武漢龍陽(yáng)湖、墨水湖沉積物重金屬生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)價(jià)

周 峰,李 朋,翁茂芝,邢新麗,劉 力,張 雅,朱晛亭,羅 紅

武漢龍陽(yáng)湖、墨水湖沉積物重金屬生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)價(jià)

周 峰1,2*,李 朋1,3,翁茂芝1,2,邢新麗3,劉 力1,2,張 雅1,2,朱晛亭1,2,羅 紅1,2

(1.湖北省地質(zhì)調(diào)查院,湖北 武漢 430034；2.資源與生態(tài)環(huán)境地質(zhì)湖北省重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,湖北 武漢 430034；3.中國(guó)地質(zhì)大學(xué)(武漢)環(huán)境學(xué)院,湖北 武漢 430074)

為探明城市湖泊濕地的生態(tài)環(huán)境現(xiàn)狀,采用數(shù)理統(tǒng)計(jì)、地累積指數(shù)和潛在生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)指數(shù)等方法,對(duì)武漢市龍陽(yáng)湖、墨水湖表層沉積物中的氮、磷和重金屬的富集程度、空間分布及生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)進(jìn)行了評(píng)價(jià).結(jié)果顯示,來(lái)自龍陽(yáng)湖的表層沉積物中TN濃度為265.03～729.68mg/kg、TP濃度為888.64～1694.86mg/kg;來(lái)自墨水湖的表層沉積物TN濃度為306.14～857.27mg/kg、TP濃度為671.48～2674.39mg/kg.總的來(lái)說(shuō),墨水湖沉積物受污染程度比龍陽(yáng)湖較高.與國(guó)內(nèi)典型城市湖泊相比,本研究的兩個(gè)湖泊中TN含量較低,TP含量較高.重金屬元素As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb和Zn在龍陽(yáng)湖中分別為14.27,0.58,59.20,55.61,33.20,176.94mg/kg,在墨水湖中分別為19.26,0.62,85.53,53.67,41.69,266.64mg/kg.除Cr外,沉積物中其它重金屬平均含量均高于武漢市土壤背景值,且龍陽(yáng)湖、墨水湖Cd含量分別是背景值的4.83和5.17倍.與20年前相比,除Cd以外,墨水湖沉積物重金屬含量均有減少,表明淤泥清理對(duì)改善湖泊沉積物環(huán)境有一定效果,但未從根本上消除污染問(wèn)題.重金屬地累積指數(shù)顯示,兩湖泊中Cd含量均處于偏中度至中度污染狀態(tài);Cu、Pb、Zn、As總體上處于輕度污染狀態(tài);Cr處于清潔狀態(tài).潛在生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)指數(shù)顯示,兩湖泊Cd含量均處于中度至重度潛在生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)水平,綜合潛在生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)為低風(fēng)險(xiǎn)至中風(fēng)險(xiǎn).研究區(qū)湖泊中的重金屬污染物來(lái)源可能為早期工業(yè)排放、漁業(yè)養(yǎng)殖、動(dòng)物糞便及人類(lèi)生活污水的排放等綜合因素所致.

湖泊沉積物；重金屬元素；生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)價(jià)；龍陽(yáng)湖；墨水湖

城市湖泊作為城市重要的地表水資源,在涵養(yǎng)水源、維持生態(tài)系統(tǒng)平衡、為人類(lèi)提供休閑游憩場(chǎng)所等方面起著重要作用[1-2].武漢市被稱(chēng)為“百湖之市”,也是全球唯一人口超千萬(wàn)的“國(guó)際濕地城市”.近年來(lái),隨著城市化進(jìn)程的加快,城市湖泊作為地表徑流的受納水體,受到人為活動(dòng)的影響較大,污染問(wèn)題也隨之累積.大量研究表明,城市湖泊的重金屬污染與其周邊人為活動(dòng)密切相關(guān)[3-6].重金屬是一種生物毒性強(qiáng)、易累積、難降解的持久性污染物[7],研究發(fā)現(xiàn),進(jìn)入湖泊的重金屬通過(guò)絮凝作用或沉淀作用,多數(shù)進(jìn)入沉積物中,是重金屬的“匯”,同時(shí)一定條件下重金屬?gòu)某练e物中會(huì)重新釋放進(jìn)入水體而成為潛在污染源[8-9].有研究認(rèn)為湖泊水體富營(yíng)養(yǎng)化與湖泊沉積物存在顯著的相關(guān)關(guān)系[10],沉積物中污染物的釋放是城市湖泊水質(zhì)惡化的根本原因.因此,沉積物重金屬是湖泊水環(huán)境的重要“指示劑”,能夠客觀反映湖泊的污染狀況和生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn),目前絕大多數(shù)國(guó)家環(huán)保部門(mén)已將Cu、Pb、Zn、As、Cd等重金屬列為優(yōu)先控制污染物[11-13].因此,查清湖泊沉積物的重金屬污染特征對(duì)于城市湖泊的保護(hù)修復(fù)具有重要意義.

