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      基于鐵死亡和自噬研究酒精的致肝臟細(xì)胞損傷作用*

      2023-08-07 06:26:56祝子鶴張茜茜張騫騫劉立新徐鈞
      中國病理生理雜志 2023年7期
      關(guān)鍵詞:脂質(zhì)酒精肝細(xì)胞

      祝子鶴, 張茜茜, 張騫騫, 劉立新△, 徐鈞

      基于鐵死亡和自噬研究酒精的致肝臟細(xì)胞損傷作用*

      祝子鶴1, 張茜茜2,3,4, 張騫騫3,4, 劉立新2,3,4△, 徐鈞4,5△

      (1山西醫(yī)科大學(xué)基礎(chǔ)醫(yī)學(xué)院生物化學(xué)與分子生物學(xué)教研室,山西 太原 030001;2山西醫(yī)科大學(xué)第一醫(yī)院消化內(nèi)科,山西 太原 030001;3山西醫(yī)科大學(xué)第一醫(yī)院科研實(shí)驗(yàn)中心,山西 太原 030001;4肝損傷與消化道腫瘤防治委級(jí)重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,山西 太原 030001;5山西醫(yī)科大學(xué)第一醫(yī)院肝膽胰外科,山西 太原 030001)

      探索不同濃度酒精作用不同時(shí)間對(duì)肝細(xì)胞、肝星狀細(xì)胞和肝母細(xì)胞瘤細(xì)胞鐵死亡和自噬的作用及機(jī)制。采用不同濃度(0~800 mmol/L)酒精處理AML12小鼠肝細(xì)胞株24、48和72 h,處理JS-1小鼠肝星狀細(xì)胞株和HepG2人肝母細(xì)胞瘤細(xì)胞株24和48 h;CCK-8法檢測(cè)細(xì)胞活力;油紅O染色檢測(cè)細(xì)胞脂質(zhì)沉積;乳酸脫氫酶(LDH)釋放測(cè)定細(xì)胞損傷水平;Western blot檢測(cè)細(xì)胞活化相關(guān)蛋白α-平滑肌肌動(dòng)蛋白(α-SMA),細(xì)胞因子轉(zhuǎn)化生長因子β1(TGF-β1),膠原沉積相關(guān)蛋白I型膠原(Col I),鐵死亡相關(guān)蛋白溶質(zhì)載體家族7成員11(SLC7A11)、谷胱甘肽過氧化物酶4(GPX4)和鐵蛋白重鏈1(FTH1),以及自噬相關(guān)蛋白微管相關(guān)蛋白1輕鏈3(LC3)蛋白水平。(1)酒精抑制AML12細(xì)胞活力與時(shí)間的延長和濃度的升高相關(guān),脂質(zhì)沉積呈濃度和時(shí)間依賴性增加(<0.05),酒精作用24 h后LDH釋放顯著增多(<0.01),F(xiàn)TH1和SLC7A11蛋白表達(dá)在24 h顯著下調(diào)(<0.01),LC3-II/LC3-I比值隨時(shí)間延長而升高(<0.01)。(2)50、100和150 mmol/L酒精處理24 h后JS-1細(xì)胞活力增強(qiáng),而酒精處理48 h后細(xì)胞活力則受到顯著抑制;50和100 mmol/L酒精處理JS-1細(xì)胞24和48 h后TGF-β1、α-SMA和SLC7A11蛋白表達(dá)均顯著上調(diào)(<0.05),各濃度酒精處理后Col I蛋白表達(dá)均顯著上調(diào)(<0.01),GPX4和FTH1表達(dá)及LC3-II/LC3-I比值隨時(shí)間延長而降低(<0.01)。(3)酒精對(duì)HepG2細(xì)胞活力的抑制作用隨時(shí)間延長而增強(qiáng),細(xì)胞脂質(zhì)沉積呈濃度和時(shí)間依賴性增加(<0.01),F(xiàn)TH1和GPX4蛋白表達(dá)隨時(shí)間延長而下調(diào)(<0.01),隨酒精濃度增加而下調(diào)(<0.05),酒精處理組SCL7A11蛋白表達(dá)和LC3-II/LC3-I比值與對(duì)照組相比均顯著降低。(1)酒精抑制AML12細(xì)胞活力時(shí),鐵死亡減弱,自噬增強(qiáng)。(2)低濃度酒精通過增強(qiáng)自噬促進(jìn)JS-1細(xì)胞的活化增殖,而高濃度酒精抑制其活化增殖,且增強(qiáng)SLC7A11下調(diào)所致的鐵死亡;酒精處理的JS-1細(xì)胞自噬強(qiáng)度隨時(shí)間延長而減弱,鐵死亡則依賴時(shí)間積累而增強(qiáng)。(3)酒精通過鐵死亡增強(qiáng)和自噬受損而抑制HepG2細(xì)胞活力和促進(jìn)脂質(zhì)沉積。

