繁榮麗水

摘 要 本文介紹了麗水市舉辦的“未來山水城：麗水山居”競(jìng)賽中，都靈理工大學(xué)和華南理工大學(xué)為“未來山水城”設(shè)計(jì)的“繁榮麗水”項(xiàng)目。該競(jìng)賽與國(guó)家政策相呼應(yīng)，邀請(qǐng)參賽者根據(jù)城市功能和項(xiàng)目與鄉(xiāng)村融合，同時(shí)也是城市空間與農(nóng)業(yè)融合，提出融合城鄉(xiāng)的新愿景。麗水山谷是一個(gè)豐富而復(fù)雜的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)，對(duì)農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)、旅游業(yè)以及生態(tài)、歷史價(jià)值保護(hù)都很重要，因此被選為標(biāo)志性地點(diǎn)?！胺睒s麗水”項(xiàng)目將現(xiàn)有景觀重組為4個(gè)系統(tǒng)：①農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)空間；②山上住宅；③設(shè)施和流動(dòng)的復(fù)合系統(tǒng)；④生態(tài)保護(hù)區(qū)。這一設(shè)計(jì)方案在保護(hù)生態(tài)多樣性的同時(shí)，產(chǎn)生了巨大的社會(huì)和經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。

關(guān)鍵詞：空間規(guī)劃；城市設(shè)計(jì)；麗水；城鄉(xiāng)關(guān)系

1 中國(guó)腹地的復(fù)興

在過去的20 年中，大多數(shù)中國(guó)城市的政策和項(xiàng)目逐步將重點(diǎn)從大型城市中心轉(zhuǎn)移到受經(jīng)濟(jì)改革影響較小、發(fā)展較為緩慢的內(nèi)部地區(qū)，即羅澤爾（Rozelle） 和赫爾（Hell）定義的“隱形中國(guó)”[1]。應(yīng)對(duì)這部分中國(guó)地區(qū)的挑戰(zhàn)，意味著要解決農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)下降、城鄉(xiāng)居民收入差距擴(kuò)大、基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施和服務(wù)缺乏等問題[2-3]。盡管目前農(nóng)村生活水平有所提高，但國(guó)家統(tǒng)計(jì)局的數(shù)據(jù)顯示：城市地區(qū)的平均收入比農(nóng)村地區(qū)高近3 倍；農(nóng)村人口中有7% 用不上自來水，2.6%用不上醫(yī)療設(shè)施，農(nóng)村地區(qū)5 歲以下兒童的死亡率為8%[4]。

為解決這些問題，自 2000 年以來，中國(guó)實(shí)施了各種措施改善內(nèi)陸地區(qū)的生活條件。其中最重要的是 2006 年提出的“建設(shè)社會(huì)主義新農(nóng)村”計(jì)劃，該計(jì)劃目前仍在進(jìn)行中[5]?！敖ㄔO(shè)社會(huì)主義新農(nóng)村”計(jì)劃的主要目標(biāo)是改善農(nóng)村地區(qū)的服務(wù)和生活水平，保護(hù)農(nóng)田，促進(jìn)農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)以滿足人們?nèi)找嬖鲩L(zhǎng)的需求。與許多其他計(jì)劃一樣，該計(jì)劃通過對(duì)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施進(jìn)行重大投資來實(shí)施，從而對(duì)農(nóng)村地區(qū)的建筑空間和生產(chǎn)場(chǎng)所進(jìn)行徹底的重組[6]。這些措施與2014 年出臺(tái)的《國(guó)家新型城鎮(zhèn)化規(guī)劃》和2018 年出臺(tái)的《鄉(xiāng)村振興戰(zhàn)略規(guī)劃》相呼應(yīng)，國(guó)家為改善農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)給農(nóng)村地區(qū)分配了大量資源，為解決農(nóng)村地區(qū)治理難題制定了新政策，為提高農(nóng)村地區(qū)生活水平制定了新方案[7-8]。此外，自2019年起，國(guó)務(wù)院與國(guó)家發(fā)展改革委（NDRC）建立了部際聯(lián)席會(huì)議制度，以促進(jìn)這些舉措之間的協(xié)調(diào)，更好地統(tǒng)籌城鄉(xiāng)發(fā)展[9]。

這些舉措得到國(guó)家的推動(dòng)的同時(shí)，由地方行政部門和私營(yíng)企業(yè)參與的基層城市化形式也使地方改善農(nóng)村地區(qū)的項(xiàng)目增加。其中，浙江省的試驗(yàn)尤為突出[10-12]。早在2002 年，浙江省政府就啟動(dòng)了“綠色鄉(xiāng)村振興計(jì)劃”，為農(nóng)村地區(qū)提供服務(wù)并提高農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)。根據(jù)這一戰(zhàn)略，當(dāng)?shù)馗刹繉?shí)施了具體項(xiàng)目，并取得重要成果。值得一提的是，安吉縣政府于2008 年提出保護(hù)和更新村莊和傳統(tǒng)作物，大力推廣以“幸福和健康”為中心的慢旅游。這項(xiàng)名為“美麗鄉(xiāng)村”的政策取得了巨大成功，促使浙江省政府在省內(nèi)其他地區(qū)也采取了類似措施。5 年后，國(guó)家發(fā)起了“美麗中國(guó)行動(dòng)”，將這一鄉(xiāng)村戰(zhàn)略推廣到全國(guó)各地[13]。

