧氏，風(fēng)姓也。母曰華胥（xū）……生伏犧，長于成紀(jì)?！?/p>

It is said that Fuxi， the ancestor of Chinesecivilization and the first of Three Sovereigns， wasborn in Tianshui， hence Tianshui is also known asthe hometown of Fuxi. Fuxi is also known as Paoxi，Baoxi， etc. According to historical records， “Paoxi， orEmperor Taihao， is of the Feng clan. His mother wasnamed Huaxu ... He was born and named Fuxi， andwas raised in Chengji.”

作為杰出古代先民的部落首領(lǐng)，伏羲氏在與自然共生共存的過程中觀察自然、模仿自然、向自然學(xué)習(xí)生存的本領(lǐng)，創(chuàng)造了亙古不息的伏羲文化。他在卦臺山上仰觀天象、俯覽河川、演繹八卦、教化眾生，開始了對自然以及人類自身最初的哲學(xué)思考，建立了中華哲學(xué)發(fā)展演化的核心脈絡(luò)，從而開啟了中華文明。

As an outstanding triballeader of ancient ancestors，F(xiàn)uxi observed， imitated，and learned survival skillsfrom nature while living inharmony with it， creatingthe eve r las t i ng Fu x iculture. He observed thesky and rivers， interpretedthe Eight Trigrams， andenlightened sentient beingson Mount Guatai， whichinitiated the philosophicalcontemplation of natureand huma n b e i n g s ，establishing the foundationof the development ofChinese philosophy， thus the beginning of Chinesecivilization.

伏羲氏亦為中華文明的誕生作出了巨大的貢獻(xiàn)。他始創(chuàng)文字，以代替結(jié)繩記事；他制定嫁娶制度，使人類逐步形成夫妻家庭的生活模式；他教人結(jié)網(wǎng)捕魚、飼養(yǎng)牲畜，以充庖廚，因此又被稱為“庖犧氏”；他總結(jié)了人類對自然的最初認(rèn)識，作歷度，定節(jié)氣，奠定了中國歷法“四季”“八節(jié)”的基石；他制作九針，開創(chuàng)了中國醫(yī)學(xué)先河；他發(fā)明琴、瑟等樂器，創(chuàng)作《立基》《扶來》《駕辯》等樂曲，開創(chuàng)了中華文明音樂藝術(shù)的先河……“開天明道”的功績奠定了中華文明幾千年來繁榮昌盛的根基。

Fuxi also made enormous contributions to thedevelopment of Chinese civilization. He inventedwriting of Chinese characters to replace knot tying forrecord-keeping; he established the system of marriage，gradually forming the pattern of husband-and-wifefamilies; he taught people to fish and raise livestockto supplement their diet， hence he was also knownas “Paoxi” which literally means to cook livestock;he summarized the initial understanding of natureby mankind， created calendars， established solarterms， laying the foundation for “four seasons”and “eight solar terms” in the Chinese calendar; hemade nine needles， pioneering Chinese medicine;he also invented musical instruments such as theqin and se， composed music including Liji， Fulai，and Jiabian， pioneering the art of music in Chinesecivilization ... All these groundbreaking achievementslaid the foundation for the prosperity of Chinesecivilization for thousands of years.

坐落于天水市秦州區(qū)的伏羲廟是中國最大的祭祀伏羲氏的廟宇。伏羲廟始建于明成化十九年至二十年間（公元1483 ～ 1484年），占地13 000多平方米。整個建筑群坐北朝南，沿中軸線依次排列著牌坊、大門、儀門、先天殿、太極殿等。廟宇呈宮殿式建筑模式，院落層層相套，莊嚴(yán)雄偉。每年正月十六伏羲誕辰日，當(dāng)?shù)匕傩諘磦鹘y(tǒng)到伏羲廟“朝人宗”，以祭祀伏羲緬懷人文始祖肇啟中華文明的豐功偉績，這便是“伏羲廟廟會”。1988年，天水市政府恢復(fù)公祭伏羲活動，將“太昊伏羲祭典”定在伏羲廟舉行，并將其列入首批國家級非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)名錄。

The Fuxi Temple， located in Qinzhou District，Tianshui City， is the largest temple in China dedicatedto the worship of Fuxi. It was built during the reignof Chenghua （1483—1484） in the Ming Dynasty andcovers an area of over 13，000 square meters. Theentire temple complex faces south along the centralaxis， with archways， gates， ceremonial gates， XiantianHall， and Taiji Hall arranged in sequence. Thetemple follows a palace-style architectural patternwith distinct layers of courtyards， majestic andsolemn. Every year on the 16th day of the first lunarmonth， local people traditionally visit the Templeto pay respects to Fuxi， commemorating the greatachievements of the ancestor who initiated Chinesecivilization. This is known as the “Fuxi TempleFair.” In 1988， the Tianshui Municipal Governmentresumed the public worship of Fuxi and held the“Sacrificial Ceremony for Taihao Fuxi” at the FuxiTemple， which was also listed as one of the firstnational intangible cultural heritages.