      酒精;肝細(xì)胞;肝星狀細(xì)胞;肝母細(xì)胞瘤細(xì)胞;鐵死亡;自噬

      酒精性肝?。╝lcoholic liver disease, ALD)是指長期持續(xù)性酒精攝入引起的肝臟一系列慢性病理改變過程[1]。ALD發(fā)病率和死亡率較高,但其發(fā)病機(jī)制復(fù)雜,治療方法有限,療效欠佳,因此探索酒精對(duì)肝臟細(xì)胞損傷的方式和關(guān)鍵生物標(biāo)志物至關(guān)重要[2]。

      鐵死亡是一種依賴鐵和活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS)的新型細(xì)胞死亡方式,在ALD中發(fā)揮重要作用[3]。ALD患者常伴有肝臟鐵過載,引起肝臟氧化應(yīng)激加重、免疫因子釋放及肝細(xì)胞腫脹[4]。溶質(zhì)載體家族7成員11(solute carrier family 7 member 11, SLC7A11)、谷胱甘肽過氧化物酶4(glutathione peroxidase 4, GPX4)和鐵蛋白重鏈1(ferritin heavy chain 1, FTH1)是鐵死亡發(fā)生的關(guān)鍵蛋白,是鐵死亡關(guān)鍵的抑制因子[5-6]。過度自噬可導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞發(fā)生鐵死亡[7]。自噬是一種由溶酶體介導(dǎo)的對(duì)細(xì)胞內(nèi)異常蛋白質(zhì)或脂滴等進(jìn)行降解的過程,微管相關(guān)蛋白1輕鏈3(microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3, LC3)是其關(guān)鍵分子。有證據(jù)表明自噬在ALD病理過程中起重要作用,但酒精對(duì)肝臟自噬激活的影響仍不清楚。

      酒精通過破壞機(jī)體脂質(zhì)平衡使肝細(xì)胞脂質(zhì)過度沉積,從而推進(jìn)氧化應(yīng)激、炎癥反應(yīng)和纖維化病程[8]。肝星狀細(xì)胞(hepatic stellate cells, HSCs)活化是肝纖維化的關(guān)鍵?;罨腍SCs分泌大量肝纖維化因子,如轉(zhuǎn)化生長因子β1(transforming growth factor-β1, TGF-β1),α-平滑肌肌動(dòng)蛋白(α-smooth muscle protein, α-SMA)及細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)(extracellular matrix, ECM)成分,如I型膠原(collagen type I, Col I)。人肝母細(xì)胞瘤細(xì)胞系HepG2維持了一定的肝功能,表型穩(wěn)定,是替代原代肝細(xì)胞研究藥物誘導(dǎo)的肝毒性和藥物代謝合適的模型[9-10]。所以本研究以AML12(小鼠肝細(xì)胞系)、JS-1(小鼠HSCs系)和HepG2細(xì)胞為研究對(duì)象,探討不同濃度酒精對(duì)多種肝臟細(xì)胞在多時(shí)間點(diǎn)的鐵死亡與自噬的作用。

