穿越古今的戚家拳

董宇 王彥生

戚家拳發(fā)源于蓬萊，傳播于山東、福建、浙江、廣東、河北一帶，完善于明代抗倭實(shí)踐中，流行至今。戚家拳在中國(guó)武術(shù)界影響頗深，2009年，戚家拳列入山東省第二批非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)名錄。

戚家拳由明代著名愛(ài)國(guó)將領(lǐng)、偉大的民族英雄戚繼光吸取各家著名拳法之長(zhǎng)創(chuàng)編而成，與戚家軍當(dāng)年豐富的實(shí)戰(zhàn)經(jīng)驗(yàn)相結(jié)合，是古老的漢族拳術(shù)之一，已有400余年的歷史。

戚家拳匯總了宋太祖的三十二勢(shì)長(zhǎng)拳、溫家七十二行拳、三十六合鎖、二十四棄探馬、八閃番、十二短等拳法的技術(shù)特點(diǎn)以及拳法中的踢、打、摔、拿的技擊方法創(chuàng)編而成。記述了當(dāng)時(shí)流傳的十六家名拳，此拳種匯集多種拳法的精華，結(jié)合戚家軍抗倭的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，在戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)上發(fā)揮了極其重要的作用。

戚家拳經(jīng)過(guò)歷代傳承，具有以下特點(diǎn)：

強(qiáng)健體魄。戚家拳有較好的強(qiáng)身作用，拳術(shù)具有“活動(dòng)手足，慣勤肢體”的作用。戚家拳中有著豐富、巧妙的技術(shù)和鍛煉方法，包括跳躍、平衡、滾翻、跌撲及多種腿法、步法、步型、手法和身法、眼法，對(duì)鍛煉肌肉和韌帶提高身體力量和彈跳能力有顯著作用。其中的掃轉(zhuǎn)、翻騰、跳躍、平衡等復(fù)雜動(dòng)作組合，有很大的難度和強(qiáng)度，可使人體的呼吸系統(tǒng)、血液循環(huán)系統(tǒng)、神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)等得到全面鍛煉提高。經(jīng)常習(xí)練戚家拳，對(duì)人體技能和諧活躍，提高整體功能的效果十分明顯。同時(shí)習(xí)練此拳能壯膽堅(jiān)魄，使膽怯者氣壯，懦弱者堅(jiān)強(qiáng)。

來(lái)源于實(shí)戰(zhàn)。戚家拳是戚繼光在長(zhǎng)期抵抗倭寇的戰(zhàn)役中總結(jié)出來(lái)實(shí)戰(zhàn)方法，戚家拳古樸無(wú)華，實(shí)戰(zhàn)性強(qiáng)。剛?cè)嵊旅?，纏裹擠靠，非踢必打，非摔必拿。閃展穿躍，氣勢(shì)磅礴，節(jié)奏明晰。動(dòng)則摧枯拉朽，靜則深不可測(cè)。勢(shì)勢(shì)相承，遇敵制勝，變化無(wú)窮。戚家拳樸實(shí)無(wú)華，結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)密，剛?cè)嵯酀?jì)。內(nèi)容豐富、充實(shí)，踢、打、摔、拿、跌、劈、崩、砸、沖、掃、擠、靠、纏、挑、彈、掛，無(wú)所不包。每個(gè)拳式，每一動(dòng)作，都有著實(shí)戰(zhàn)的技擊攻防含義。

The Qi’s Fist， known as “Qijia Quan”， is one of the famous traditional Chinese martial arts that originated in Penglai， spread in Shandong， Fujian， Zhejiang， Guangdong， and Hebei provinces， and was perfected in the anti-Japanese pirates fighting practice in the Ming Dynasty. Still popular today， the Qi’s Fist has a profound influence in the circles of Chinese martial arts. In 2009， it was included in the second batch of intangible cultural heritage list in Shandong Province.

Created by Qi Jiguang， a famous patriotic general and great national hero of the Ming Dynasty， the Qi’s Fist draws on the strengths of various famous fist techniques in combination with the rich practical experience of the Qi’s Army. It is one of the ancient Chinese fist techniques with a history of over 400 years.

The Qi’s Fist is a combination of the technical characteristics of various styles of fists， including the 32-move Long Fist of Song Taizu （first emperor of the Song Dynasty）， the Wen’s 72-move Fist， the 36-move interlocking Fist， the 24-move Abandoned Horse Riding Fist， the 8-move Rotating Fist， and the 12-move Short Fist， as well as the techniques of kicking， hitting， throwing， and holding. It describes the sixteen famous fists that were popular at that time. As an integrated fist gathering the essence of up to 16 kinds of fists as well as the experience of the Qi’s Army in fighting Japanese pirates， the Qi’s Fist plays an extremely important role in battlefields.