此外，天水據(jù)傳還是女媧和黃帝的誕生地，境內(nèi)關(guān)于二者的遺存也較多。

In addition， according to legend， Tianshui is alsothe birthplace of Nuwa and the Yellow Emperor， withmany relics related to them found within the area.

嬴秦發(fā)祥地

天水又稱“秦州”，是嬴秦的發(fā)祥地。據(jù)史書記載，天水市麥積區(qū)黨川鄉(xiāng)的牧馬灘一帶曾是秦人為周王放養(yǎng)戰(zhàn)馬的重要基地。秦人先祖嬴非子因牧馬有功，于公元前890年受周孝王封邑于秦亭，即今天的天水一帶。秦人以這里為根據(jù)地，歷經(jīng)14代君王約300多年的發(fā)展壯大，創(chuàng)建了偉大的秦國。公元前762年，秦人東遷陜西關(guān)中，開啟了統(tǒng)一六國的進(jìn)程。公元前688年，秦在天水市的清水、甘谷兩地設(shè)立邽縣和冀縣，這是中國歷史上最早設(shè)立的兩個縣。

Tianshui， also known as Qinzhou， is thebirthplace of the Qin Culture. According to historicalrecords， the Mumatan area of Dangchuan Townshipin Maiji District of Tianshui was once an importantbase for the Qin people to raise war horses for theZhou emperors. Around 890 BC， the ancestor of theQin people， Ying Feizi， was rewarded by EmperorXiao of Zhou for his contributions and was grantedthe fiefdom of Qinting， which is the present-dayTianshui area. Therefore， the Qin people basedthemselves here， developed and expanded overthe course of 14 imperial reigns spanning about300 years， and finally established the great QinState. In 762 BC， the Qin people migrated eastwardto Guanzhong （central Shaanxi）， initiating theprocess of unifying the other six states. In 688 BC，Qin established the Gui County and Ji County inQingshui and Gangu， respectively， in Tianshui City，which were the earliest two counties established inChinese history.

秦文化形成于先秦時期，隨著秦人的興起、壯大而發(fā)展。其早期文化遺存主要集中在天水一帶。其中，牧馬灘秦墓遺址出土了目前世界上最古老的實(shí)物地圖——木板地圖。甘肅省禮縣紅河鄉(xiāng)出土了春秋秦公簋（guǐ，古代盛食物的器具），現(xiàn)收藏于中國國家博物館內(nèi)，其銘文制作使用方塊印模法，開啟了活字印刷字模的先例，也是秦人的重大發(fā)明和創(chuàng)造之一。先秦時期，天水至漢中有古道連接，商販往來頻繁，由此孕育出獨(dú)特的秦地小曲，后逐步發(fā)展成為中國最古老的戲劇之一——秦腔，至今仍在西北地區(qū)流行。

The Qin Culture took form during the pre-Qinperiod， and developed with the rise and expansionof the Qin people. Its early cultural remains aremainly found in the Tianshui area. Among them， theoldest physical map in the world to date， a woodenboard map， was unearthed in the Qin tomb site inMumatan. A Qin Gong Gui， a ritual food vessel fromthe Spring and Autumn Period， was unearthed in theHonghe Township of Li County， Gansu Province. Itis now housed in the National Museum of China. Itsinscriptions were made using the square seal printingmethod， which initiated the precedent for movabletype printing， one of the significant inventions of theQin people. During the pre-Qin period， there wereancient roads connecting Tianshui to Hanzhong，with frequent trading activities， giving birth tounique Qin tunes. These tunes gradually evolved intoone of China’s oldest dramas — Qin Opera， which isstill popular in the northwest region to this day.

