Summaries

New Evidence to Date the Discovery of the Sanxingdui Site to 1927

HuoWei，ChenHaixia

Summary： In recent years，the Sanxingdui Site in Guanghan，Sichuan，with its great number of new archaeological discoveries，has attracted attention of archaeological scholars from home and abroad. However，the exact date when the Sanxingdui Site was discovered has remained unsettled. In the past，there were two views on this matter：one setting the time at 1929，the other at 1931. More recently，some scholars dated the discovery to 1927.

The 1929 theory was put forward by Tong Enzheng in his article “Jade Relics Unearthed in Guanghan” which was based on Feng Hanji's field investigation in 1960. Feng and Tong once led teachers and students of archaeology from Sichuan University to conduct field investigations and trial excavations at the Sanxingdui Site，and they also interviewed the Yan family who had initially discovered those jade relics. However，the information they obtained may not be accurate.

The 1931 view first appeared in Lin Mingjun's 1942 paper “The Discovery and Excavation of Ancient Relics in Guanghan”，in which Lin mistook the time when Dong Yidu learned about the discovery of jade utensils in Hanzhou，mentioned in David C. Graham'sAPreliminaryReportontheHanzhouExcavation(1934)，as the date of the discovery of the site.

Both views were based on information reported by others，that is，indirect information whose accuracy could not be confirmed.

In 2006，Xu Jie，based on a paper published by Daniel Sheets Dye in 1931，dated the first discovery of jade relics at Sanxingdui to 1927. As Dye was one of earliest scholars who visited the site and conducted investigations there，his account is more reliable，although he only mentioned “four years ago” (that is，four years before 1931)instead of giving an exact date.

Recently，in our systemization of the old files and archives at Sichuan University Museum，we happened to find the English manuscript of David C. Graham'sDiaryonExcavationinHanzhou. Graham presided over the first archaeological excavation at the Sanxingdui Site in 1934，and his diary is no doubt a reliable source. Fortunately，Graham made a detailed record of when and how the Sanxingdui Site was first discovered，and definitely dated the time of its discovery to 1927. Based on this evidence，we are now sure that the Sanxingdui Site was first discovered in 1927.

Keywords： Sanxingdui Site；Yueliangwan in Guanghan；Archaeology study of the Shang-Zhou Dynasties；Ancient Shu Civilization

The Construction of “Meaning”

—The Characteristics of Confucian Utopia and Its Political Function in Traditional China

ZhangXingjiu

Summary： Confucian utopia has experienced two forms of evolution from “utopia in text” to “utopia in historical context”. The former，conceived in the Confucian classics，is a utopia that offers a detailed blueprint design for an ideal society in which there is a holy king similar to the messianic type，who can lead mankind to achieve the most perfect rule. There is no Christian “double country” gap between the real society and this type of utopia，so it is a blueprint-idolatry-like utopia similar to the West. The latter is a transcendental utopia that has been gradually washed away from empirical content in various historical contexts after the Qin and Han dynasties.

As the Confucian concept of the holy king was so perfect that no monarch in reality could match it，the history after the Qin and Han dynasties，in the eyes of the later Confucianists，was actually an era “without the holy king at work”. The Confucian conception of social system，such as the well-field system and the system of enfeoffment，was not practical，and coupled with the conflict between some ideas of Confucianism itself etc.，the Confucian utopia，of holy-king worship and the social blueprint planning，was gradually weakened and abstracted into a Bloch-like transcendent utopian spirit that expresses the “not yet” state，such as the Confucian concepts of justice and benevolence，the dissatisfaction with the status quo，and so on. The abstract and transcendental transformation and sublimation of Confucian utopia on the one hand dissipated the feasibility of its transformation into a realistic social movement and weakened the impulse to pursue radical social reform，and，on the other hand，built a relatively independent world of meaning on the basis of realistic politics and set up a model of perfect politics and the political values of “for the people” and “for the public”. This provided a certain space for questioning and reflecting on realpolitik，and to a certain extent reshaped the attributes of dynastic state，giving it a certain publicity，autonomy and self-regulation mechanism outside the “private world”. It is this transcendent Confucian utopia that，to a certain extent，broke the monopoly of the monarch and his state on the discourse power of the meaning of life，and provided a relatively independent “source of meaning” for many scholars，so that when they faced the pressure of a powerful monarch and his state apparatus，they could overcome the ultimate fear of death and destruction brought about by “deprivation of the meaning of life”；they could radiate powerful life energy，and show a certain independent personality.