龍陽(yáng)湖、墨水湖位于武漢漢陽(yáng)區(qū)南郊,屬漢陽(yáng)東湖水系,均為武漢城區(qū)內(nèi)中小型淺水湖泊.早期的漢陽(yáng)城區(qū)是中國(guó)近現(xiàn)代工業(yè)的搖籃,在快速工業(yè)化和城市化進(jìn)程中,墨水湖等湖泊遭受了明顯的污染[15-17],這在我國(guó)城市湖泊中具有代表性.“十一五”期間國(guó)家科技部實(shí)施了“武漢水專(zhuān)項(xiàng)”,諸多學(xué)者對(duì)漢陽(yáng)湖泊水質(zhì)和沉積物污染進(jìn)行評(píng)估并提出防治措施[18-22],武漢市政府實(shí)施漢陽(yáng)“六湖連通”工程,通過(guò)截污控排、清淤及水系連通等措施改善湖泊水環(huán)境,但目前修復(fù)情況尚不清楚.因此,本文時(shí)隔近20a對(duì)龍陽(yáng)湖、墨水湖開(kāi)展詳細(xì)調(diào)查研究,全面摸清沉積物氮磷、有機(jī)質(zhì)及重金屬等關(guān)鍵環(huán)境指標(biāo)特征,科學(xué)評(píng)價(jià)其環(huán)境演變情況、生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)水平及與人類(lèi)活動(dòng)的關(guān)系,為湖泊保護(hù)與流域綜合治理提供依據(jù).

1 材料與方法

1.1 采樣點(diǎn)設(shè)置與采集

圖1 龍陽(yáng)湖、墨水湖表層沉積物采樣點(diǎn)位

使用抓斗式采樣器于2021年11月對(duì)龍陽(yáng)湖、墨水湖表層(0～10cm深度)的沉積物進(jìn)行采集,根據(jù)總體均勻式、局部人類(lèi)活動(dòng)密集區(qū)(武漢動(dòng)物園周邊)加密的原則,在兩個(gè)湖泊中共采集表層沉積物25件(圖1),將沉積物樣品(去除垃圾雜物)裝入聚乙烯自封袋密封,低溫保存至實(shí)驗(yàn)室分析.

1.2 樣品處理及分析

湖泊沉積物樣品經(jīng)過(guò)冷凍干燥,研磨、過(guò)200目篩,保存于陰涼干燥處備用.采用混合酸(HCl、HNO3、HF和HClO4)消解后,使用電感耦合等離子體發(fā)射質(zhì)譜儀(ICP-OES,Agilent 5110)測(cè)定Cr、Cu、Pb和Zn;電感耦合等離子體質(zhì)譜儀(ICP- MS,Agilent 8900)測(cè)定Cd;As采用王水沸水浴消解,采用原子熒光儀測(cè)定.總磷、總氮和有機(jī)質(zhì)采用容量法測(cè)定,樣品經(jīng)無(wú)二氧化碳蒸餾水浸溶后用離子選擇電極測(cè)定pH值.利用SPSS22.0軟件進(jìn)行主成分分析和Pearson相關(guān)性分析,ArcGIS 10.8繪制重金屬含量的空間分布圖,Origin、Excel繪制統(tǒng)計(jì)圖表.