秦王朝（公元前221 ～ 前206年）在中國歷史上很短暫，只存在了15年，但它的影響卻是深遠(yuǎn)的。秦始皇統(tǒng)一中國后，實(shí)行“書同文”（統(tǒng)一文字）、“車同軌”（統(tǒng)一車轍的寬度）、“量同衡”（統(tǒng)一度量衡），建立中央集權(quán)制度，奠定了中國大一統(tǒng)王朝的統(tǒng)治基礎(chǔ)。

Although the Qin Dynasty （221—206 BC） wasvery short-lived in Chinese history， existing foronly 15 years， its influence was profound. After QinShihuang， the First Emperor of Qin， unified China，he standardized the writing system， chariot width，weights and measures， establishing a centralizedsystem of governance and laying the foundation for aunified empire in China.

南郭古剎

位于天水市秦州區(qū)的南郭寺被稱為“隴右第一名剎”，始建于北朝，已有1600多年歷史。南郭寺在唐代已經(jīng)有相當(dāng)規(guī)模。寺內(nèi)古樹眾多，山門兩側(cè)有兩株1 300多年的唐槐，高大挺拔；而最知名的當(dāng)屬已有2 500年樹齡的國家一級保護(hù)古樹春秋古柏。唐代大詩人杜甫為躲避安史之亂，曾流寓南郭寺，寫下“山頭南郭寺，水號北流泉。老樹空庭得，清渠一邑傳。”的詩句，其中的“老樹”即指這株古柏，而“北流泉”則是南郭寺東院觀音殿的一口古泉。后人為紀(jì)念杜甫，把南郭寺中東禪林院更名為“杜少陵祠”。

Nanguo Temple， located in Qinzhou District， Tianshui City，is known as “the most famous temple in Longyou.” It was built inthe Northern Dynasties with a history of more than 1，600 years. Itdeveloped into a considerable scale during the Tang Dynasty. There aremany ancient trees in the temple， with two tall and straight Tang locusttrees over 1，300 years old standing on both sides of its gate. The mostfamous is an ancient cypress tree with a history of 2，500 years， whichis a first-level protected ancient tree in the country. The great poetDu Fu in the Tang Dynasty once lived in Nanguo Temple to avoid theAnshi Rebellion where he wrote the lines “Nanguo Temple stands onthe mountain top， while the Beiliu Spring flows northwards. The oldtree accompanies the empty courtyard， and the clear stream meandersthrough the county.” The “old tree” refers to this ancient cypress tree，and the “Beiliu Spring” is an ancient spring in the east courtyard ofNanguo Temple. Later generations renamed the East Zen Hall inNanguo Temple as “Du Shaoling Hall” in memory of Du Fu.

麥積山石窟

位于天水市東南的麥積山石窟，是中國四大石窟之一，因狀如堆積的麥垛而得名。麥積山石窟始建于后秦（公元384 ～ 417年），歷經(jīng)多朝近1500多年不斷的開鑿擴(kuò)建，逐步形成如今的規(guī)模；現(xiàn)有洞窟221個，泥塑、石雕等各類造像7000余尊，壁畫1000多平方米；尤以北朝早期作品數(shù)量之多、雕塑藝術(shù)之精湛著稱，被譽(yù)為“東方雕塑陳列館”。著名美學(xué)家李澤厚先生曾這樣評價(jià)麥積山石窟：“ 北魏的雕塑……特別是麥積山成熟期的秀骨清相，長臉細(xì)頸，衣褶繁復(fù)而飄動，那種神情奕奕、飄逸自得，似乎去盡人間煙火氣的風(fēng)度，形成了中國雕塑藝術(shù)的理想美的最高峰?！?/p>

The Maijishan Grottoes， located in thesoutheast of Tianshui City， is one of the fourmajor grottoes in China， named after its shaperesembling stacked wheat stacks. The Grottoeswere first built in the Later Qin Dynasty （384—417） and underwent continuous excavation andexpansion for more than 1，500 years. There are currently221 caves， with over 7，000 statues of clay sculptures， stonecarvings， and more than 1，000 square meters of murals.Known as the “Oriental Sculpture Exhibition Hall，” it isespecially famous for its large number of early Northernsculpture works and the exquisite art. The renownedaesthete Li Zehou once commented on the MaijishanGrottoes： “The sculpture of the Northern Wei Dynasty ...especially the mature period of the Maijishan Grottoes，with its delicate appearance， long faces and slender necks，intricate flowing pleats， and the elegant， self-sufficient andseemingly unworldly demeanor， forms the pinnacle of idealbeauty in Chinese sculpture art.”

漫步秦州大地，仿佛穿越數(shù)千年的歷史畫廊，令人生發(fā)古之幽思，徜徉其間而流連忘返。

Strolling through the land of Qinzhou， as if walkingthrough a gallery of history spanning thousands of yearsand meditating on the past， you will linger on and forget toleave.