      材料和方法

      1 主要試劑

      無水乙醇購自國藥集團(tuán)化學(xué)試劑有限公司;胎牛血清(fetal bovine serum, FBS)購自Biological Industries;DMEM高糖培養(yǎng)液等細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)試劑購自賽文創(chuàng)新(北京)生物科技有限公司;所需抗體購自Abcam。

      2 主要方法

      2.1細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)及分組AML12細(xì)胞購自中國科學(xué)院上海細(xì)胞庫,JS-1細(xì)胞和HepG2細(xì)胞為課題組原有細(xì)胞。AML12、JS-1和HepG2細(xì)胞分別使用完全DMEM/F12、DMEM低糖和DMEM高糖培養(yǎng)液培養(yǎng)。AML12和HepG2細(xì)胞實(shí)驗(yàn)組用100和200 mmol/L酒精處理,JS-1細(xì)胞實(shí)驗(yàn)組用100、150和200 mmol/L酒精處理,處理時(shí)間24~72 h。

      2.2CCK-8法檢測(cè)細(xì)胞活力將(1~2)×103mL-1的AML12、JS-1和HepG2細(xì)胞懸液,以每孔100 μL鋪到96孔板中,每組3個(gè)復(fù)孔,次日換用不同濃度(0~800 mmol/L)酒精處理24~72 h,棄舊培養(yǎng)液,每孔加入含10% CCK-8的完全培養(yǎng)液100 μL,孵育2 h,酶標(biāo)儀測(cè)定450 nm處吸光度,比較不同組間的細(xì)胞活力。

      2.3油紅O染色檢測(cè)細(xì)胞脂質(zhì)沉積AML12和HepG2細(xì)胞接種于24孔板中(每孔0.5×105個(gè)細(xì)胞),每組6個(gè)復(fù)孔,按照實(shí)驗(yàn)分組處理細(xì)胞后,固定液固定25 min,60%異丙醇浸洗5 min,油紅O染色液浸染15 min,Mayer蘇木素染色液復(fù)染1 min。

      2.4乳酸脫氫酶(lactate dehydrogenase, LDH)釋放測(cè)定肝細(xì)胞損傷水平同油紅O染色處理AML12細(xì)胞,取各組上清按照說明書指示進(jìn)行處理,室溫放置5 min,波長450 nm,酶標(biāo)儀測(cè)定吸光度。

      2.5Western blot檢測(cè)蛋白表達(dá)提取各組細(xì)胞總蛋白,BCA法測(cè)定蛋白濃度。100 ℃煮沸使蛋白變性??偟鞍捉?jīng)電泳分離,冰浴轉(zhuǎn)膜,5%脫脂奶粉室溫封閉2 h。加入Ⅰ抗4 ℃孵育過夜、Ⅱ抗室溫孵育2 h后,增強(qiáng)化學(xué)發(fā)光法曝光檢測(cè)相應(yīng)蛋白的表達(dá)信號(hào)。用ImageJ軟件分析蛋白條帶灰度值。

      3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析

      采用SPSS和GraphPad Prism 8軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析及作圖,結(jié)果以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(mean±SD)表示。組間均數(shù)比較采用單因素方差分析,兩兩比較采用LSD-檢驗(yàn)。以<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

      結(jié)果

      1 酒精對(duì)AML12、JS-1和HepG2細(xì)胞活力的影響

      CCK-8實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示,與對(duì)照組比較,酒精抑制AML12細(xì)胞活力與時(shí)間的延長和濃度的升高相關(guān),見圖1A; 50、100和150 mmol/L酒精處理24 h后JS-1細(xì)胞活力顯著增強(qiáng),而酒精處理48 h細(xì)胞活力則隨濃度升高而顯著受到抑制,見圖1B;50和100 mmol/L酒精處理24 h,HepG2細(xì)胞活力增強(qiáng),200、400和800 mmol/L酒精處理24 h,HepG2細(xì)胞活力減弱,但酒精處理48 h,HepG2細(xì)胞活力比24 h顯著減弱,且呈濃度依賴性抑制,見圖1C。

      Figure 1. Effect of ethyl alcohol (EtOH) on the viability of AML12 (A), JS-1 (B) and HepG2 (C) cells. Mean±SD. n=3. *P<0.05 vs 0 mmol/L.

