[11.山西醫(yī)科大學(xué)第三醫(yī)院(山西白求恩醫(yī)院,山西醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院,同濟(jì)山西醫(yī)院)泌尿外科,山西太原 030032;2.山西醫(yī)科大學(xué)公共衛(wèi)生學(xué)院,山西太原 030001]
Predictive value of preoperative NLR and PLR for inguinal lymph node metastasis of penile cancer
LI Jian1,GUO Wenjing2,SUN Zhongzhong1,WU Jinfeng1
(1. Department of Urology,The Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan 030032;2. School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China)
ABSTRACT:Objective
To explore the value of preoperative neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) in the prediction of inguinal lymph node metastasis of penile cancer to provide a new idea for the clinical evaluation.
Methods A total of 48 patients with penile cancer who received surgical treatment in our hospital during Jan. 2016 and Dec. 2021 were selected and divided into the metastatic group (n=19) and non-metastatic group (n=29). The number of neutrophils, lymphocytes and platelets were recorded, and NLR and PLR were calculated. The value of NLR and PLR in predicting inguinal lymph node metastasis was analyzed with receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. The correlation between NLR and PLR was determined with Pearson correlation analysis. Results The levels of NLR and PLR were significantly higher in the metastatic group than in the non-metastatic group (Plt;0.05). ROC curve showed that the optimal cut-off value of NLR was 2.39, the area under the ROC curve (AUC) was 0.838 (95%CI:0.730-0.947), with sensitivity of 94.7% and specificity of 58.6%, respectively. The optimal cut-off value of PLR was 113.66, the AUC was 0.755 (95%CI:0.618-0.892), with sensitivity of 89.5% and specificity of 58.6%, respectively. The AUC of the two combined together was 0.851 (95%CI:0.747-0.956), with sensitivity of 89.5% and specificity of 69.0%. The Pearson correlation analysis showed that NLR was positively correlated with PLR in patients in both groups (r=0.504, r=0.645, Plt;0.05).Conclusion Preoperative NLR and PLR levels are significantly increased in patients with penile cancer,and the combination of the two indexes can predict the possibility of inguinal lymph node metastasis.
KEY WORDS:penile cancer;inguinal lymph node metastasis;inflammatory factor;neutrophis;lymphocytes;platelets
摘要:目的 分析術(shù)前中性粒細(xì)胞與淋巴細(xì)胞比值(NLR)及血小板與淋巴細(xì)胞比值(PLR)對陰莖癌腹股溝淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的預(yù)測價值,為臨床評估提供新思路。方法 回顧性分析2016年1月—2021年12月于山西白求恩醫(yī)院泌尿外科接受手術(shù)治療的48例陰莖癌患者,依據(jù)是否發(fā)生腹股溝淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移分為轉(zhuǎn)移組(n=19)和未轉(zhuǎn)移組(n=29)。記錄患者中性粒細(xì)胞、淋巴細(xì)胞及血小板數(shù),計算NLR、PLR。應(yīng)用受試者工作特征曲線(ROC)分析NLR、PLR預(yù)測陰莖癌腹股溝淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的價值。Pearson相關(guān)性分析檢測NLR、PLR間的相關(guān)性。結(jié)果 轉(zhuǎn)移組NLR和PLR水平均明顯高于未轉(zhuǎn)移組(P<0.01)。ROC曲線顯示NLR最佳截斷值為2.39,AUC為0.838(95%CI:0.730~0.947),靈敏度和特異度分別為94.7%和58.6%;PLR最佳截斷值為113.66,AUC為0.755(95%CI:0.618~0.892),靈敏度和特異度分別為89.5%和58.6%。兩項聯(lián)合診斷的AUC為0.851(95%CI:0.747~0.956),靈敏度和特異度分別為89.5%和69.0%。Pearson相關(guān)分析顯示,轉(zhuǎn)移組與未轉(zhuǎn)移組患者的NLR與PLR均呈正相關(guān)(r=0.504,r=0.645,均有P<0.05)。結(jié)論 陰莖癌患者術(shù)前NLR、PLR水平顯著升高并且通過兩項指標(biāo)聯(lián)合診斷在一定程度上預(yù)示著患者存在腹股溝淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的可能。