在這一趨勢(shì)下，麗水市政府提出了多項(xiàng)倡議，為未來發(fā)展制定了新戰(zhàn)略。這些舉措以空間設(shè)計(jì)方法為基礎(chǔ)，旨在更好地理解如何組織景觀和地域，平衡新城市空間的需求和環(huán)境資源的保護(hù)。本文對(duì)此進(jìn)行了討論：首先，概述了麗水市的情況，強(qiáng)調(diào)了市政府在城市發(fā)展方法上的轉(zhuǎn)變，這種轉(zhuǎn)變促進(jìn)了2020 年“未來山水城”競(jìng)賽的推廣；其次，介紹了都靈理工大學(xué)和華南理工大學(xué)（SCUT）的“繁榮麗水”項(xiàng)目；最后，作者希望進(jìn)一步觀察作為重要建筑和城市實(shí)驗(yàn)場(chǎng)所的中國(guó)腹地。

2 麗水市作為實(shí)踐基地

麗水市面積17，298km2，人口約270 萬[14]。由于其邊緣化的狀態(tài)和復(fù)雜的地形，使其成為浙江省最貧困的地區(qū)之一：人均 GDP 最低，不到國(guó)內(nèi)發(fā)達(dá)地區(qū)的一半，人均年收入最低，平均為 3 萬元人民幣[15]。此外，該市居民獲得教育和醫(yī)療保健的機(jī)會(huì)很少，向沿海地區(qū)的移民率在全省名列前茅[16]。為解決這些問題，過去30 年來，當(dāng)?shù)卣苿?dòng)了多項(xiàng)開發(fā)該地區(qū)的措施。這些措施主要集中在蓮都區(qū)，該區(qū)屬于山區(qū)，面積超過15 萬公頃，居民41.72 萬人，其中 18萬人居住在麗水市區(qū)[14]。

1993 年，浙江省政府設(shè)立麗水經(jīng)濟(jì)技術(shù)開發(fā)區(qū) （Lishui ETDZ），2002 年麗水工業(yè)園區(qū)開始動(dòng)工，該園區(qū)位于麗水市西南4 公里處，占地 14，534 ha。從最初的建設(shè)階段開始，該園區(qū)就一直由國(guó)家發(fā)展改革委監(jiān)管，并由其提供資金。此后，麗水市于2007 年啟動(dòng)了南城區(qū)項(xiàng)目：工業(yè)園區(qū)東擴(kuò)，新增一個(gè)可容納17 萬居民的新城鎮(zhèn)。為實(shí)現(xiàn)該項(xiàng)目，3，528 公頃的丘陵地帶被平整，并修建了道路，將土地劃分為500m×500m 的地塊。在這一開發(fā)項(xiàng)目中，30%的區(qū)域被劃分為工業(yè)區(qū)，25% 的區(qū)域被劃分為環(huán)保設(shè)施和公共空間，其余區(qū)域被劃分為住宅區(qū)[17]。2008 年，南城區(qū)開始動(dòng)工，并被列入麗水市城市總體規(guī)劃（2013—2030 年）。 與此同時(shí)，當(dāng)?shù)卣€建立了蓮都—義烏山海合作工業(yè)園區(qū)，這是一個(gè)擁有2 塊土地的低碳園區(qū)。第一個(gè)園區(qū)位于麗水市西南 18km處的碧湖鎮(zhèn)附近，占地 250 公頃。自2008 年以來，該開發(fā)項(xiàng)目已逐步配備基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施并入駐。第二個(gè)園區(qū)占地250 公頃，位于麗水市西南17km 處的河谷平原西部的山區(qū)邊緣。由于這些措施，國(guó)務(wù)院將麗水經(jīng)濟(jì)技術(shù)開發(fā)區(qū)提升為“國(guó)家級(jí)開發(fā)區(qū)”，并于 2019 年批準(zhǔn)在該新區(qū)的南部建設(shè)機(jī)場(chǎng)[18]。如今，大部分交通基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施已經(jīng)完工，工業(yè)園區(qū)內(nèi)約一半廠房已完成租賃，而住房、服務(wù)設(shè)施和工業(yè)園區(qū)仍在建設(shè)中。因此，麗水經(jīng)濟(jì)技術(shù)開發(fā)區(qū)擁有4 萬居民、1，100 家企業(yè)，麗水經(jīng)濟(jì)技術(shù)開發(fā)區(qū)占蓮都區(qū)GDP 的20%[14]。

然而，這種以重工業(yè)和城市化為中心的發(fā)展模式既對(duì)環(huán)境造成了影響，也未能阻止農(nóng)村山區(qū)的向外移民和人口減少。此外，許多人對(duì)麗水這類小城市能否成功實(shí)現(xiàn)其雄心勃勃的城市發(fā)展規(guī)劃表示懷疑。作為回應(yīng)，國(guó)家和省級(jí)行政部門目前正在倡導(dǎo)可替代的發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略，以促進(jìn)第一產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展。這一點(diǎn)對(duì)麗水市尤為重要，在過去的20 年中，麗水市的農(nóng)業(yè)收入增長(zhǎng)了2 倍多，達(dá)155 億元人民幣，占麗水市GDP的7%，農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)雇用了47.5 萬人（每5 個(gè)居民中就有一個(gè)農(nóng)民）。在這里，土地開墾一直是這一新戰(zhàn)略的核心。在占麗水市農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)總量20% 的蓮都區(qū)，農(nóng)業(yè)用地面積翻了一倍多，增加了5，700 公頃[19]。

此外，浙江省政府還頒布了開發(fā)環(huán)境和文化資源，以及促進(jìn)旅游業(yè)發(fā)展的新政策[20-21]。2020 年1 月，浙江省確定了169 個(gè)新增長(zhǎng)模式實(shí)驗(yàn)點(diǎn)[20]。其中，在麗水市蓮都區(qū)劃定了2 個(gè)戰(zhàn)略區(qū)域：①碧湖鎮(zhèn)，作為城鄉(xiāng)一體化的實(shí)驗(yàn)點(diǎn)；②大港頭鎮(zhèn)，作為具有重要文化和旅游價(jià)值的實(shí)驗(yàn)點(diǎn)。