      2 酒精對(duì)AML12和HepG2細(xì)胞脂質(zhì)沉積的影響

      酒精可使肝細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生脂質(zhì)沉積,油紅O染色液能夠通過最先浸染脂質(zhì)來體現(xiàn)出極其微小的脂滴。染色結(jié)果顯示,與對(duì)照組相比,AML12細(xì)胞脂質(zhì)沉積隨酒精濃度升高而沉積增多(<0.01),并且隨酒精作用時(shí)間延長而沉積增多(<0.05),見圖2A;酒精處理的HepG2細(xì)胞較對(duì)照組脂質(zhì)沉積明顯(<0.01),隨酒精作用時(shí)間延長而沉積增多(<0.01),見圖2B。

      Figure 2. Effect of ethyl alcohol (EtOH) on the lipid accumulation of AML12 (A) and HepG2 (B) cells (oil red O staining, scale bar=20 μm). Mean±SD. n=6. *P<0.05, **P<0.01 vs control group.

      3 酒精對(duì)AML12細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生LDH的影響

      不同濃度酒精干預(yù)AML12細(xì)胞24~72 h,LDH釋放結(jié)果顯示,與對(duì)照組比較,各組細(xì)胞LDH釋放有不同程度地增加,但酒精作用24 h有顯著差異(<0.01),100 mmol/L酒精處理后細(xì)胞LDH釋放量比200 mmol/L組有增多的趨勢(shì),見圖3。

      Figure 3. Effect of ethyl alcohol (EtOH) on lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release by AML12 cells. Mean±SD. n=3. *P<0.05, **P<0.01 vs control group.

      4 酒精對(duì)JS-1細(xì)胞中α-SMA、Col I和TGF-β1表達(dá)的影響

      JS-1細(xì)胞以不同濃度的酒精處理24和48 h,Western blot結(jié)果顯示,α-SMA和TGF-β1在50和100 mmol/L酒精處理下顯著升高(<0.05),且隨時(shí)間延長有下降的趨勢(shì),而TGF-β1在150 mmol/L酒精處理下顯著下降(<0.05),α-SMA在150 mmol/L酒精處理下有下降的趨勢(shì),經(jīng)各濃度酒精處理不同時(shí)間后Col I均顯著升高(<0.01),見圖4。

      Figure 4. Effect of ethyl alcohol (EtOH) on the expression of α-smooth muscle protein (α-SMA), transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and collagen type I (Col I) in JS-1 cells. Mean±SD. n=3. *P<0.05, **P<0.01 vs control group.

      5 酒精對(duì)AML12、JS-1和HepG2細(xì)胞鐵死亡相關(guān)因子SCL7A11、FTH1和GPX4表達(dá)的影響

      Western blot結(jié)果顯示,AML12細(xì)胞中SCL7A11、FTH1和GPX4蛋白表達(dá)在酒精處理48和72 h組均顯著上調(diào)(<0.01),除GPX4外在酒精處理24 h組顯著下調(diào)(<0.01),見圖5。

      Figure 5. Effect of ethyl alcohol (EtOH) on the expression of ferroptpsis-related proteins in AML12 cells. Mean±SD. n=3. *P<0.05, **P<0.01 vs control group.

      JS-1細(xì)胞中,SLC7A11蛋白表達(dá)在50和100 mmol/L酒精處理后顯著上調(diào)(<0.01),在150 mmol/L酒精處理后顯著下調(diào)(<0.05),F(xiàn)TH1和GPX4蛋白表達(dá)隨酒精處理時(shí)間的延長而下調(diào)(<0.01),見圖6。

      Figure 6. Effect of ethyl alcohol (EtOH) on the expression of ferroptpsis-related proteins in JS-1 cells. Mean±SD. n=3. *P<0.05, **P<0.01 vs control group.