關(guān)鍵詞:陰莖癌;腹股溝淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移;炎癥因子;中性粒細(xì)胞;淋巴細(xì)胞;血小板
中圖分類號:R699.8 ""文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:ADOI:10.3969/j.issn.1009-8291.2024.01.011
陰莖癌是男性較常見的惡性腫瘤。目前的研究認(rèn)為包莖、隱匿陰莖、陰莖衛(wèi)生差,或伴有吸煙、肥胖、人乳頭瘤病毒感染等與陰莖癌的發(fā)病密切相關(guān)[11-3]。所有陰莖惡性腫瘤中,95%是鱗狀細(xì)胞癌[14]。部分陰莖癌患者會發(fā)生淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移,陰莖癌最先轉(zhuǎn)移到腹股溝淋巴結(jié)[15]。ZHU等[16]的研究認(rèn)為,腹股溝淋巴結(jié)是否轉(zhuǎn)移是陰莖癌患者的一項重要預(yù)后指標(biāo)。現(xiàn)研究者普遍認(rèn)為盡早確定是否存在淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移可避免臨床上對可疑淋巴結(jié)的等待觀察,對于確定淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的患者及時行區(qū)域淋巴結(jié)清掃,可減少腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移的風(fēng)險,同時可減輕患者再次手術(shù)的痛苦和經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān)。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),血液中的一些炎癥因子與腫瘤發(fā)生發(fā)展有關(guān),其中中性粒細(xì)胞與淋巴細(xì)胞比值(neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio,NLR)及血小板與淋巴細(xì)胞比值(platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio,PLR)等指標(biāo)在多種惡性腫瘤有過相關(guān)報道[17-15]。但鮮見陰莖癌部分切除術(shù)前NLR、PLR與陰莖癌是否發(fā)生腹股溝淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移相關(guān)聯(lián)的研究?;诖耍疚奶骄苛诵g(shù)前NLR、PLR對陰莖癌腹股溝淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的預(yù)測價值。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
回顧性分析2016年1月—2021年12月于山西白求恩醫(yī)院泌尿外科接受手術(shù)治療的62例陰莖癌患者的臨床資料。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①經(jīng)陰莖癌部分切除術(shù)后病理檢查診斷為陰莖癌;②病理資料完整者。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①有嚴(yán)重心、肝、腎疾病及其他惡性腫瘤者;②已接受放療、化療治療者;③術(shù)后未行腹股溝淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù);④術(shù)前檢查血常規(guī)之前已行抗生素治療。共有14例患者因術(shù)后已接受放化療、未行淋巴結(jié)清除術(shù)被排除,最終納入48例患者,年齡38~84歲,平均年齡(63.35±9.72)歲。依據(jù)腹股溝淋巴結(jié)病理結(jié)果將48例患者分為轉(zhuǎn)移組(n=19)和未轉(zhuǎn)移組(n=29)。
1.2 觀察指標(biāo)
收集患者基本資料,包括年齡、身體質(zhì)量指數(shù)(body mass index,BMI)、基礎(chǔ)疾病、是否侵犯海綿體及術(shù)前中性粒細(xì)胞數(shù)、淋巴細(xì)胞數(shù)、血小板數(shù)。
1.3 統(tǒng)計學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 25.0統(tǒng)計學(xué)軟件分析數(shù)據(jù),滿足正態(tài)性分布的計量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,組間比較采用t檢驗;不滿足正態(tài)分布的資料用中位數(shù)(四分位間距)表示,組間比較采用非參數(shù)檢驗;計數(shù)資料以例(%)表示,組間比較采用χ2檢驗。應(yīng)用受試者工作特征曲線(receiver operating charcteristiccurve,ROC)分析NLR、PLR預(yù)測陰莖癌腹股溝淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的價值,最佳截斷值確定為約登指數(shù)(靈敏度+特異度-1)的最大點。曲線下面積(area under curve,AUC)的比較采用Z檢驗。相關(guān)性分析采用Pearson相關(guān)分析。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié) 果
2.1 兩組陰莖癌患者的基線資料比較兩組陰莖癌患者年齡、BMI、海綿體浸潤、糖尿病史、高血壓史及吸煙史等基線資料比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05,表1)。
2.3 NLR和PLR水平之間的相關(guān)性分析
如圖1所示,Pearson相關(guān)性分析顯示,兩組陰莖癌患者NLR與PLR水平均呈正相關(guān)(轉(zhuǎn)移組:r=0.504,P<0.05;未轉(zhuǎn)移組:r=0.645,P<0.01)。
2.4 NLR和PLR水平預(yù)測陰莖癌腹股溝淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的價值