隨著麗水城市化戰(zhàn)略的轉(zhuǎn)變，市政府啟動(dòng)了2020 年“未來山水城”國(guó)際競(jìng)賽。規(guī)劃活動(dòng)地點(diǎn)位于麗水市西南20km 處的山谷中，競(jìng)賽規(guī)劃面積 152km2（圖1，圖2）。該區(qū)域內(nèi)居住著 8.5 萬人，85% 以上屬于農(nóng)村居民[14]。競(jìng)賽設(shè)定了4 個(gè)主要目標(biāo)： ①開發(fā)新的居住類型，遏制土地消耗，重新補(bǔ)充山區(qū)人口；②促進(jìn)以農(nóng)業(yè)、旅游業(yè)和福利為基礎(chǔ)的新經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)；③重組整個(gè)區(qū)域的服務(wù)和設(shè)施；④保護(hù)和改善當(dāng)?shù)鼐坝^。該競(jìng)賽要求參賽者為整個(gè)山谷制訂空間規(guī)劃，并設(shè)計(jì)具體場(chǎng)地。競(jìng)賽分兩個(gè)階段進(jìn)行：第一階段從收到的93 份參賽方案中選出 10 份；第二階段評(píng)出3 個(gè)最佳項(xiàng)目。其中包括都靈理工大學(xué)和華南理工大學(xué)的“繁榮麗水”項(xiàng)目，該項(xiàng)目在第3 節(jié)中介紹。

3“繁榮麗水”設(shè)計(jì)方案

“繁榮麗水”是都靈理工大學(xué)和華南理工大學(xué)合作完成的規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)方案，該方案設(shè)想將麗水南部的農(nóng)業(yè)谷地建設(shè)為新興大都市發(fā)展的綠色新中心。該項(xiàng)目將農(nóng)業(yè)放在首位，打造城市化的農(nóng)業(yè)景觀，讓新的居住區(qū)、設(shè)施和高科技農(nóng)場(chǎng)與傳統(tǒng)村落共存（圖3，圖4）。在這一愿景中，將大部分平整土地保留給農(nóng)業(yè)，而新的開發(fā)項(xiàng)目位于山腳下現(xiàn)有的交通基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施沿線，或者位于山坡上?；谶@種方法，該項(xiàng)目設(shè)想了4 個(gè)主題，以重新定義整個(gè)大都市系統(tǒng)的方案、形態(tài)和功能：①改善農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)；②重組交通系統(tǒng)；③根據(jù)地形形態(tài)定義新的居住系統(tǒng)；④開發(fā)新的生態(tài)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，首先是重新配置水系統(tǒng)。

3.1 農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)空間

該場(chǎng)地的農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)目前占地5，000 多公頃，東面和南面是甌江，北面是泉溪河，西面是山坡。根據(jù)項(xiàng)目設(shè)想，這片擁有眾多居民點(diǎn)的場(chǎng)地將成為一個(gè)強(qiáng)化生產(chǎn)、研究和福利措施的空間，主要通過3 項(xiàng)行動(dòng)措施來實(shí)現(xiàn)：①?gòu)氐字亟M農(nóng)業(yè)用地；②引入室內(nèi)農(nóng)業(yè)空間；③接入新的城市設(shè)施，特別是教育和休閑設(shè)施。

農(nóng)業(yè)用地重組旨在減少對(duì)生產(chǎn)效率產(chǎn)生負(fù)面影響的過度分散土地。目前，地塊面積在0.1 ～ 0.5 公頃之間，大多數(shù)由小農(nóng)業(yè)主出讓給大公司使用。該項(xiàng)目將這些土地重新安排為5 ～ 12 公頃的地塊，共計(jì)3，500 公頃。同時(shí)，該項(xiàng)目還促進(jìn)了農(nóng)作物分化，尤其關(guān)注本地的水果和蔬菜種植（圖5，圖6）。

在進(jìn)行農(nóng)業(yè)用地重組的同時(shí)，改進(jìn)了農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)技術(shù)。技術(shù)先進(jìn)的農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)是中國(guó)廣泛討論的一個(gè)主題，政府機(jī)構(gòu)和高科技公司通過投資自動(dòng)化設(shè)備開發(fā)多種形式的智能農(nóng)業(yè)和人工智能農(nóng)業(yè)。鑒于此，該項(xiàng)目建議建造了180 個(gè)溫室栽培設(shè)施，總面積860 公頃，占現(xiàn)有農(nóng)業(yè)用地面積的四分之一，并在現(xiàn)有居住區(qū)附近建造150 個(gè)垂直農(nóng)場(chǎng)。除這些農(nóng)業(yè)設(shè)施外，還計(jì)劃建設(shè)一個(gè)新的高架交通基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，用于貨物和能源的運(yùn)輸和配送，以連接位于交通要道沿線的3 個(gè)物流樞紐。

對(duì)農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)的重新思考促進(jìn)了山谷地區(qū)人們生活方式的徹底轉(zhuǎn)變?；诖?，項(xiàng)目設(shè)想了當(dāng)前所缺乏的活動(dòng)空間。具體而言，該項(xiàng)目將提供 21 個(gè)休閑活動(dòng)區(qū)（占地12 公頃）、28 個(gè)教育活動(dòng)區(qū)（占地55 公頃）、31 個(gè)研究實(shí)驗(yàn)室和新的醫(yī)療保健設(shè)施（占地13 公頃）。這些功能的混合，將農(nóng)業(yè)用地變成基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施、產(chǎn)業(yè)和設(shè)施豐富的城市化空間。