      HepG2細(xì)胞中,F(xiàn)TH1和GPX4蛋白表達(dá)隨酒精處理時(shí)間的延長而下調(diào)(<0.01),隨處理濃度的增加而下調(diào)(<0.05);200 mmol/L酒精處理48 h,SCL7A11蛋白表達(dá)顯著低于100 mmol/L組,亦顯著低于24 h(<0.01),見圖7。

      Figure 7. Effect of ethyl alcohol (EtOH) on the expression of ferroptpsis-related proteins in HepG2 cells. Mean±SD. n=3. *P<0.05, **P<0.01 vs control group.

      6 酒精對(duì)AML12、JS-1和HepG2細(xì)胞自噬相關(guān)蛋白LC3表達(dá)的影響

      Western blot結(jié)果顯示,與對(duì)照組相比,AML12細(xì)胞LC3-II/LC3-I比值顯著升高(<0.05),且隨酒精作用時(shí)間延長而升高(<0.01),見圖8A;JS-1細(xì)胞LC3-II/LC3-I比值除50和100 mmol/L酒精處理48 h有升高趨勢(shì),其余組均顯著升高(<0.01),且隨酒精作用時(shí)間延長而降低(<0.01),隨酒精作用濃度增加而升高(<0.05),見圖8B;與對(duì)照組相比,HepG2細(xì)胞LC3-II/LC3-I比值均降低,尤其酒精處理48 h顯著降低(<0.05),見圖8C。

      Figure 8. Effect of ethyl alcohol (EtOH) on the expression of autophagy-related proteins in AML12 (A), JS-1 (B) and HepG2 (C) cells. Mean±SD. n=3. *P<0.05, **P<0.01 vs control group.

      討論

      酒精主要在肝細(xì)胞中代謝,促進(jìn)甘油三酯合成和外源性脂肪的攝取,刺激肝細(xì)胞脂質(zhì)沉積。以往研究表明,200 mmol/L酒精處理AML12細(xì)胞24 h,脂質(zhì)沉積明顯[11];50 mmol/L酒精處理HepG2細(xì)胞,亦出現(xiàn)明顯的脂質(zhì)沉積[12]。本研究進(jìn)一步表明,酒精作用后,AML12和HepG2細(xì)胞脂質(zhì)沉積呈濃度和時(shí)間依賴性增多。研究表明,酒精代謝物乙醛(25~200 μmol/L)處理LX2細(xì)胞(人HSCs)24 h,細(xì)胞被顯著激活[13];200 mmol/L酒精處理原代HSCs 48 h,細(xì)胞中α-SMA和Col I蛋白表達(dá)升高[11]。本研究中,低濃度(50和100 mmol/L)酒精處理JS-1細(xì)胞24 h,細(xì)胞被活化,釋放致纖維化因子,而150 mmol/L酒精處理使細(xì)胞活化和釋放TGF-β1程度明顯減弱。

      鐵死亡是一種細(xì)胞應(yīng)激,涉及異常的代謝包括鐵代謝和脂肪代謝等[14]。據(jù)報(bào)道,小鼠ALD模型總鐵和二價(jià)鐵明顯增多且GPX4和SLC7A11表達(dá)下調(diào)[15]。本研究顯示,AML12經(jīng)酒精處理24 h后,SLC7A11和FTH1蛋白表達(dá)下調(diào),但酒精處理48和72 h后結(jié)果逆轉(zhuǎn)。由于細(xì)胞死亡是存在多種形式的,所以鐵死亡的消減可能有其它細(xì)胞死亡方式的添補(bǔ)。也有研究顯示,300 mmol/L酒精處理HepG2細(xì)胞12 h,GPX4表達(dá)水平降低[16]。本研究更加全面地顯示鐵死亡是隨時(shí)間延長和濃度升高而增強(qiáng)的,與根據(jù)酒精動(dòng)物模型而預(yù)想的結(jié)果相一致。據(jù)報(bào)道,四氯化碳致肝纖維化小鼠模型中,誘導(dǎo)SLC7A11介導(dǎo)的鐵死亡可抑制HSCs激活和ECM積累而減輕肝纖維化[17]。在本研究中,GPX4和FTH1蛋白所致鐵死亡對(duì)JS-1細(xì)胞的抑制作用依賴時(shí)間延長而增強(qiáng),而SLC7A11蛋白則僅在150 mmol/L酒精處理下表達(dá)下調(diào),與α-SMA和TGF-β1蛋白變化一致。

