事物介紹類說明文讀寫指南

廣東 莫炎芬

文體導(dǎo)讀

事物介紹類說明文是一種以說明為主要表達方式、以介紹事物為目的的文章體裁。此類文章對客觀事物做出說明或?qū)Τ橄笫吕磉M行闡釋，使人們對事物的形態(tài)、構(gòu)造、性質(zhì)、種類、成因、功能、關(guān)系，或?qū)κ吕淼母拍?、特點、來源、演變、異同等能有科學(xué)的認識。說明文的中心鮮明突出，文章具有科學(xué)性、條理性、嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)性，語言準(zhǔn)確生動。在說明方法上常采用舉例子、打比方、下定義等方式。此類語篇中涉及的事物常包括科學(xué)發(fā)明、文化習(xí)俗、名勝古跡等，在高考中均有考查，且難度相對較大。本文將聚焦事物介紹類說明文中的地點介紹。

策略導(dǎo)航

（1）巧用彩色筆細品文章。借助彩色筆對文本中的不同部分做標(biāo)注。例如：用紫色筆標(biāo)注文章結(jié)構(gòu)的關(guān)鍵句，用綠色筆標(biāo)注舉例子的關(guān)鍵句，用紅色筆標(biāo)注打比方的關(guān)鍵句，用黃色筆標(biāo)注下定義的關(guān)鍵句，用藍色筆標(biāo)注摹狀貌的關(guān)鍵句，等等。寫作時，根據(jù)標(biāo)注的情況，進行仿寫。

（2）利用“三讀”方法梳理文本框架、內(nèi)容和語言，搭建讀寫支架。“三讀”方法是事物介紹類說明文常采用的一種閱讀方法，遵循由大至小的原則，層層剖析文章?！叭x”指的是“讀整體”“讀精細”“讀品味”，即在三次閱讀過程中分別整體把握說明對象及其說明點，深入研討說明方法點，捕捉并體會作者的情感點。在閱讀事物介紹類說明文時，利用“三讀”方法有助于我們梳理和整合文章的結(jié)構(gòu)與信息，系統(tǒng)掌握說明方法，深入體會作者的態(tài)度或情感。在構(gòu)思事物介紹類說明文時，可以利用“三讀”方法對文章進行布局，同時提前預(yù)設(shè)需要使用的說明方法以表達相應(yīng)態(tài)度或情感。

以總分式說明文結(jié)構(gòu)為例闡釋“三讀”方法

素材導(dǎo)背

一、首段核心表達

be located in 位于……

cover an area of 占地面積……

with a history of 有……的歷史

be famous for 因……出名

be traced far back to 可追溯至……

be recorded as 被記為……

have a population of 有……人口

It enjoys...climate.氣候是……的。

It stretches...它延伸……距離。

二、正文核心表達

first and foremost 最重要的是

prominent feature 突出的特征

create an impression of 給人留下……的印象

in size/length/width/height 在尺寸/長度/寬度/高度方面

in the shape of 呈……的形狀

be rich in 富含……

breathtaking 令人驚嘆的

be impressed by 被……打動

a variety of 各式各樣的

be made up of 由……組成

for example 舉個例子

compare...with...把……和……做比較

sb said/wrote/proved that...某人說過/寫過/證明……

picturesque scenery 如畫般的風(fēng)景

lead a...life 過一種……的生活

三、尾段核心表達

not only...but also...不僅……而且……

the emphasis on 對……的強調(diào)

stand out 脫穎而出

with a...position 占據(jù)……地位

have a good reputation 有很好的名聲

serve as 充當(dāng)

attract one's attention 引起某人的注意

lift one's spirits 振奮精神

an ideal place for……的理想勝地

a feast for the eyes 一場視覺盛宴

worth visiting 值得參觀的

案例導(dǎo)練

A silent army—Terracotta Army

There is a legend in Chinese ancient capital Xi'an, but it truly exists and has been lasting for thousands of years.That is Terracotta Army, a collection of terracotta sculptures symbolizing the armies of Qin Shi Huang,the first emperor of China.