1.3 評(píng)價(jià)分析方法

1.3.1 地積累指數(shù)法 地積累指數(shù)由德國(guó)科學(xué)家Muller提出[22],能夠充分反映自然條件和人類(lèi)活動(dòng)對(duì)沉積物及土壤的影響,可以直觀反映重金屬的累積程度.計(jì)算公式如下:

式中:geo為地累積指數(shù);C為沉積物重金屬含量的實(shí)際測(cè)量值;B為重金屬的地球化學(xué)背景值;為由于各地區(qū)差異可能引起背景值波動(dòng)引入的常數(shù),通常=1.5.重金屬地積累指數(shù)分級(jí)見(jiàn)表1.

表1 地積累指數(shù)Igeo的污染分級(jí)

1.3.2 潛在生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)指數(shù)法 用潛在生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)指數(shù)法來(lái)評(píng)價(jià)重金屬生態(tài)危害狀況.該方法從重金屬的生物毒性角度出發(fā),定量劃分出潛在生態(tài)危害等級(jí).該方法由瑞典學(xué)者Hakanson提出[23],計(jì)算公式如下:

式中:RI為多種重金屬的綜合潛在生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)指數(shù);E為重金屬元素的單項(xiàng)潛在生態(tài)危害指數(shù);T為重金屬元素的毒性系數(shù);C為重金屬元素的實(shí)測(cè)含量;C為重金屬元素的土壤背景值,參考武漢市土壤背景值[24].根據(jù)和E值的大小,潛在生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)指數(shù)劃分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)見(jiàn)表2.

表2 潛在生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)指數(shù)劃分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

2 結(jié)果與討論

2.1 氮、磷及有機(jī)質(zhì)含量及分布特征

龍陽(yáng)湖表層沉積物中總氮(TN)濃度范圍為265.03～729.68mg/kg,平均濃度為553.28mg/kg;總磷(TP)濃度范圍為888.64～1694.86mg/kg,平均濃度為1275.06mg/kg,有機(jī)質(zhì)(TOC)濃度范圍為1.38%～3.23%,平均濃度為2.36%;墨水湖表層沉積物中TN濃度范圍為306.14～857.27mg/kg,平均濃度為559.41mg/kg;TP濃度范圍為671.48～ 2674.39mg/kg,平均濃度為1661.51mg/kg,有機(jī)質(zhì)(TOC)濃度范圍為0.94%～3.83%,平均濃度為2.58%.空間分布顯示墨水湖絕大多數(shù)點(diǎn)位沉積物TN、TP、TOC含量要明顯高于龍陽(yáng)湖(圖2),且含量最高的幾個(gè)點(diǎn)(MS02～MS06)均位于墨水湖東側(cè)的武漢動(dòng)物園附近.

2.2 重金屬含量及分布特征

兩個(gè)湖泊的表層沉積物中各重金屬元素含量情況見(jiàn)表3.其中,As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb和Zn在龍陽(yáng)湖中分別為14.27mg/kg、0.58mg/kg、59.20mg/kg、55.61mg/kg、33.20mg/kg、176.94mg/kg,在墨水湖中分別為19.26mg/kg、0.62mg/kg、85.53mg/kg、53.67mg/kg、41.69mg/kg和266.64mg/kg.各重金屬的含量范圍變化較大,且變異系數(shù)均大于15%,尤其Zn的變異系數(shù)異常偏高,表明這些元素存在顯著的空間異質(zhì)性,受人類(lèi)活動(dòng)的影響較大.從空間分布特征(圖3)看,龍陽(yáng)湖和墨水湖沉積物中Cr、Cu、Pb的含量在空間分布上呈現(xiàn)一致性,均表現(xiàn)出由西南向東北方向含量增加的現(xiàn)象,其高值主要分布在湖周;墨水湖Cd、As、Zn含量高點(diǎn)值均位于湖泊東部靠近武漢動(dòng)物園一帶,尤其在MS03點(diǎn)位出現(xiàn)異常高值;而龍陽(yáng)湖Cd高值點(diǎn)主要分布于湖泊周邊,As則是變化不大且整體含量低于墨水湖,Zn高值點(diǎn)主要集中在湖泊北部.

