吳佳麗?甘文佳?馮品寧
【摘要】目的 分析妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)孕婦孕期血脂水平的變化情況,探討孕期血脂水平與GDM及新生兒體重及臍血C肽之間的關(guān)系。方法 采用病例對照研究,收集673例孕婦的臨床資料,根據(jù)其孕中期75 g口服葡萄糖耐量試驗(OGTT)結(jié)果分為GDM組(150例)、糖耐量正常(NGT)組(523例)。采用Logistic回歸分析GDM發(fā)生的風險因素。采用Spearman相關(guān)性分析GDM孕婦血脂水平與新生兒體重和新生兒臍血C肽之間的相關(guān)性。結(jié)果 在孕早期階段,與NGT組相比,GDM組甘油三酯水平更高、脂蛋白a[Lp (a)]水平更低;在孕中期階段,與NGT組相比,GDM組總膽固醇及HDL-C水平更低;在孕晚期階段,與NGT組相比,GDM組甘油三酯及載脂蛋白A1/載脂蛋白B
(ApoA1/B)水平更高、ApoB水平更低(P均 < 0.05)。年齡(OR = 1.111,95% CI = 1.065~1.158,P < 0.001)和孕早期Lp(a)(OR = 0.660,95% CI = 0.454~0.960,P =0.030)是GDM發(fā)生的獨立因素。新生兒出生體重與孕婦年齡呈負相關(guān)(rs =?0.253,P=0.013),與產(chǎn)后BMI(rs = 0.241,P = 0.017)、孕期增重(rs = 0.270, P = 0.017)、分娩時胎齡(rs = 0.34,P = 0.001)呈正相關(guān)。在孕早期和孕晚期,新生兒出生體重與甘油三酯、ApoB呈正相關(guān),與ApoA1/B呈負相關(guān)。新生兒出生體重與孕晚期ApoE呈正相關(guān)(rs = 0.227, P = 0.025)。新生兒臍血 C 肽水平與孕中期(rs = ?0.218,P = 0.038)和孕晚期(rs = ?0.227, P = 0.031)的ApoE水平呈負相關(guān)。結(jié)論 GDM孕婦在妊娠早期就發(fā)生脂代謝紊亂。在妊娠期間,監(jiān)測血脂的變化,維持正常的血脂水平能有效控制妊娠期并發(fā)癥,減輕不良妊娠結(jié)局對母兒的影響。
【關(guān)鍵詞】妊娠期糖尿?。辉袐D;血糖;血脂;新生兒
Study of the correlation between serum lipid parameters during pregnancy and gestational diabetes mellitus and neonatal cord-blood C-peptide Wu Jiali, Gan Wenjia, Feng Pinning. Medical Laboratory Department, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
【Abstract】Objective To analyze the changes of serum lipid levels in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and the relationship between serum lipid levels during pregnancy and GDM, neonatal birth weight and cord-blood C-peptide. Methods In this case-control study, clinical data of 673 pregnant women were collected. According to the results of 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in the second trimester (Tr2), 673 pregnant women were divided into the GDM group (n = 150) and normal glucose tolerance (NGT) group (n = 523). The risk factors of GDM were identified by Logistic regression analysis. The correlation between serum lipid level, neonatal weight and cord-blood C-peptide in GDM pregnant women was analyzed by Spearman correlation. Results During the first trimester (Tr1), triglyceride (TG) level was higher and lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] level was lower in the GDM group than those in the NGT group. During Tr2, TC and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels in the GDM group were lower compared with those in the NGT group. In the third trimester (Tr3), TG level and apolipoprotein A1/B (ApoA1/B) ratio were higher and ApoB level was lower in the GDM group than those in the NGT group, with statistical significance (all P < 0.05). Age (OR = 1.111, 95%CI = 1.065-1.158, P < 0.001) and Lp(a) in Tr1 (OR = 0.660, 95%CI = 0.454-0.960, P = 0.030) were the independent factors of the incidence of GDM. Neonatal birth weight was negatively correlated with age (rs = -0.253, P = 0.013), whereas positively correlated with postpartal body mass index (BMI) (rs = 0.241, P = 0.017), gestational weight gain (GWG) (rs =
0.270, P = 0.017) and gestational age at delivery (rs = 0.34, P = 0.001). In Tr1 and Tr3, neonatal birth weight was positively correlated with TG and ApoB levels, whereas negatively correlated with ApoA1/B ratio. Neonatal birth weight was positively correlated with ApoE level in Tr3 (rs = 0.227, P = 0.025). Neonatal cord-blood C-peptide level was negatively correlated with ApoE levels in Tr2 (rs = -0.218, P = 0.038) and Tr3 (rs = -0.227, P = 0.031). Conclusions Pregnant women with GDM develop lipid metabolism disorder in Tr1. During pregnancy, monitoring the changes in blood lipids and maintaining normal blood lipid levels can effectively control the complications during pregnancy and mitigate the effect of adverse pregnancy outcomes on mother and neonate.