3.2 山居生活

在麗水設(shè)想新的居住系統(tǒng)意味著要研究建筑空間與山谷多樣景觀之間的關(guān)系。為此，該項(xiàng)目分別針對(duì)山麓地區(qū)、平原農(nóng)業(yè)園區(qū)、河谷斜坡和高地制定了3 種形式的居住策略（圖7，圖8）。

為保護(hù)平原地區(qū)的主要農(nóng)業(yè)活動(dòng)，新城市發(fā)展的主要支點(diǎn)位于山谷邊緣。在過去的20 年中，主要的交通基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施都建在這里，同時(shí)還建起了20 層以上的新住宅區(qū)和半獨(dú)立式住宅大院。為順應(yīng)這種城市化趨勢(shì)，該項(xiàng)目提出一個(gè)由高密度住宅空間和城市大型設(shè)施（公園、體育館、博物館、醫(yī)院）組成的連續(xù)居住系統(tǒng)設(shè)想。其結(jié)果是形成了一個(gè)環(huán)狀結(jié)構(gòu)，與平原地區(qū)接壤，并深入較小的山谷中，這是一層城市薄膜，可根據(jù)地形因素變寬、變厚或變窄。

就農(nóng)業(yè)園區(qū)而言，該項(xiàng)目擬議的住房干預(yù)措施主要是恢復(fù)現(xiàn)有的村莊，即散布在谷底的43 個(gè)緊湊型定居點(diǎn)。這些村莊一般由500 ～ 600 棟2 層或3 層坡屋頂?shù)膯螒糇≌M成，這些住宅是在過去 20 年中用混凝土和磚建成的。該項(xiàng)目要求拆除較小的村落，并對(duì)較大的村落進(jìn)行密集化改造，在現(xiàn)有居住區(qū)的邊緣增加新的學(xué)校、實(shí)驗(yàn)室、體育設(shè)施、后勤設(shè)施、溫室和垂直農(nóng)場(chǎng)等。

最后，居住在山谷的斜坡和高地意味著生活在由森林、小水道和稻田梯田構(gòu)成的空間中。迄今為止，這些山區(qū)的特點(diǎn)是居住區(qū)小、人口少，這些居住區(qū)由傳統(tǒng)的四合院組成，用生土和木頭隔開，雙坡屋頂上覆蓋著瓦片。該項(xiàng)目主張通過保守的行動(dòng)保護(hù)這一遺產(chǎn)，并建造小型建筑來促進(jìn)文化活動(dòng)和旅游業(yè)的發(fā)展。

3.3 設(shè)施和交通系統(tǒng)

該項(xiàng)目劃定了3 個(gè)交通系統(tǒng)：①在谷底邊緣運(yùn)行的快速連接系統(tǒng)；②與平原農(nóng)業(yè)園區(qū)融為一體的水上交通網(wǎng)絡(luò)；③連接邊谷的廣泛小型公路系統(tǒng)（ 圖9，圖10）。

快速交通系統(tǒng)的建設(shè)在很大程度上是由地方行政機(jī)構(gòu)推動(dòng)的，在過去的10 年中，地方行政機(jī)構(gòu)每年新建約200km 的公路。在快速交通系統(tǒng)方面，該項(xiàng)目要求通過建設(shè)4 條大都市鐵路線和加強(qiáng)現(xiàn)有的南北向公路軸線來升級(jí)公共交通系統(tǒng)。該系統(tǒng)是連接現(xiàn)有城區(qū)的主要通道，也是未來城市發(fā)展的支撐點(diǎn)。

與此相反，通過水上交通系統(tǒng)，在農(nóng)業(yè)谷地推廣無車方案，這一系統(tǒng)已在麗水地區(qū)的多個(gè)區(qū)域投入使用。如今，平原農(nóng)業(yè)園區(qū)由密集的水泥路組成，只有一條或2 條車道，與新修建的主要道路重疊。該項(xiàng)目計(jì)劃拆除大部分中等尺寸的道路，恢復(fù)約170 公頃的耕地。取而代之的是，設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)廣泛的水渠網(wǎng)絡(luò)，作為農(nóng)業(yè)定居點(diǎn)與耕地之間的主要連接。

整個(gè)交通系統(tǒng)的第3 層是次要連接網(wǎng)絡(luò)系統(tǒng)，它們從主要道路延伸到橫向山谷，并沿著山坡向上延伸。該系統(tǒng)由雙車道公路、索道、自行車道和人行道組成，為位于山坡和高地的村莊提供服務(wù)，同時(shí)也使山谷和山脈，即農(nóng)業(yè)園區(qū)和高地森林之間的關(guān)系更加緊密。

3.4 生態(tài)保護(hù)區(qū)

麗水山谷屬于溫帶氣候，全年雨量充沛，每年4—6 月為降雨高峰期。這種氣候與山區(qū)地形結(jié)合，形成了豐富但脆弱的地貌景觀。全境洪水泛濫，水文地質(zhì)不穩(wěn)定。為使這樣的地貌景觀更好地發(fā)揮作用，項(xiàng)目建議通過小型水壩和池塘系統(tǒng)來集水，在平原農(nóng)業(yè)園區(qū)內(nèi)修建新的運(yùn)河，并重新恢復(fù)烏江河床的自然狀態(tài)（圖11，圖12）。

山地空間以小溪流為特征，最容易受到水文地質(zhì)不穩(wěn)定的影響，需要不斷維護(hù)。近年來，在山谷邊緣的各種高地上修建了種植水稻的梯田。按照同樣的邏輯，該項(xiàng)目在不適合種植水稻的區(qū)域設(shè)計(jì)了小型水壩用來攔水。此外，該項(xiàng)目還計(jì)劃加固現(xiàn)有的小型水庫，這些水庫還可用于水力發(fā)電。