表3 龍陽(yáng)湖、墨水湖表層沉積物中重金屬含量特征

2.3 國(guó)內(nèi)典型城市湖泊差異性分析

2.3.1 氮、磷及有機(jī)質(zhì)差異性分析 將龍陽(yáng)湖、墨水湖與中國(guó)東部大多數(shù)淺水湖泊以及國(guó)內(nèi)典型城市湖泊的沉積物相關(guān)指標(biāo)[27-36]進(jìn)行對(duì)比,結(jié)果顯示(表4),龍陽(yáng)湖、墨水湖沉積物中TN含量總體處于較低水平,而TP含量處于較高水平,除武漢南湖外,明顯高于其它城市湖泊,同時(shí)顯著高于中國(guó)東部湖泊平均水平(TP基準(zhǔn)閾值為454.51～459.03mg/ kg)[27];TOC含量與其它地區(qū)相當(dāng),處于中等水平.總體上,TP污染是本次研究區(qū)乃至湖北武漢河湖的典型環(huán)境問(wèn)題,這也與大多學(xué)者的研究結(jié)果相一致[37-41].目前生態(tài)環(huán)境部已將TP明確為長(zhǎng)江流域首要污染物,湖北省是我國(guó)磷化工第一大省,磷化工企業(yè)產(chǎn)生的固體廢物磷石膏年產(chǎn)生量位居全國(guó)首位.“三磷”污染問(wèn)題較為嚴(yán)峻[41],在長(zhǎng)時(shí)間沉積積累作用下,湖北武漢地區(qū)的湖泊沉積物TP水平則普遍高于長(zhǎng)江流域下游地區(qū).

另外在空間分布上,墨水湖TP和TOC平均含量均大于龍陽(yáng)湖,說(shuō)明墨水湖沉積物受污染程度整體上高于龍陽(yáng)湖,初步判斷這可能與武漢動(dòng)物園及漢陽(yáng)六湖連通有關(guān).武漢動(dòng)物園常年經(jīng)營(yíng)所產(chǎn)生的動(dòng)物糞便、生活污水等非點(diǎn)源污染不可避免對(duì)墨水湖及其沉積物產(chǎn)生影響,另外六湖連通也可能使富營(yíng)養(yǎng)化較嚴(yán)重的龍陽(yáng)湖向下游的墨水湖輸送污染物并在沉積物中累積[42].

表4 典型湖庫(kù)沉積物TN、TP及TOC平均含量

2.3.2 重金屬差異性分析 將龍陽(yáng)湖、墨水湖沉積物重金屬與武漢市土壤背景值[24]相比,兩湖中除Cr外,其他元素的含量均大于背景值,Cd超標(biāo)情況最嚴(yán)重(龍陽(yáng)湖、墨水湖分別是背景值的4.83和5.17倍);與中國(guó)湖泊沉積物[25]平均值相比,Cd、Pb、Cu和Zn含量偏高,As和Cr含量相近;與中國(guó)南方水系沉積物平均值相比[26],Cd、Pb、Cu、Cr和Zn含量偏高,As含量相近.

表5 典型城市湖泊表層沉積物重金屬平均含量(mg/kg)

注:“—”表示沒(méi)有相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù).

將本次研究與國(guó)內(nèi)其他一些典型城市湖泊[43-48]進(jìn)行對(duì)比,如表5所示,這些城市湖泊表層沉積物重金屬含量總體相差不大.其中龍陽(yáng)湖Cr、Pb含量均處于較低水平,墨水湖與其它湖泊相近;龍陽(yáng)湖As含量與其他湖泊相當(dāng),但墨水湖As則高于其他城市湖泊;兩湖Cd與武漢市其他湖泊[41]基本一致,但高于其他城市湖泊(除鄱陽(yáng)湖外),表明武漢市湖泊整體Cd水平較高;Cu、Zn除陽(yáng)澄湖外均高于其他湖泊,并且墨水湖Zn顯著高于其他城市湖泊.