通過ROC曲線分析,NLR和PLR水平預(yù)測陰莖癌腹股溝淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的最佳截斷值分別為2.39和113.66。NLR預(yù)測陰莖癌腹股溝淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的AUC為0.838(95%CI:0.730~0.947),靈敏度為94.7%,特異度為58.6%。PLR預(yù)測陰莖癌腹股溝淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的AUC為0.755(95%CI:0.618~0.892)靈敏度為89.5%,特異度為58.6%。兩項聯(lián)合預(yù)測陰莖癌腹股溝淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的AUC為0.851(95%CI:0.747~0.956),明顯高于單個指標(biāo),靈敏度為89.5%,特異度為69.0%,見圖2。
A:未轉(zhuǎn)移組;B:轉(zhuǎn)移組;NLR:中性粒細(xì)胞與淋巴細(xì)胞比值;PLR:血小板與淋巴細(xì)胞比值。
NLR:中性粒細(xì)胞與淋巴細(xì)胞比值;PLR:血小板與淋巴細(xì)胞比值。
淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的ROC曲線
3 討 論
陰莖癌是男性較常見的惡性腫瘤,目前陰莖癌的治療主要以陰莖病灶切除術(shù)(陰莖局部、部分及全切術(shù))和淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù)為主。一般通過術(shù)前查體和影像學(xué)檢查來輔助診斷陰莖癌腹股溝淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移。臨床上對于淋巴結(jié)腫大的患者常持續(xù)用抗生素治療,以1個月后復(fù)查淋巴結(jié)腫大有無縮小來粗略區(qū)分是炎癥所致還是癌癥轉(zhuǎn)移。對于腫塊未消失或病理活檢明確有淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的患者通常會進(jìn)行淋巴結(jié)清掃。因此尋找更多實用的影響預(yù)后的因素對指導(dǎo)陰莖癌的治療具有重要意義。近年來,一些炎癥因子被確定為影響腫瘤發(fā)生發(fā)展和預(yù)后的預(yù)測因素,其中NLR、PLR被報道與多種惡性腫瘤的預(yù)后有關(guān),炎癥因子通過中性粒細(xì)胞、淋巴細(xì)胞等來調(diào)節(jié)腫瘤所處的微環(huán)境,促進(jìn)腫瘤的生長和轉(zhuǎn)移[116-17]。
本文研究結(jié)果顯示,發(fā)生腹股溝淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移組的陰莖癌患者NLR、PLR水平較未轉(zhuǎn)移組明顯增高。陰莖癌患者本身存在一定的炎癥反應(yīng),但是發(fā)生腹股溝淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的患者炎癥反應(yīng)更明顯。CHEN等[118]的一項研究也同樣證明,術(shù)前NLR、PLR指標(biāo)異常升高在一定程度上預(yù)示著惡性腫瘤患者術(shù)后預(yù)后較差。中性粒細(xì)胞和淋巴細(xì)胞都是反映全身炎癥的指標(biāo)[119]。其中白細(xì)胞介素-6(interleukin 6,IL-6)、腫瘤壞死因子(tumor necrosis factor,TNF)和髓樣生長因子19等因子刺激機(jī)體產(chǎn)生中性粒細(xì)胞,這些炎癥介質(zhì)又能增強(qiáng)癌細(xì)胞的增殖、侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移能力,使得機(jī)體的免疫系統(tǒng)無法準(zhǔn)確監(jiān)視腫瘤細(xì)胞[120]。淋巴細(xì)胞通過分泌干擾素γ(interferons-γ,IFN-γ)、腫瘤壞死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)等控制腫瘤生長、中性粒細(xì)胞增多、抑制淋巴細(xì)胞的活性,使得機(jī)體的免疫功能下降,從而無法抑制腫瘤的發(fā)展[121]。本研究認(rèn)為NLR升高,中性粒細(xì)胞和淋巴細(xì)胞二者此消彼長使得腫瘤發(fā)生腹股溝淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的風(fēng)險增加。有研究報道,機(jī)體的血小板數(shù)量增多,血小板產(chǎn)生的轉(zhuǎn)化生長因子-β(transforming growth factor-β,TGF-β)和腫瘤細(xì)胞協(xié)同激活腫瘤細(xì)胞中的TGF-β/Smad和NF-κB通路,增強(qiáng)腫瘤細(xì)胞的轉(zhuǎn)移能力[122]。還有研究認(rèn)為血小板數(shù)量增多包裹癌細(xì)胞以逃脫人體免疫,預(yù)示著陰莖癌的預(yù)后較差[123]。本研究認(rèn)為PLR升高血小板數(shù)量增多,腫瘤的轉(zhuǎn)移能力增強(qiáng),預(yù)示著陰莖癌存在著較高的轉(zhuǎn)移風(fēng)險,HU等[124]的研究同樣證明PLR值異常升高,預(yù)示著陰莖癌患者發(fā)生腹股溝淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的可能性大。
ROC曲線分析顯示,NLR與PLR聯(lián)合預(yù)測陰莖癌發(fā)生腹股溝淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的AUC最大,特異度相對較高。相關(guān)性分析顯示,陰莖癌患者發(fā)生腹股溝淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移,NLR與PLR之間呈正相關(guān),結(jié)果證明NLR與PLR可作為陰莖癌發(fā)生腹股溝淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的相關(guān)指標(biāo),并且通過NLR與PLR指標(biāo)聯(lián)合在一定程度上提高了二者對于預(yù)測陰莖癌發(fā)生腹股溝淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的特異度。
綜上所述,陰莖癌患者術(shù)前NLR、PLR水平顯著升高并且通過兩項指標(biāo)聯(lián)合診斷在一定程度上預(yù)示著患者存在腹股溝淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的可能,并且NLR、PLR獲取方式相對簡單、方便且費用較低,可能為臨床常規(guī)診斷、手術(shù)、輔助治療等提供新的思路。不可否認(rèn)的是本研究尚存在單中心、樣本量較少的局限性,未來的研究需要多中心、大樣本量來進(jìn)一步證實NLR、PLR對陰莖癌腹股溝淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移評估的臨床價值,同時計劃聯(lián)合影像學(xué)檢查做進(jìn)一步研究。
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(編輯 閆玉梅)