然而，平原農(nóng)業(yè)園區(qū)也存在水資源管理問題。20 世紀(jì) 80 年代中期，在平原農(nóng)業(yè)園區(qū)南部修建了3 座大型水庫，用于蓄水和水力發(fā)電。該項(xiàng)目旨在對(duì)這一復(fù)雜的水利系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行改造，使大部分現(xiàn)有運(yùn)河可以通航，改造方案為：減少小型運(yùn)河，增加中型運(yùn)河的容量，恢復(fù)歷史運(yùn)河。這就需要建造新的水閘、綠樹成蔭的碼頭和養(yǎng)魚池。

與平原農(nóng)業(yè)園區(qū)的工程治水形成鮮明對(duì)比的是甌江治理，甌江從西南向東北不規(guī)則地橫穿整個(gè)區(qū)域。這條水道的河床寬度從 120m 到350m 不等，河岸之間的距離長(zhǎng)達(dá)1km，河道上有許多小島，其中一些島上有人居住。鑒于該區(qū)域環(huán)境的重要性，該項(xiàng)目推動(dòng)了河岸加固和恢復(fù)自然景觀的行動(dòng)，以保護(hù)河谷平原。河岸加固有2 種方式：①在河床變窄的地方，修建“硬河岸”，加固現(xiàn)有的堤壩；②在河床變寬的地方，修建“軟河岸”，該區(qū)域有助于在漲水期間吸收多余的水，成為保護(hù)當(dāng)?shù)厣锒鄻有缘奶烊痪G洲。

4 結(jié) 語

“繁榮麗水”項(xiàng)目、中國(guó)城市規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)研究院的“未來超級(jí)山水公園”項(xiàng)目和奧利弗·格雷德爾（Olivier Greder）建筑事務(wù)所的“共生的城市變化”項(xiàng)目為本次競(jìng)賽的3 個(gè)獲獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)目。盡管這些項(xiàng)目彼此大相徑庭，但卻有著共同的關(guān)注點(diǎn)和目標(biāo)。最重要的是，需要將麗水市區(qū)設(shè)想為一個(gè)地域公園。據(jù)此，“未來超級(jí)山水公園”項(xiàng)目利用河流定義該公園的主體結(jié)構(gòu)。奧利弗·格雷德爾的“共生的城市變化”則采用了不同的方法，依靠低密度的城市發(fā)展，重新連接山谷的景觀、歷史結(jié)構(gòu)和文化遺產(chǎn)。其他入圍項(xiàng)目也有類似的關(guān)注點(diǎn)。博埃里（Boeri ）建筑設(shè)計(jì)咨詢公司的“建筑與景觀之間的對(duì)話”項(xiàng)目旨在通過新的居住區(qū)模型，將建筑空間與環(huán)境融為一體。同樣，UNStudio、Gross Max、Systematica 3 個(gè)方案的“城市住房”項(xiàng)目設(shè)想在農(nóng)業(yè)鄉(xiāng)村的稀有景觀中建造緊湊的居住單元。盡管這些方案各不相同[22]，但這些方案都將中國(guó)腹地詮釋為綜合用地，要求開發(fā)新的混合、多用途空間，據(jù)此能夠創(chuàng)造出一種包括生產(chǎn)基地、公共空間和服務(wù)設(shè)施的城市公園。

近年來，這一設(shè)計(jì)主題，以及解決這一問題的策略成為世界各地許多國(guó)際競(jìng)賽和公共項(xiàng)目的核心。特別是，這些活動(dòng)的重點(diǎn)都是由經(jīng)濟(jì)的變化和農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)的進(jìn)步帶來的農(nóng)村轉(zhuǎn)型、土地和環(huán)境的保護(hù)，以及優(yōu)質(zhì)服務(wù)的獲取。相比之下，中國(guó)目前正在進(jìn)行的項(xiàng)目走在了城市和建筑實(shí)驗(yàn)的前沿。雖然項(xiàng)目實(shí)施中與這些設(shè)想的偏差仍可能導(dǎo)致與以往城市化進(jìn)程相同的問題，但目前的發(fā)展與以往截然不同：政府要求高質(zhì)量的項(xiàng)目，世界各地的專業(yè)人才都可以引用，建筑技術(shù)和材料也在不斷改進(jìn)。因此，在中國(guó)工作的城市規(guī)劃師和建筑師站在了這一進(jìn)程的前沿，他們的項(xiàng)目不僅與當(dāng)?shù)氐某晒嚓P(guān)，還對(duì)當(dāng)代城市規(guī)劃和設(shè)計(jì)文化產(chǎn)生了影響。

參考文獻(xiàn)

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ORIGINAL TEXTS IN ENGLISH

Prosperous Lishui：A Project for Chinese Hinterland

Leonardo Ramondetti， Camilla Forina

1 The Remaking of Chinese Hinterland

Over the last two decades， most Chinese urbanpolicies and projects have progressively shifted theirfocus from large urban centres towards what Rozelle and Hell defined as “the invisible China”： internalareas only slightly impacted by the developmentthat came after the economic reform[1]. Addressingthe challenges of this part of the Chinese territory，means dealing with the fall in agricultural production，the widening income gap between urban and ruralpopulations， and the lack of infrastructures andservices[2-3]. Despite improvements in rural standardsof living， data from the National Bureau of Statisticsshow that the average income in rural areas is nearlythree times lower than that of urban areas; 7% of therural population has no access to running water， 2.6%has no access to hospital facilities， and the mortalityrate of children under five in rural areas is 8%[4].