另外,與喬勝英、蘇春利等2004年對(duì)墨水湖的取樣研究結(jié)果[18-19]相比,除Cd外,其他重金屬元素含量均有一定程度的減少,其中Zn含量減少最明顯(2004年是背景值的8.23倍,當(dāng)前是3.37倍),表明墨水湖在清淤后的近20a來(lái)沉積物重金屬污染整體有所好轉(zhuǎn),但沒(méi)有完全根治問(wèn)題,Cd仍保持較高濃度,這可能與湖底深層重金屬在清淤后暴露到表層或近年來(lái)新輸入污染等因素有關(guān).

2.4 重金屬污染程度與生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)

2.4.1 重金屬地累積指數(shù) 由圖4可見(jiàn),根據(jù)geo分級(jí)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),墨水湖和龍陽(yáng)湖沉積物中Cr的geo值均小于0,為清潔水平,而Cu、Pb的geo值均小于1,屬輕度污染.龍陽(yáng)湖As的geo值均小于0,屬清潔水平,但墨水湖As的geo值基本介于0～1,表明受到輕度污染;龍陽(yáng)湖Zn的geo值均小于1,屬輕度污染,但墨水湖Zn的geo值在0～1和1～2均有分布,屬輕度～偏中度污染;兩湖中的Cd大部分點(diǎn)位geo值介于1～2,甚至部分大于2,因此屬偏中度至中度污染.

虛線(xiàn)表示輕度污染閾值,實(shí)線(xiàn)表示偏中度污染閾值

2.4.2 重金屬潛在生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)價(jià) 各重金屬單項(xiàng)潛在生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)指數(shù)顯示,除了Cd存在潛在生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn),其它元素在兩湖本次采樣范圍內(nèi)均屬于低潛在生態(tài)危害范疇(E<40)(圖5).墨水湖沉積物Cd的E平均值為153.86,其中40.00%點(diǎn)位處于嚴(yán)重潛在生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)水平(160￡E<320)、53.33%點(diǎn)位處于重潛在生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)水平(80￡E<160)、6.67%點(diǎn)位處于中潛在生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)水平(40￡E<80).龍陽(yáng)湖中Cd的E平均值為144.40,其中40.00%點(diǎn)位處于嚴(yán)重潛在生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)水平、40.00%點(diǎn)位處于重潛在生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)水平(80￡E<160)、20.00%點(diǎn)位處于中潛在生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)水平(40￡E<80).

圖5 重金屬單項(xiàng)潛在生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)指數(shù)

40,80,160分別是低、中、重潛在生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)指數(shù)閾值

重金屬綜合潛在生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)果顯示,墨水湖和龍陽(yáng)湖平均值分別為191.91和175.17,除MS16、LY02、LY04點(diǎn)處于低潛在生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)水平(圖6),其它點(diǎn)位均為中潛在生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)水平(150￡<300).

2.5 重金屬污染來(lái)源分析

龍陽(yáng)湖和墨水湖表層沉積物的主要污染物是Cd,其次是Zn、Cu、Pb和As.Cr平均含量低于背景值且變異系數(shù)低,可能主要為自然來(lái)源.相關(guān)性分析(表6)表明,墨水湖的Cu、Pb、Zn和Cd可能來(lái)自同一污染源,龍陽(yáng)湖的Cu、Pb和Cd的來(lái)源具有相似性.其中Pb主要來(lái)源于煤燃燒、含鉛礦石的工業(yè)利用、原油和含鉛汽油的燃燒,As也被視為燃煤的標(biāo)志元素[49].Cu、Zn主要來(lái)自于垃圾的焚燒和工業(yè)排放,部分也來(lái)自燃煤的排放[34].Cd主要來(lái)源于合金制造、電鍍等工業(yè)生產(chǎn),另外煤和原油燃燒也可釋放微量的Cd到空氣中[50].這些元素最終通過(guò)污水排放和暴雨徑流匯入到湖水及沉積物中.漢陽(yáng)是武漢最早的工業(yè)區(qū),工業(yè)對(duì)環(huán)境的影響歷史較長(zhǎng),如近現(xiàn)代的漢陽(yáng)鋼鐵廠、漢陽(yáng)兵工廠、鐵路機(jī)車(chē)廠等,目前龍陽(yáng)湖北側(cè)仍有包含汽車(chē)維修業(yè)、木材業(yè)及建材業(yè)的黃金口工業(yè)園.自1999年武漢市統(tǒng)計(jì)規(guī)模以上工業(yè)能源消費(fèi)情況以來(lái),煤炭、原油、電力、焦炭等消費(fèi)就一直占到武漢能源消費(fèi)總量的80%以上,因此化石燃料燃燒、金屬冶煉等工業(yè)排放應(yīng)是造成龍陽(yáng)湖、墨水湖重金污染的主要原因.