      自噬具有細(xì)胞特異性,在肝細(xì)胞可調(diào)節(jié)穩(wěn)態(tài),但在HSCs則促進(jìn)其激活[18]。研究表明,在慢性酒精暴露模型中自噬減弱[19],但急性酒精作用下AML12細(xì)胞通過ROS生成誘導(dǎo)自噬增強(qiáng)[20]。本研究中AML12細(xì)胞自噬隨酒精作用時(shí)間延長而增加,這可能是肝細(xì)胞為緩解急性酒精損傷而產(chǎn)生的細(xì)胞應(yīng)激反應(yīng)。研究顯示,隨著酒精濃度的升高(0、50和100 mmol/L),HepG2細(xì)胞自噬受損更加嚴(yán)重[21]。本研究進(jìn)一步表明,HepG2細(xì)胞由于酒精所致的自噬受損,不僅隨濃度增加,而且也隨時(shí)間增加。HSCs的激活依賴于自噬降解細(xì)胞內(nèi)的脂滴來提供能量[22],而本研究中JS-1細(xì)胞經(jīng)不同濃度的酒精處理不同時(shí)間后自噬水平均升高,但更引人注意的是,自噬強(qiáng)度隨酒精作用時(shí)間延長而降低。AML12和HepG2細(xì)胞均被作為肝臟細(xì)胞中的肝細(xì)胞進(jìn)行研究,但二者的結(jié)果卻相反,HepG2細(xì)胞呈現(xiàn)的結(jié)果與動(dòng)物模型相一致,這其中的原因可能是AML12細(xì)胞受急性酒精作用更為敏感[20],所以HepG2細(xì)胞更合適作為研究鐵死亡的酒精細(xì)胞模型??傊?,本研究結(jié)果顯示,不同酒精濃度及酒精作用時(shí)間對(duì)肝臟不同細(xì)胞鐵死亡和自噬的影響是不同的,為臨床上針對(duì)不同發(fā)展階段ALD的診治提供了新思路。但是,具體的相關(guān)通路仍需要進(jìn)一步實(shí)驗(yàn)加以闡明。

      [1] Buko V, Zavodnik I, Budryn G, et al. Chlorogenic acid protects against advanced alcoholic steatohepatitis in rats via modulation of redox homeostasis, inflammation, and lipogenesis[J]. Nutrients, 2021, 13(11):4155.

      [2] Kirpich IA, Warner DR, Feng W, et al. Mechanisms, biomarkers and targets for therapy in alcohol-associated liver injury: from genetics to nutrition: summary of the ISBRA 2018 symposium[J]. Alcohol, 2020, 83:105-114.

      [3] Miyata T, Nagy LE. Programmed cell death in alcohol-associated liver disease[J]. Clin Mol Hepatol, 2020, 26(4):618-625.

      [4]秦源, 郭永紅, 王亞寧, 等. 鐵調(diào)素調(diào)控與肝臟疾病引起的鐵代謝紊亂[J]. 肝臟, 2016, 21(6):509-512.

      Qin Y, Guo YH, Wang YN, et al. Regulation of hepcidin and iron metabolism disorder induced by liver diseases[J]. Chin Hepatol, 2016, 21(6):509-512.