【Key words】Gestational diabetes mellitus; Pregnant woman; Glucose; Lipid; Neonate
妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)是指妊娠期間發(fā)生的糖代謝異常,是常見的妊娠并發(fā)癥之一[1]。目前我國GDM的發(fā)病率為12.8%~16.7%,呈逐年上升趨勢[2]。研究表明GDM是孕婦產(chǎn)后不良妊娠結(jié)局的危險因素,同時與胎兒的健康密切相關(guān)[3-5]。妊娠期間為滿足母體能量儲備的需求以及胎兒生長發(fā)育的需要,母體脂質(zhì)代謝會發(fā)生復雜變化。妊娠期的高脂血癥會導致胰島素抵抗和GDM的發(fā)生與發(fā)展。GDM也可誘導與胰島素抵抗一致的血脂異常狀態(tài)[6]。本研究通過分析GDM孕婦孕期血脂水平的變化情況,探討孕期血脂水平與GDM 及新生兒體重及臍血C肽之間的關(guān)系。
對象與方法
一、研究對象
選取2018年5月至2019年11月在中山大學附屬第一醫(yī)院進行常規(guī)孕檢的673例孕婦,根據(jù)孕中期75 g 口服葡萄糖耐量試驗(OGTT)結(jié)果,將研究對象分為GDM組(150例)、糖耐量正常(NGT)組(523例),進行病例對照研究。所有研究對象排除糖尿病合并妊娠、妊娠期高血壓疾病、感染性炎癥以及腫瘤等疾病。本研究經(jīng)中山大學附屬第一醫(yī)院倫理委員會批準(批件號:[2022]043),所有研究對象均知情同意。
二、方 法
1. 資料收集
通過查閱病例系統(tǒng)收集研究對象孕前及孕期臨床資料和實驗室檢查結(jié)果,包括以下資料:①基線資料,如妊娠年齡、產(chǎn)后體重、孕期增重以及胎齡;②實驗室檢查結(jié)果,包括孕1~13周(孕早期)、孕14~27周(孕中期)及孕≥28周(孕晚期)的血脂指標如甘油三酯、總膽固醇、HDL-C、LDL-C、載脂蛋白 A1(ApoA1)、載脂蛋白 B(ApoB)、載脂蛋白 E(ApoE)、脂蛋白 a[Lp(a)],產(chǎn)后 OGTT 結(jié)果如空腹血糖、餐后1 h 血糖和餐后2 h 血糖。
2. 孕期 GDM 診斷標準
以 2022 年美國糖尿病協(xié)會(ADA)標準作為 GDM診斷標準,75 g OGTT結(jié)果符合空腹血糖≥
5.1 mmol/L,餐后1 h 血糖≥10.0 mmol/L,餐后 2 h
血糖≥8.5 mmol/L這三項中的任意一項,診斷為 GDM。
三、統(tǒng)計學處理
采用 SPSS 26.0 軟件進行統(tǒng)計學分析。非正態(tài)分布計量資料采用M(P25,P75)表示。非正態(tài)分布計量資料兩組間比較采用Wilcoxon秩和檢驗,組內(nèi)比較采用重復測量設(shè)計的方差分析對孕早期、孕中期以及孕晚期的血脂水平進行比較。采用Logistic回歸分析確定GDM的相關(guān)因素,納入的變量為孕早期血脂相關(guān)指標,根據(jù)中位數(shù)將自變量分為2組,以變量<中位數(shù)組為參照組,將單因素回歸有意義(P < 0.01)的變量納入多因素Logistic回歸,采用向前逐步回歸法(LR 法)篩選自變量。使用Spearman秩相關(guān)分析新生兒出生體重及新生兒臍血C肽水平與孕期糖脂水平的相關(guān)性。P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。
結(jié)果
一、NGT組與GDM組孕婦的年齡、孕前BMI及實驗室檢查結(jié)果比較
NGT組孕婦的年齡為32(29,35)歲,孕前BMI為19.86(21.23,23.05)kg/m2;GDM組孕婦的年齡為31(34,37)歲,孕前BMI為20.03(21.62,23.66)kg/m2。2組孕婦的年齡、孕前BMI比較差異均無統(tǒng)計學意義(P均> 0.05)。
在孕早期階段,與NGT組相比,GDM組甘油三酯水平更高、Lp(a)水平更低;在孕中期階段,與NGT組相比,GDM組總膽固醇及HDL-C水平更低;在孕晚期階段,與NGT組相比,GDM組甘油三酯水平更高、ApoB水平更低(P均< 0.05)。在GDM組中,孕中期及孕晚期總膽固醇、LDL-C 及ApoA1水平高于孕早期。甘油三酯、ApoB及ApoE水平在妊娠期間逐步升高。孕晚期ApoA1/B 水平低于孕早期及孕中期(P均< 0.05)。見表1。
二、GDM 相關(guān)因素的Logistic回歸分析