采樣點(diǎn)

表6 表層沉積物重金屬含量之間的Pearson相關(guān)系數(shù)

注:**表示0.01水平(雙側(cè))上顯著相關(guān);*表示0.05水平(雙側(cè))上顯著相關(guān).

另外有研究表明,水產(chǎn)飼料中的魚(yú)粉含有一定量的Cd、Zn元素[45],在2012年實(shí)施退養(yǎng)還湖之前漢陽(yáng)漁場(chǎng)在兩湖中從事著較大規(guī)模的水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖活動(dòng),因此表層沉積物中的Cd、Zn等重金屬也可能來(lái)自于水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖過(guò)程中投加的餌料、魚(yú)類(lèi)的排泄物和農(nóng)藥殘留等.并且墨水湖Zn的變異系數(shù)異常高,其來(lái)源之一是畜禽糞便有機(jī)肥重金屬釋放,其與武漢動(dòng)物園的經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng)有密切關(guān)系.

綜上所述,龍陽(yáng)湖、墨水湖表層沉積物重金屬可能來(lái)自工業(yè)排放、漁業(yè)養(yǎng)殖、動(dòng)物糞便及人類(lèi)生活污水排放等復(fù)合污染,因此今后須加強(qiáng)流域綜合治理,重點(diǎn)關(guān)注重金屬Cd的污染控制,做好定期清淤等工作.

3 結(jié)論

3.1 龍陽(yáng)湖表層沉積物中TN濃度為265.03～ 729.68mg/kg、TP濃度為888.64～1694.86mg/kg;墨水湖表層沉積物TN濃度為306.14～857.27mg/kg、TP濃度為671.48～2674.39mg/kg.與國(guó)內(nèi)典型城市湖泊相比,兩湖沉積物TN含量較低,TP含量較高,顯著高于中國(guó)東部湖泊平均含量.總的來(lái)說(shuō),墨水湖沉積物受污染程度比龍陽(yáng)湖較高,TP、TOC高值區(qū)主要位于墨水湖東側(cè)的武漢動(dòng)物園附近,可能與武漢動(dòng)物園經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng)及六湖連通有關(guān).

3.2 重金屬元素As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb和Zn在龍陽(yáng)湖沉積物中分別為14.27,0.58,59.20,55.61,33.20, 176.94mg/kg,在墨水湖沉積物中分別為19.26,0.62, 85.53,53.67,41.69,266.64mg/kg.除Cr外,沉積物中其它重金屬平均含量均高于武漢市土壤背景值,且龍陽(yáng)湖、墨水湖Cd含量分別是背景值的4.83和5.17倍.總體上,Cd是兩湖重金屬污染和生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的主要貢獻(xiàn)因子,重金屬地累積指數(shù)表明兩湖Cd均處于偏中度至中度污染狀態(tài),綜合潛在生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)為低風(fēng)險(xiǎn)至中風(fēng)險(xiǎn).與20a前相比,除Cd以外,墨水湖沉積物重金屬含量均有減少,表明淤泥清理對(duì)改善湖泊沉積物環(huán)境有一定效果,但未根本消除污染問(wèn)題.

3.3 龍陽(yáng)湖、墨水湖表層沉積物重金屬污染受到人類(lèi)活動(dòng)的影響非常明顯,其高值區(qū)主要分布在湖濱以及武漢動(dòng)物園和漢陽(yáng)漁場(chǎng)一帶.Cu、Pb和As可能主要來(lái)源于工業(yè)活動(dòng)的燃燒排放,而Cd、Zn污染則是工業(yè)排放、漁業(yè)養(yǎng)殖、動(dòng)物糞便及人類(lèi)生活污水排放等復(fù)合污染,須加強(qiáng)綜合治理.