To address these issues， various initiativeshave been implemented since the 2000s to improveliving conditions in the Chinese hinterland. Themost significant was the Building a New SocialistCountryside program， introduced in 2006 and stillongoing[5]. The program’s main objectives are toimprove services and living standards in rural areas，to preserve farmland， and to boost agriculturalproduction to meet the growing demand. This program，like many others， has been implemented throughmajor infrastructural investments， leading to a radicalreorganization of constructed spaces and productivesites in rural areas[6]. In continuity with these initiatives，the National New Type of Urbanization Plan and theRural Revitalization Strategy Plan were launched in2014 and 2018 respectively， with massive resourcesallocated for improving agricultural production， newpolicies to address governance difficulties， and novelprograms for improving the living standards in ruralareas[7-8]. Furthermore， since 2019， the State Councilhas established an inter-ministerial joint conferencesystem with the National Development and ReformCommission （NDRC） to foster the coordinationbetween these many initiatives and better integrateurban-rural development[9].

While these initiatives have been promotedby the national government， forms of grassrootsurbanization involving local administrationsand private players have led to a rise in localprojects to improve rural areas. In particular， theZhejiang Province has been a place of exceptionalexperimentation [10-12]. Already in 2002， the ProvincialGovernment launched the Green Rural Revivalprogram to supply services in rural areas and toimprove agricultural production. Following thisstrategy， local cadres implemented specific projects that resulted in important achievements. Particularlynoteworthy is the government of Anji County， whichin 2008 enacted policies for the preservation andrenewal of villages and traditional crops， stronglypromoting slow tourism centred on well-beingand health. This initiative， known as BeautifulCountryside， had a great success， prompting theregional government to adopt similar measures acrossother parts of Zhejiang. Five years later， the nationalgovernment launched the Beautiful China Initiative，extending this rural strategy nationwide [13].

Following this trend， municipalities like Lishuihave promoted several initiatives to envision newstrategies for future development. These are based ona spatial design approach to better understand howto organise landscapes and territories， balancing theneed for new urban spaces with the preservation ofenvironmental resources. This article discusses thisas follows： first， an overview of the Lishui Valley isprovided， highlighting the shift in urban approachadopted by the Municipality which led to thepromotion of the Future Shan-Shui City competitionin 2020; after this， the article presents the projectProsperous Lishui by Politecnico di Torino and SouthChina University of Technology （SCUT）; finally， the final remarks invites a further observation of Chinesehinterlands as a place of significant architectural andurban experimentation.

2 Lishui Valley as a site for Experimentation

The Lishui Municipality extends over 17，298square kilometres and has a population of about 2.7million people[14]. Due to its marginal status and adifficult orography， it is one of the poorest areas in theZhejiang Province： it has the lowest per-capita GDP，less than half that of the more developed areas， andthe lowest annual per-capita income， an average of30，000 CNY[15]. Furthermore， access to education andhealthcare is poor， and the migration rate toward thecoastal regions is among the highest in the province[16].To address these issues， the local government haspromoted numerous initiatives to develop the areaover the last 30 years. These efforts have focused onthe Liandu District： a mountainous territory coveringover 150，000 hectares， with 417，200 inhabitants， ofwhom 180，000 live in Lishui city [14].

In 1993， the provincial government ofZhejiang instituted the Lishui Economic TechnologyDevelopment Zone （Lishui ETDZ）， and in 2002work began on the Lishui Shuige Industrial Park： a14，534-hectare development located four kilometressouthwest of Lishui city. Since the initial twoyearconstruction phase， the site has been under thesupervision of the National Development and ReformCommission， which has funded its realization.Thereafter， in 2007， Lishui Municipality promotedthe Nancheng District： an eastward expansion ofthe industrial park with the addition of a new townfor 170，000 inhabitants. To realize the project， ahilly territory of 3，528 hectares was levelled andequipped with roads parcelling out plots of 500x500meters. Within this development， 30% of the areawas designated for industry， 25% for environmentalfacilities and public spaces， and the remainder forresidential use [17]. Work began the following year，and Nancheng District was included in the UrbanMasterplan of Lishui City （2013-2030）. In parallel，the local administration established the Liandu-YiwuShanghai Cooperation Industrial Park， a low-carbondistrict on two sites. The first covers 250 hectaresnear Bihu Town， 18 kilometres southwest of Lishuicity. Since 2008， this development has been graduallyequipped with infrastructures and inhabited. Thesecond site covers 250 hectares along the mountainouswestern edge of the valley plain， 17 kilometressouthwest of Lishui city. Thanks to these initiatives，the State Council raised Lishui ETDZ to the statusof “area of national interest”， and in 2019 approvalarrived for the construction of an airport south of thenew district [18]. Today， most mobility infrastructureshave been completed， about half of the industrial areahas been leased， while housing， services and parks arestill under construction. As a result， Lishui ETDZ has40，000 inhabitants， 1，100 companies， and accounts for20% of the GDP of Liandu District [14].

However， this development model， centredon heavy industry and urbanization， has impactedthe environment， and failed to stem migration anddepopulation in rural mountainous areas. Additionally，many doubts have been voiced regarding the abilityof minor municipalities like Lishui to effectively fulfiltheir ambitious plans for urban growth. In response，national and provincial administrations are nowadvocating for alternative developmental strategies to boost the primary sector. This is particularly relevantfor Lishui Municipality， where agriculture represents7% of the GDP and employs 475，000 people （one infive residents）， with revenues having more than tripledto 15.5 billion CNY over the last two decades. Here，land reclamation has been at the heart of this newstrategy. In Liandu District， which accounts for 20%of the Lishui Municipality’s agricultural production，the agricultural land area has more than doubled，increasing by 5，700 hectares [19].