單因素分析顯示,孕婦年齡、孕早期甘油三酯和Lp(a)水平與GDM相關(guān)(P均 < 0.05),見表2。多因素分析顯示,孕婦年齡(OR = 1.111,95% CI = 1.065~1.158,P < 0.001)和孕早期Lp(a)(OR = 0.660,95% CI = 0.454~0.960,P = 0.030)均為GDM的獨立危險因素。見表3。
三、GDM 患者血脂水平與新生兒體重和新生兒臍血C肽的相關(guān)性分析
在150例GDM孕婦所產(chǎn)的新生兒中,共收集 91例新生兒臍血C肽水平和98例新生兒出生體重。新生兒出生體重與孕婦年齡呈負相關(guān)(rs = -0.253,P = 0.013),與產(chǎn)后BMI(rs = 0.241,P = 0.017)、孕期增重(rs = 0.270,P = 0.017)、分娩時胎齡(rs =
0.340,P = 0.001)呈正相關(guān)。在孕早期和孕晚期,新生兒出生體重與甘油三酯、ApoB呈正相關(guān),與ApoA1/B呈負相關(guān)。新生兒出生體重與孕晚期 ApoE呈正相關(guān) (rs = 0.227,P = 0.025)。新生兒臍血C肽水平與孕中期(rs = -0.218,P = 0.038)和孕晚期(rs = -0.227,P = 0.031)ApoE水平呈負相關(guān)。見表 4。
討論
我國GDM發(fā)病率逐年升高,早期診斷可減輕疾病負擔。GDM的最佳篩查方案仍然存在爭議,美國糖尿病協(xié)會建議孕婦在孕24~28周通過OGTT 進行GDM篩查[7-8]。然而,在孕24~28周進行篩查可能太晚,很難預防與GDM相關(guān)的一些并發(fā)癥。對GDM進行更早的篩查可更早地高危人群進行干預,從而降低不良妊娠結(jié)局的發(fā)生率。
有研究顯示。在妊娠15周前進行有效的生活方式干預可降低GDM的發(fā)生[9]。胰島素聯(lián)合飲食干預后GDM孕婦能更好地控制血糖水平,從而改善妊娠結(jié)局[10]。雖然GDM的病因尚不明確,但肥胖及高齡的孕婦已經(jīng)被認定為高危人群[11]。Todoric 等[12]研究認為,妊娠期Lp(a)水平與GDM無關(guān)。本研究顯示,年齡和孕早期Lp(a)與GDM的發(fā)生相關(guān),且孕早期Lp(a)水平與GDM的發(fā)生呈負相關(guān)。研究結(jié)果的不同可能是由于Lp(a)水平與飲食、活動、基因遺傳等因素有關(guān),研究結(jié)果還需要更大樣本量的多中心研究來驗證。GDM 患者發(fā)生胰島素抵抗與胎盤分泌的激素有關(guān),除糖代謝紊亂外,孕婦也會出現(xiàn)血脂異常[13]。母體糖脂代謝異常對胎兒的心血管功能有著不良的影響,導致 GDM 的母親所生的孩子在成年后更易罹患心血管疾?。?]。本研究顯示,與NGT 組相比,在孕早期及孕晚期,GDM組甘油三酯水平更高;而在孕中期,GDM組總膽固醇及 HDL-C 水平更低。結(jié)果提示,GDM孕婦在孕早期就已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)血脂異常,孕中期孕晚期血脂代謝仍然異常,提示監(jiān)測整個孕期血脂變化是非常必要的。
一項包含565例GDM患者的研究表明,母親 ApoB 水平和甘油三酯/HDL-C比值可以預測妊娠期間巨大兒的發(fā)生[14]。另有研究表明,新生兒隨著出生體重的不斷增加,母親受傷、殘疾和死亡的風險逐漸增加[15]。母體代謝環(huán)境與新生兒生長發(fā)育密切相關(guān)。研究表明,母體高血糖會影響胎兒胰島素水平,從而影響胎兒脂肪合成[16]。上述研究提示,孕婦胰島β細胞功能障礙可能與新生兒肥胖有關(guān)。孕婦肥胖與新生兒肥胖密切相關(guān),孕期體重增加影響出生體重和新生兒脂肪量[17-18]。新生兒出生體重肥胖與兒童期BMI相關(guān)。Josefson等[16]研究表明,新生兒肥胖和臍血C肽可介導母體葡萄糖和BMI與兒童肥胖的關(guān)系。母體環(huán)境可影響新生兒發(fā)育。本研究觀察了妊娠期糖脂代謝與新生兒體重及臍血C肽的關(guān)系,結(jié)果顯示新生兒出生體重與年齡呈負相關(guān),與產(chǎn)后BMI、孕期增重、分娩時胎齡呈正相關(guān)。在妊娠早期和晚期,新生兒出生體重與甘油三酯、ApoB呈正相關(guān),與ApoA1/B呈負相關(guān)。新生兒臍血C肽水平與ApoE 在孕中期和孕晚期呈負相關(guān)。
綜上所述,GDM孕婦在整個妊娠期間均存在脂代謝紊亂。在妊娠期間,嚴密監(jiān)測血脂的變化,維持正常的血脂水平可能有助控制妊娠期并發(fā)癥、減輕不良妊娠結(jié)局對母兒的影響。
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(收稿日期:2023-03-03)
(本文編輯:林燕薇)