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Ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in sediments of Longyang Lake and Moshui Lake in Wuhan.

ZHOU Feng1,2*, LI Peng1,3, WENG Mao-zhi1,2, XING Xin-li3, LIU Li1,2, ZHANG Ya1,2, ZHU Xian-ting1,2, LUO Hong1,2

(1.Hubei Geological Survey, Wuhan 430034, China；2.Hubei Key Laboratory of Resources and Eco-environment Geology (Hubei Geological Bureau) Wuhan, Hubei 430074；3.School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China)., 2023,43(10)：5433～5443

In order to assess the current status of the ecological environment of urban lake wetlands, the present study employs various methods, including mathematical statistics, ground accumulation index, and potential ecological risk index. These methods are used to evaluate the enrichment levels, spatial distributions, and ecological risks of nitrogen, phosphorus, and heavy metal elements in the surface sediments of Longyang Lake and Moshui Lake, located in Wuhan, China. The results indicate that the surface sediment samples from Longyang Lake have total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) contents ranging from 265.03to 729.68mg/kg and 888.64 to 1694.86mg/kg, respectively. On the other hand, Moshui Lake samples have TN and TP contents ranging from 306.14 to 857.27mg/kg and 671.48 to 2674.39mg/kg, respectively. Thus, Moshui Lake exhibits higher pollution levels compared to Longyang Lake. Moreover, when compared to typical lakes in other domestic cities, both Longyang Lake and Moshui Lake exhibit low TN and high TP contents in their sediments. The concentrations of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn in Longyang Lake are 14.27mg/kg, 0.58mg/kg, 59.20mg/kg, 55.61mg/kg, 33.20mg/kg, and 176.94mg/kg, respectively. In Moshui Lake, the concentrations of these elements are 19.26mg/kg, 0.62mg/kg, 85.53mg/kg, 53.67mg/kg, 41.69mg/kg, and 266.64mg/kg, respectively. Additionally, the average concentration of heavy metal elements in the surface sediments, except for Cr, exceeds the background levels of soil in Wuhan. Moreover, the Cd content in Longyang Lake and Moshui Lake are significantly higher than the background values, being 4.83 and 5.17times greater, respectively. Comparing the current conditions with those from 20 years ago, it is evident that the content of heavy metal elements (except Cd) in Moshui Lake's sediments has decreased. This suggests that efforts to clean the lake's mud have improved the sediment conditions, although pollution has not been completely eliminated. The accumulated index indicates that the Cd level in both lakes is in a roughly moderate polluted state, while Cu, Pb, Zn, and As are generally in a mildly polluted state, and Cr is in a clean state. The potential ecological risk index suggests that the overall potential ecological risk is at a low to medium level, but the Cd content in both lakes poses a moderate to severe risk. The study area's heavy metal elemental pollutants may be sourced from a combination of fluxes, including early industrial discharge, fishery farming, animal feces, and emissions from human domestic sewage.

lake sediment；heavy metal elements；ecological risk assessment；Longyang Lake；Moshui Lake

X524

A

1000-6923(2023)10-5433-11

2023-02-27

武漢市多要素城市地質(zhì)調(diào)查示范項(xiàng)目(WHDYS-2021-007)

* 責(zé)任作者, 工程師, 864784261@qq.com

周 峰(1991-),男,湖北武漢人,工程師,碩士,主要從事生態(tài)環(huán)境地質(zhì)調(diào)查及研究.發(fā)表論文10余篇.864784261@qq.com.

周 峰,李 朋,翁茂芝,等.武漢龍陽(yáng)湖、墨水湖沉積物重金屬生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)價(jià) [J]. 中國(guó)環(huán)境科學(xué), 2023,43(10):5433-5443.

Zhou F, Li P, Weng M Z, et al. Ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in sediments of Longyang Lake and Moshui Lake in Wuhan [J]. China Environmental Science, 2023,43(10):5433-5443.