      [5] Tian Y, Lu J, Hao X, et al. FTH1 inhibits ferroptosis through ferritinophagy in the 6-OHDA model of Parkinson's disease[J]. Neurotherapeutics, 2020, 17(4):1796-1812.

      [6] Ingold I, Berndt C, Schmitt S, et al. Selenium utilization by GPX4 is required to prevent hydroperoxide-induced ferroptosis[J]. Cell, 2018, 172(3):409-422.e421.

      [7] Liu J, Kuang F, Kroemer G, et al. Autophagy-dependent ferroptosis: machinery and regulation[J]. Cell Chem Biol, 2020, 27(4):420-435.

      [8] Kisseleva T, Brenner DA. The crosstalk between hepatocytes, hepatic macrophages, and hepatic stellate cells facilitates alcoholic liver disease[J]. Cell Metab, 2019, 30(5):850-852.

      [9] López-Terrada D, Cheung SW, Finegold MJ, et al. Hep G2 is a hepatoblastoma-derived cell line[J]. Hum Pathol, 2009, 40(10):1512-1515.

      [10] Li X, Xu Z, Bai J, et al. Umbilical cord tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells induce T lymphocyte apoptosis and cell cycle arrest by expression of indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase[J]. Stem Cells Int, 2016, 2016:7495135.

      [11] An T, Zhang J, Lv B, et al. Salvianolic acid B plays an anti-obesity role in high fat diet-induced obese mice by regulating the expression of mRNA, circRNA, and lncRNA[J]. PeerJ, 2019, 7:e6506.

      [12] Shang Y, Jiang M, Chen N, et al. Inhibition of HMGB1/TLR4 signaling pathway by digitoflavone: a potential therapeutic role in alcohol-associated liver disease[J]. J Agric Food Chem, 2022, 70(9):2968-2983.

      [13] Lestari N, Louisa M, Soetikno V, et al. Alpha mangostin inhibits the proliferation and activation of acetaldehyde induced hepatic stellate cells through TGF-β and ERK 1/2 pathways[J]. J Toxicol, 2018, 2018:5360496.

      [14] Chen X, Li J, Kang R, et al. Ferroptosis: machinery and regulation[J]. Autophagy, 2021, 17(9):2054-2081.

      [15] Zhou Z, Ye TJ, DeCaro E, et al. Intestinal SIRT1 deficiency protects mice from ethanol-induced liver injury by mitigating ferroptosis[J]. Am J Pathol, 2020, 190(1):82-92.

      [16] Zhao Y, Lu J, Mao A, et al. Autophagy inhibition plays a protective role in ferroptosis induced by alcohol via the p62-Keap1-Nrf2 pathway[J]. J Agric Food Chem, 2021, 69(33):9671-9683.

      [17] Yuan S, Wei C, Liu G, et al. Sorafenib attenuates liver fibrosis by triggering hepatic stellate cell ferroptosis via HIF-1α/SLC7A11 pathway[J]. Cell Prolif, 2022, 55(1):e13158.

      [18] Weiskirchen R, Tacke F. Relevance of autophagy in parenchymal and non-parenchymal liver cells for health and disease[J]. Cells, 2019, 8(1):16.

      [19] Thomes PG, Trambly CS, Fox HS, et al. Acute and chronic ethanol administration differentially modulate hepatic autophagy and transcription factor EB[J]. Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 2015, 39(12):2354-2363.

      [20] Chen C, Wang S, Yu L, et al. H2O2-mediated autophagy during ethanol metabolism[J]. Redox Biol, 2021, 46:102081.

      [21] Guo X, Cui R, Zhao J, et al. Corosolic acid protects hepatocytes against ethanol-induced damage by modulating mitogen-activated protein kinases and activating autophagy[J]. Eur J Pharmacol, 2016, 791:578-588.

      [22] Thoen LF, Guimar?es EL, Dollé L, et al. A role for autophagy during hepatic stellate cell activation[J]. J Hepatol, 2011, 55(6):1353-1360.