F u r t h e r m o r e ， n e w p o l i c i e s t o d e v e l o penvironmental and cultural resources， and to promotetourism have been enacted [20-21]. In January 2020，the Zhejiang Province identified 169 experimentalsites for new growth models [20]）. Among these，two strategic areas have been designated in LianduDistrict： Bihu Town， as an experimental site for urbanruralintegration; and Dagangtou Town， as a place ofgreat cultural and tourism value.

In line with the shift in Lishui urbanizationstrategy， the municipality launched the internationalcompetition Future Shan-Shui City in 2020. The sitefor the planning activities is a 152-square-kilometresarea cantered on a valley 20 kilometres southwest ofLishui （Figures 1-2）. 85，000 people inhabit this space，more than 85% of residents are classified as ruralcitizens [14]. The competition set four main objectives：1） developing new typologies of settlement to curbland consumption and repopulate the mountainousareas; 2） promoting new economic activities based onagriculture， tourism， and wellbeing; 3） reorganisingservices and facilities throughout the site; 4） preservingand enhancing the local landscape. Participants wereasked to develop a spatial plan for the entire valley anddesign specific sites. The competition was organized intwo phases： the first phase selected 10 proposals fromthe 93 entries received， and the second awarded thethree best projects. Among these is Prosperous Lishuiby Politecnico di Torino and SCUT， which is presentedin the next section.

3 Prosperous Lishui

Prosperous Lishui envisions the agrarianvalley south of Lishui as the new green centreof the emerging metropolitan development. Theproject prioritizes farming to produce an urbanizedagricultural landscape where new settlements andfacilities coexist with high-tech farms and traditionalvillages （Figures 3-4）. In this vision， most of theflatland is reserved for agriculture， while newdevelopments are situated either along the existingmobility infrastructures at the foot of the mountains，or on the slopes. Based on this approach， theproject develops four themes to redefine programs，morphologies， and functions of the whole metropolitansystem： 1） improving agricultural production; 2）reorganising the mobility system; 3） defining newsettlement systems based on the terrain’s morphology;4） developing new ecological infrastructures， startingwith the reconfiguration of the water system.

3.1 Spaces for Agricultural Production

Agricultural production in Lishui Valleycurrently covers over 5，000 hectares bordered bythe Ou River to the east and south， the Quanxi Riverto the north， and the mountain slopes to the west.In the project hypothesis， this area with numeroussettlements becomes a space that intensifies measuresfor production， research， and welfare， through three main actions： the complete reorganizationof agricultural lands; the introduction of spacesfor indoor farming; and the grafting of new urbanfacilities， especially for education and leisure.

The land reorganization aims at reducing theexcessive fragmentation of the territory， whichnegatively impact production efficiency. At present，the parcels range between 0.1 and 0.5 hectares， andare mostly ceded by small agricultural owners to largecompanies for use. The project rearranges the landinto lots ranging from 5 to 12 hectares， totalling 3，500hectares of arable land. In parallel， the project fosterscrop differentiation， paying particular attention tonative fruits and vegetables （Figures 5-6）.

This reorganization is accompanied bythe improvement of production technologies.Technologically advanced agricultural production isa theme widely discussed in China， with governmentagencies and high-tech firms investing in thedevelopment of many forms of smart agriculture andAI farming via automated equipment. Consideringthis， the project proposes the creation of 180 structuresfor greenhouse cultivation， covering a quarter of theavailable area （860 hectares）， and 150 vertical farmslocated close to existing settlements. Alongside thesenew facilities， a new elevated infrastructure for themovement and distribution of goods and energy isplanned to connect three logistical hubs sited alongthe main road for transportation.

The rethinking of the agricultural productionsystem leads to a radical transformation of the way ofliving the valley. For this reason， the project envisionsspaces for activities currently missing. Specifically， 21areas for recreational activities （12 hectares）， 28 foreducational activities （55 hectares）， and 31 researchlaboratories and new healthcare facilities （13 hectares）are provided. These mix of multiple activities turnsthe farming sites into urbanized spaces rich ininfrastructure， industries， and facilities.

3.2 Dwelling on the Mountains

Envisioning new settlement systems in Lishuimeans to investigate the relationship betweenconstructed space and the diverse landscape of thevalley. In this respect， the project develops three formsof housing strategy in relation to the piedmont areas，the agricultural park of the plain， and the valley slopesand highlands respectively （Figures 7-8）.

To preserve the plains mainly for agriculturalactivities， the main fulcrum of new urban developmentis sited at the edges of the valley. Here， over the lasttwo decades the major mobility infrastructures havebeen built together with new housing complexeswith twenty-or-more-story buildings and compoundsof semi-detached houses. The project counters thisurbanization by proposing a continuous settlementsystem composed of high-density residential spacesand urban macro-facilities （parks， stadiums， museums，hospitals）. The result is a sort of ring that bordersthe plain and probes into the smaller valleys： anurban membrane that widens， thickens， or narrowsdepending on the topographical factors.

For the agricultural park， the proposed housinginterventions primarily regard the recovery of existingvillages， i.e.， 43 compact settlements scattered at thebottom of the valley. These villages generally consist of500-600 single-family houses with two or three floorsand pitched roofs， built in concrete and brick over thelast 20 years. The project calls for the removal of the smaller villages and a densification of the larger ones，working on the margins of the existing settlementsby adding new schools， laboratories， sports facilities，logistical features， greenhouses， and vertical farms.

Finally， inhabiting the slopes and highlands ofthe valley means living in a space made of forests，small waterways， and terraces for the rice fields. Todate， these mountainous areas have been characterizedby small settlements and shrinking population. Thesesettlements are made up of traditional courtyardhouses， with partitions in raw earth and wood， anddouble-pitched roofs covered with tiles. The projectadvocates for the preservation of this heritage throughconservative actions， and the construction of smallarchitectures to promote cultural activities and tourism.