Around 246 BCE,Qin Shi Huang ordered workers to build the tomb for him.It is a form of funerary (埋葬的) art whose purpose was to protect the emperor in his afterlife (來世) and to keep the same military power and imperial status of him as well as to show the first emperor's glory of uniting China in Warring States Period.

There are four underground pits in Terracotta Army.The first pit is the largest and most impressive among the four pits.6,000 clay warriors, dating from approximately the late third century BCE, were discovered in the first pit which was 1.5 kilometers away from Qin Shi Huang's tomb in 1974 by local farmers who were digging a well in Lintong District, Xi'an,Shaanxi Province.

All the soldiers and horses are life-size, the former about 1.85 meters tall and the latter 1.6 meters in height.The figures vary in height according to their roles, with the tallest being the generals.They wear different clothes painted many colors depending on the position in the army, but most of the color was lost after long years of burial.The sculptures are realistic representations of real-life models, without any exaggeration or change in appearance.All the warriors are different in terms of hairstyles, eyes, eyebrows,noses,lips,ears and beards,showing their individual age,position and personality.

It took 37 years to complete the project.All the soldiers were made in the same method.Firstly, separate parts like heads and legs were made from reddish-brown clay.And then body details and facial expressions were carved by hand.After firing the pieces in a kiln (窯), workers put them together.And finally, different colors were painted on the soldiers based on their social status.

The tomb is a treasury both for the Chinese people and for the whole world.In December 1987, UNESCO selected the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor (including Terracotta Army)as a World Cultural Heritage Site.It has enabled people of today to attain a new understanding of the great sculptural arts of over 2,000 years ago, through realistic and vivid representations of an enormous number of warriors,horses and chariots.

一、閱讀自測

1.Which of the following was beyond Qin Shi Huang's purpose of building his tomb?

A.Raising his imperial status.

B.Maintaining his military power.

C.Protecting him in his next life.

D.Showing his glory of uniting China.

2.Which is the correct order of making the soldiers according to paragraph 5?

①Carve the body details and facial expressions.

②Fire the pieces in a kiln and put them together.

③Make the separate parts of the soldiers.

④Paint different colors on the soldiers.

A.①③④② B.③①②④ C.②①④③ D.④②①③

3.What makes the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor a World Cultural Heritage Site?

A.Its history.B.Its location.

C.Its high quality.D.Its artistic value.

4.What can we know about Terracotta Army according to the text?

A.All the soldiers are of the same height.

B.All the soldiers are different in appearance.

C.All the soldiers were made by different people.

D.All the soldiers'positions were shown in color,height and weight.

二、語言汲取

（一）介紹地點的核心表達

1.位置

There is a legend in Chinese ancient capital Xi'an...在中國古都西安有一個傳奇……

1.5 kilometers away from Qin Shi Huang's tomb 離秦始皇陵1.5千米遠

in Lintong District,Xi'an,Shaanxi Province 在陜西省西安市臨潼區(qū)

2.面積

There are four underground pits in Terracotta Army.兵馬俑有四個坑。

The first pit is the largest and most impressive among the four pits.一號坑是四個坑中規(guī)模最大和最壯觀的。

6,000 clay warriors 6,000位陶制士兵

3.時間

date from approximately the late third century BCE 大約可追溯至公元前3 世紀(jì)末

Warring States Period 戰(zhàn)國時期

It takes 37 years to...做……花了37年。

have been lasting for thousands of years 已有數(shù)千年的歷史

4.具體介紹/摹狀貌

life-size 真實尺寸的

vary in height 有不同的高度

different clothes painted many colors 涂刷不同顏色的各式衣服

realistic representations of real-life models 現(xiàn)實生活形象的真實反映

different in terms of hairstyles,eyes,eyebrows,noses,lips,ears and beards 發(fā)型、眼睛、眉毛、鼻子、嘴唇、耳朵和胡子都不盡相同

realistic and vivid representations of an enormous number of warriors, horses and

chariots 大量士兵、戰(zhàn)馬和戰(zhàn)車的真實又生動的體現(xiàn)