      Roles of ferroptosis and autophagy in ethanol-induced liver cell injury

      ZHU Zihe1, ZHANG Qianqian2,3,4, ZHANG Qianqian3,4, LIU Lixin2,3,4△, XU Jun4,5△

      (1,,,030001,;2,,030001,;3,,030001,;4,030001,;5,,030001,)

      To investigate the effect of ferroptosis and autophagy on liver cell injury induced by ethyl alcohol (EtOH).Mouse hepatocyte cell line AML12 was treated by various concentrations (0 to 800 mmol/L) of EtOH for 24, 48 and 72 h. Meanwhile, mouse hepatic stellate cell line JS-1 and human hepatoblastoma cell line HepG2 were treated with different concentrations of EtOH for 24 and 48 h. The cell viability was measured by CCK-8 assay. The lipid deposition was detected by oil red O staining. The cells injury level was measured by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release. The expression levels of cell activation-related protein α-smooth muscle protein (α-SMA), transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), collagen deposition-related protein collagen type I (Col I), ferroptosis-related proteins solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11), glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) and ferritin heavy chain 1 (FTH1), and autophagy-related protein microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) were determined by Western blot.(1) Treatment with EtOH reduced the viability of AML12 cells in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. The lipid deposition was increased in a concentration- and time-dependent manner (<0.05). The LDH level was significantly increased 24 h after EtOH treatment (<0.01). The protein levels of FTH1 and SLC7A11 were significantly decreased 24 h after EtOH treatment (<0.01), while the ratio of LC3-II/LC3-I was increased with increasing EtOH treatment time (<0.01). (2) The viability of JS-1 cells was significantly increased 24 h after treatment with 50, 100 and 150 mmol/L EtOH. In contrast, the activity of JS-1 cells was substantially reduced 48 h after EtOH treatment. The protein levels of TGF-β1, α-SMA, and SLC7A11 were increased (<0.05) in JS-1 cells 24 h and 48 h after treatment with 50 and 100 mmol/L EtOH. Additionally, the protein expression of Col I was significantly increased (<0.01) across all EtOH treatment concentrations. The protein levels of GPX4 and FTH1, and the ratio of LC3-II/LC3-I were decreased with increasing EtOH treatment time (<0.01). (3) The activity of HepG2 cells was significantly reduced after EtOH treatment in a time-dependent manner. Moreover, the lipid deposition was increased in a concentration- and time-dependent manner (<0.01). The protein levels of FTH1 and GPX4 were decreased with increasing EtOH treatment time (<0.01) and concentration (<0.05). The protein level of SLC7A11 and the ratio of LC3-II/LC3-I in EtOH treatment groups were lower than those in control group.(1) Ferroptosis is decreased and autophagy is increased when the viability of AML12 cells is inhibited by EtOH. (2) Low concentration of EtOH promotes the activation and proliferation of JS-1 cells through the enhancement of autophagy, while high concentration of EtOH inhibits the activation and proliferation of JS-1 cells, and promotes the ferroptosis induced by down-regulation of SLC7A11. The autophagy of JS-1 cells is reduced and the ferroptosis is increased after EtOH treatment with increasing time. (3) The viability of HepG2 cells is inhibited and the lipid deposition is promoted through ferroptosis activation and autophagy inhibition.

      ethyl alcohol; hepatocytes; hepatic stellate cells; hepatoblastoma cells; ferroptosis; autophagy

      1000-4718(2023)07-1265-08

      2022-05-18

      2023-05-10

      劉立新 Tel: 13834238858; E-mail: lixinliu6@hotmail.com;徐鈞 Tel: 15103513388; E-mail: xujun@sxmu.edu.cn

      R575.1; R363.2

      A

      10.3969/j.issn.1000-4718.2023.07.013

      [基金項(xiàng)目]國家自然科學(xué)基金資助項(xiàng)目(No. 81670559);山西省省科技廳自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(No. 202103021224392)

      (責(zé)任編輯:盧萍,羅森)

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