In this way，when we return to the historical context rather than the text to examine the Confucian utopia，it is easier to see its positive influence in ancient China. At the same time，the study of the historical evolution of Confucian utopia and its political function may be enlightening for how to strike the best balance between political idealism and realism and how to improve human political wisdom.

Keywords： Confucian utopia；Blueprint utopia；Meaning world；Political function；Traditional China

Measuring the Risks of a Large-scale Return to Poverty in Rural Revitalization—Based on the Impact of Major Public Health Emergencies on the Income of Vulnerable Rural Households

WenHong，XinQiang

Summary：Rural revitalization is a key project for China to achieve modernization，and avoiding large-scale poverty is the bottom line of promoting rural revitalization in an all-round way. This paper discusses the risk of large-scale impoverishment in the process of rural revitalization，and answers a core question：Will major public health emergencies cause large-scale impoverishment in the process of rural revitalization？At present，the risk of a return to large-scale poverty in China is hidden in vulnerable rural groups，especially among those who have just emerged from poverty but whose position is far from secure，and those on the verge of poverty who can fall back in again easily. Major public health emergencies，with their unpredictable risks and continuous cycles of breakouts，are becoming the most serious factor that may cause these groups to fall back into poverty. Therefore，it is necessary to measure the impact of major public health emergencies on the scale of poverty，to ensure that a return to large-scale poverty will not occur.

Previous studies have revealed the mechanism of falling back into large-scale poverty in the process of rural revitalization，the defects with rural response to major public health emergencies，and proposed measures for optimization. Most of these researches analyze the risk of a return to poverty in the process of rural revitalization from a macro perspective，but few of them can scientifically assess the scale of this risk. However，we find that income is an important indicator of poverty vulnerability，which determines the strength of rural households' risk coping ability，and provides an important perspective for effectively assessing the risk of large-scale return to poverty. To measure the risk of large-scale return to poverty caused by major public health emergencies，we use the propensity score matching method (PSM)to scientifically estimate the impact of major public health emergencies on the net income，operating income，wage income and transfer income of vulnerable rural households，based on the field survey data of 968 vulnerable rural households in A province. Moreover，the impact effects of different family poverty attributes，family health status and family labor capital are compared.

Our empirical analysis shows that：First，although the net income of vulnerable farmers has withstood the impact of major public health emergencies，they rely more on the help of government transfer income. As long as the government transfer income changes，the family income of vulnerable farmers may be affected. Second，through the analysis of group differences，it is found that under the impact of major exogenous risks，more attention should be paid to rural households that are not poor，have good health status and have relatively abundant labor and capital. Based on the above empirical findings，it is necessary to stimulate the endogenous motivation of rural households，improve their ability to respond to risks，and achieve common prosperity from three aspects：attaching importance to the “hematopoietic” function，building an industrial defense line and optimizing the policy system.

Keywords： Rural Revitalization；Sinking back into poverty in large numbers；Risk measuring；Major public health emergencies；Propensity score matching method (PSM)

Rebuilding Structure and Reshaping Relationship：How digital Technologies Can Effectively Empower Urban Grassroots Governance

—Take the Governance of “One Network Management” in Z-Street Town of S City as an Example

GuLimei，SongYeqin

Summary： Grass-roots governance is the cornerstone of national governance. How to realize the modernization of grass-roots governance and improve the level of grassroots governance has been the core concern in the modernization of national governance system and governance capacity. Since the fourth Industrial Revolution，the iterative upgrading of digital technology has provided new development opportunities for the reform of urban grassroots governance. The grass-roots governments of various cities actively carry out innovative exploration of “technology+governance”，forming typical governance practices such as “whistle-blowing report，” “one-network management，” “four platforms of grassroots governance” and “Smart Chengdu” and so on，which effectively demonstrates the empowering potential of digital technology. But at the same time，there are also “pseudo-innovation” caused by “formalism” and “digital show-off”，resulting in the paradox of “negative” governance of technology. Therefore，the effectiveness of digital technology does not necessarily translate directly into the effectiveness of urban grassroots governance.