5.意義/評價

show the first emperor's glory of uniting China 展示第一位統(tǒng)一中國的皇帝的功績

protect the emperor in his afterlife 保護秦始皇的來世生活

keep the same military power and imperial status of him 保持秦始皇與現(xiàn)世相同的軍事力量和君王地位

The tomb is a treasury for...對……來說，兵馬俑是一份寶藏。

attain a new understanding of the great sculptural arts of over 2,000 years ago 獲得一種對兩千年前偉大雕刻藝術(shù)的全新的理解

（二）精彩表達

1.That is Terracotta Army,a collection of terracotta sculptures symbolizing the armies of Qin Shi Huang,the first emperor of China.那就是兵馬俑，象征中國第一位皇帝秦始皇的軍隊的陶俑雕刻作品集。

本句中的a collection of terracotta sculptures symbolizing the armies of Qin Shi Huang與Terracotta Army 為同位語。使用同位語使句子更簡潔緊湊，符合說明文的語言特征。

2.All the soldiers and horses are life-size, the former about 1.85 meters tall and the latter 1.6 meters in height.兵馬俑中所有的士兵和戰(zhàn)馬都是與真人及實物一樣大的，前者大約有1.85米高，后者有1.6米高。

本句使用了作比較的說明方法，former和latter使指代對象明確，且避免了句子的重復(fù)冗雜。

3.All the warriors are different in terms of hairstyles,eyes,eyebrows,noses,lips,ears and beards, showing their individual age, position and personality.所有士兵的發(fā)型、眼睛、眉毛、鼻子、嘴唇、耳朵和胡子都不盡相同，這些展示了他們各自的年齡、地位和性格。

本句使用了非謂語短語showing their individual age, position and personality 作狀語，簡潔地說明了兵馬俑士兵造型的不同。

三、句式仿寫

1.蘇州古典園林，中國文化遺產(chǎn)的燦爛部分，每年吸引著許多來自海內(nèi)外的游客。

The classical gardens of Suzhou, _______________________, attract many visitors from home and abroad every year.

2.地球和火星有很多不同。前者有大氣和液態(tài)水，而后者沒有。

There are many differences between Earth and Mars.______________________has the atmosphere and liquid water,while _______________________does not.

3.他的朋友動身去了一個不同的城市，留給他很多錢。

His friend set out for a different city, _______________________（leave）him a lot of money.

四、寫作實踐

假定你是李華，你的外國網(wǎng)友Tom 來信向你詢問蘇州古典園林的相關(guān)信息，請你根據(jù)以下要點寫一封回信。內(nèi)容包括：

1.蘇州古典園林的歷史；

2.蘇州古典園林的特點；

3.邀請Tom參觀蘇州古典園林。

注意：

1.詞數(shù)80左右；

2.可以適當(dāng)增加細節(jié)，以使行文連貫；

3.至少需要使用兩個前文解析過的句式。

Classical gardens of Suzhou

Dear Tom,

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

Yours,

Li Hua

評價導(dǎo)思

A self-assessment checklist for my expository reading

1.閱讀本文前，我認真了解了事物介紹類說明文的文體知識。

□Yes □No

2.在閱讀過程中，我會借助彩色筆對文本中的關(guān)鍵部分做標(biāo)注。

□Yes □No

3.在閱讀過程中，我會用“三讀”方法梳理文章。

□Yes □No

4.讀完這篇文章后，我會嘗試著對熟悉的事物進行介紹和說明。

□Yes □No

5.讀完這篇文章后，我會花費__________讀完一篇大約350詞的事物介紹類說明文。

□9分鐘 □11 分鐘 □13 分鐘 □其他

6.為了閱讀更多的事物介紹類說明文，我需要__________。

□加倍努力 □持之以恒 □培養(yǎng)良好的思維品質(zhì) □掌握高效的讀寫策略

7.在接下來的時間里，我會讀一本叫作____ 的以事物介紹為主的英文雜志或圖書。

________________________________________________________