3.3 Facilities and System of Mobility

The project delineates three systems of mobility：1） a rapid connection system running on the marginsof the valley floor; 2） a water mobility network，integrated in the agricultural plain; 3） a widespreadsystem of smaller road connecting the side valleys（Figures 9-10）.

T h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f s y s t e m s f o r r a p i dtransport mobility has been largely promoted bylocal administrative bodies， which have built about200 kilometres of new highways per year overthe last decade. In this respect， the project solicitsthe upgrading of public transport by creating fourmetropolitan railway lines and reinforcing the existingnorth-south road axes. This system serves as the mainconnection between the existing urban settlements andas a support for future urban development.

Conversely， a no-car scenario is promoted inthe agricultural valley with the adoption of watertransport， a system already in use in several areas ofthe Lishui prefecture. Today， the agricultural plainis composed of a dense pattern of concrete roads，with one or two lanes， overlaid by major recentlyconstructed roads. The project envisions removingmost of the medium-size roads roads， recoveringabout 170 hectares of land for cultivation. Instead，a widespread network of water canals is designedto be the primary connection between agriculturalsettlements and cultivations.

Finally， the third layer of the overall mobilitysystem is the network of minor connections. Theseextend from the major roads into the lateral valleysand run up the slopes. This system， composed of twolaneroads， cableways， bicycle paths， and pedestrianwalkways serves the villages located on the slopesand the highlands， also permitting close relationsbetween the valley and the mountains， i.e.， betweenthe agricultural park and the highlands’ forests.

3.4 Ecological Reserve

The valley of Lishui has a temperate climatewith abundant rainfall throughout the year， with peaksfrom April to June. This climate， combined with themountain topography， generates a rich but fragilelandscape. The whole territory is subject to floodingand hydro-geological instability. To ensure the betterfunctioning of such a landscape， the project proposesconsolidating the slopes through a system of smalldams and ponds to collect water， constructing newcanals inside the agricultural plain， and re-naturalizingthe Ou riverbed （Figures 11-12）.

The mountainous space， characterized by smallstreams and brooks， is the most vulnerable to hydrogeologicalinstability， requiring constant maintenance.In recent years， terraces for growing rice have beenbuilt on various highlands at the valley’s edges.Following the same logic， the project designs smalldams to contain water in areas unsuitable for ricefields. Additionally， it invites to reinforce the existingsmall water reservoirs， which can also be used forhydroelectric energy production.

However， water management issues arise alsoin the agricultural plain. Here， there has been aprogressive land engineering， culminating in the mid-1980s when three large reservoirs were built to thesouth of the plain to contain the water and contribute tohydroelectric energy production. The project sets out towork on this complex hydraulic system to make a largepart of the existing canals navigable： reducing the smallcanals， increasing the capacity of medium ones， andrestoring historical ones. This entails the construction ofnew locks， tree-lined quays， and fish farming pools.

The engineering water management of theagricultural plain is contrasted by the Ou River， whichirregularly crosses the landscape from southwest tonortheast. This waterway has a bed varying in sizefrom 120 to 350 meters， with distances between thebanks extending up to one kilometre， with large islands，some of which are inhabited. Given the environmentalimportance of this area， the project promotes operationsof consolidation and re-naturalization of the riverbanksin order to protect the plain of the valley. Theconsolidation occurs in two ways. Where the riverbednarrows， the creation of “hard banks” is proposed，reinforcing the existing embankments. Vice versa，where the riverbed widens the project develops “softbanks”： damp areas that contribute to absorb excesswater during periods of high water， serving as naturaloases to preserve the local biodiversity.

4 Concluding Remarks

The Prosperous Lishui project is one of thethree winners of the competition alongside FutureSuper Shan-shui Park by the China Academy ofUrban Planning and Design， and A Symbiotic UrbanChange by Olivier Greder Architects. Though verydifferent from each other， these projects stem fromshared concerns and set common objectives. Aboveall， the need to envision Lishui’s metropolitan area asa territorial park. In line with this， the project FutureSuper Shan-shui Park uses the rivers to define themain structure of this park. With a different approach，A Symbiotic Urban Change by Oliver Greder relieson low-density urban development to reconnect thelandscape， historical fabric， and cultural heritage ofthe Valley. Similar attention is also in other finalistprojects. Dialog Between Architecture and Landscapeby Boeri Architecture Design Consulting aims tointegrate constructed spaces and the environmentthrough new settlement prototypes. Similarly， UrbanRooms project by UNStudio， Gross Max， andSystematica envisions the construction of compactsettlement units inserted in the rarified landscape ofthe agricultural countryside. Even though diversefrom one another[22]， all these scenarios interpretChinese hinterlands as composite sites， soliciting thedevelopment of new hybrid， mixed-use spaces capableof creating a sort of city-park including productionsites， public spaces， and services.

This design theme， and the strategies to addressit， have also been at the core of many internationalcompetitions and public programmes all over the worldin recent years. Particularly， these initiatives focus onthe transformation of the countryside due to changes inthe economy and advancements in farming techniques，the preservation of land and environment， and accessto high-quality services. In comparison， the projectscurrently underway in China seem to be at the forefrontof urban and architectural experimentation. Whiledivergences from the vision of these scenarios couldstill lead to the same problems that have characterisedprevious urbanization， current development appearsradically different： administrations demand high-qualityprojects， expertise from all over the world is available，and construction techniques and materials haveconsistently improved. Consequently， urban plannersand architects working in China are at the vanguard ofthis process， and their projects are relevant not solelyfor their local outcomes， but also for their impact on thecontemporary culture of urban planning and design.