So how can digital technologies effectively empower grassroots urban governance？This problem has aroused the interest from both practical and theoretical circles. As far as the existing studies are concerned，few of them involve the internal mechanism of digital technology driving grassroots bureaucracy and bureaucratic behavior changes to optimize urban grassroots governance，and no systematic theoretical framework has been designed. Based on this，this paper introduces the perspective of technology embedment into the field of grassroots governance，constructs the “structure rebuilding-relationship reshaping” analytical framework，and analyzes the internal mechanism of urban grassroots governance empowered by digital technology in combination with the governance practice of “one-network management” in Z-Street Town of S City. The findings are as follows：digital technology can reshape the power operation mechanism and soften the boundary of segmentation through structural rebuilding，thus alleviating the structural dilemma of urban grassroots governance. By reshaping the boundaries of linking government and community and connecting departments through relationships，digital technology promotes the formation of grassroots collaborative symbiosis network. In addition，based on the research data of “one-network management” empowering grassroots governance in S City，it is found that digital technology still exists in the process of empowering grassroots governance of cities，such as digital “suspension” and the insufficient effectiveness of “government-citizen interaction”.

The reason behind the digital “suspension” may be that “bureaucratic governance” inhibits the vitality and autonomy of “simple governance”，and in the future，the relationship between the pressure system，bureaucratic system and grassroots autonomy can be balanced by giving play to grassroots party organizations and optimizing assessment indicators，so as to slow down the digital “suspension”. The cause underlying the insufficient effectiveness of “public-private interaction” may be that the logic of “upward responsibility” leads to the poor use of digital products，which reduces the enthusiasm of public participation. In addition，many matters that are suitable for offline disposal are required to be handled online，causing an overload problem in grassroots governance，and greatly reducing the speed of government's responsiveness. In the future，we should adhere to the people-centered approach to improve digital participation channels and scenarios，and mitigate the digital divide. At the same time，it is necessary to set reasonable boundaries between online and offline disposal of matters，reduce the burden of grassroots governance，and improve the agility of grassroots government response and the effectiveness of problem solving.

Keywords： Technology embedment；Grassroots digital governance；Urban grassroots governance；One-network governance；Digital empowering

Promoting Rural Common Prosperity with High-Quality Development in the Process of Chinese Modernization：Importance，Obstacles，and Approaches to Realization

WenFeng'an

Summary：Achieving common prosperity is one of the original ideals and missions of the Communist Party of China (CPC)，and high-quality development is the top priority for the comprehensive construction of a modern socialist country in the process of realizing Chinese modernization. At present，it is the key period to promote the construction of common prosperity in the process of realizing Chinese modernization，especially for the rural areas，and it is also the key period to promote the construction of socialist modernization with high-quality development. Realizing common prosperity is both an important element of Chinese modernization and an important task for the Party and the State at present and in the coming period. To further study the goal of building common prosperity，it is necessary to conduct a systematic study in conjunction with the solid promotion of the content of common prosperity. High-quality development is of great significance in promoting rural modernization and common prosperity for all people，as it is the centralized embodiment of the people-oriented development idea，the necessary initiative to solve the main contradictions and shortcomings in rural areas，and the practical guideline for the Party to lead the whole nation of all ethnic groups to promote the common prosperity. Since the new era，under the leadership of the CPC Central Committee and with the joint efforts of people of all ethnic groups across the country，China's rural areas have undergone radical changes，the quality of life of farmers，especially in relatively poor areas，has been greatly improved，and leapfrog development has been realized. However，the lack of modernization of rural production，living and ecology，mainly characterized by the imbalance and insufficiency of development between urban and rural areas，regions and groups，is still prominent，mainly reflected in the following aspects：the results of poverty alleviation and the strategy of rural vitalization are poorly articulated；the productivity of rural agriculture is on the low side and the scientific and technological content is not high；the elements of rural industrial development are lacking，and a high-quality industrial structure has failed to be realized；the supporting elements to guarantee rural development are not strong；and the shortcomings in the construction of a livable，workable and beautiful environment are prominent. In the new development stage，to do a good job of rural common prosperity，we should focus on reforming the identity card system based on the basic principle of promoting rural development in high-quality development，improving the level of agricultural automation and rural modernization，establishing high-quality and efficient industrial systems to jointly promote the integrated development of the three industries in the countryside，continuing to deepen the comprehensive reform of the countryside guided by transforming the government's functions，strengthening the public services and governance system of the countryside，and improving the governance system and other paths to effectively promote the level of rural modernization and the road to common prosperity in high-quality development. In the new stage of development，it is even more important to devote ourselves to improving the quality of life of rural residents，continuously meeting the needs of the majority of peasants for a better life，and promoting the modernization of the countryside and the common prosperity of the countryside at an early date in the process of Chinese modernization in a high-quality manner.

Keywords： Chinese modernization；High-quality development；Rural common prosperity；Equalization of public services；Rural vitalization strategy

Riding a Tiger：The Hyperbola in the Governance of a Modern State

RenJiantao

Summary： The modern state is a behemoth. Facing a Leviathan，which can devour everything，is like facing a tiger that is difficult to tame and must be tamed. In the face of this tiger，there is no way for a society to avoid it，because society always needs a minimum of the state to maintain order. The society is in a dilemma of either taming the tiger or surrendering to it. Such a situation makes the operation of the country present an eye-catching hyperbola. First，if the country is controlled，it will be well governed. Second，if there is no way to control the country，its governance will be on a downward line. The upward line of the country's operation presents a high-spirited and vigorous state，which does not come from the will power of the state，but benefits from taming the state. The downward line of the country's operation appears as a clue from lazy government，mediocre government，chaotic government，bad government to tyranny and decadence. This is the result of the failure of the state to be tamed：the deformed structure of the state，the improper institutional arrangements，and the low quality of public officials inevitably lead to the unsatisfactory decline of the state，which is presented as failure in the competition between countries.

Comparatively speaking，lazy government and mediocre government are common phenomena that may occur under different political conditions，and they are the convergence manifestations of bureaucratic diseases. As an important dividing point between the upward and downward lines of national governance，disorderly government is the result of the power not respecting the rules or trying to act positively. If chaotic government is not restricted，it will lead to bad government. Bad government is a state in which those in power are completely free from the rules and govern with a kind of arrogance of power. In bad government，not only is the power unlimited，but the arbitrariness of power is increased，and the measures with which the power is imposed are significantly improper. Bad government often slides inexorably into tyranny when power is not well-controlled. Tyranny is the state where political power enforces governance by the machinery of violence. It is an unsustainable state of governance，either leading to the collapse of the state power or to social subversion. This is the bottom line of the downward line of national governance. Hold on to this bottom line，and the country can survive. Otherwise，the country sinks in an existential crisis. The causes of the downward line of national governance lie in the unchecked power，the negative mentality of society，and the arrogance within political systems and habits，which promote each other and endanger the survival of the country.

It can be seen from the correspondence between the country's upward and downward lines that if we try to ensure that the country checks the downward bottom line and maintains the upward track，we must tame the “tiger”. Because in the posture of governing the country like riding a tiger，we must either tame the beast or be devoured by it. In an attempt to ensure that the country's operations stay on an upward trajectory，it is imperative to subject the state power to the rule of law.

Keywords： Modern state；Governance；Hyperbola；Riding a tiger；Taming a tiger

The Advent of the Post-Territory &Post-Geopolitics Era—Based on the Transformation of Wealth Production Mode and War Forms

DengXize

Summary： Humans，even animals，have a natural concept of territory and geopolitics，which are extremely important. This concept was reasonable before World War II. However，after World War II，especially since the 1970s，the interaction of factors such as technological progress and global trade rules has led to significant changes in wealth production methods and forms of war. This has led to the increasing importance (weight)of science，technology，capital，and management in wealth production and national security，while the importance of territory andgeopoliticshas been decreasing，ushering the world to the Post-Territory &Post-Geopolitics Era.

Although the concept of post territorial geography is anti-natural and subverts the concepts of human history，it is actually very simple and can be derived from common information already available in the world today. Firstly，wealth production can be used as a theoretical coordinate，and then the changes of the role and importance of production factors such as territory，geography，technology，capital，and management in wealth production can be examined in the three historical stages：time before the Industrial Revolution，the period between the Industrial Revolution and World War II，and time since World War II. It can be seen that the Era of Post-Territory &Post-Geopolitics has arrived. Before the Industrial Revolution，both territory and geography were important. Between the Industrial Revolution and World War II，although there were significant developments in technology and institutions，they were still not mature enough，resulting in strong localized characteristics in production and a strong dependence on specific land. Moreover，geographical advantages still played an important role. Therefore，occupying territory，controlling geography as much as possible，and localizing production became the way to maximize wealth returns.

After World War II，there were two main reasons for the arrival of the Era of Post-Territory &Post-Geopolitics. Firstly，technological progress greatly improved human wealth production capacity，resulting in significant changes in wealth production methods and exhibiting significant de-localization characteristics；moreover，the role of science and technology，capital，and management in wealth production is becoming increasingly important，resulting in the emergence of “post-territory” or even “post-land” era. Secondly，technological progress has led to significant changes in the form of warfare，making it increasingly easy for weapons to break through traditional geopolitical barriers or spatial barriers，seriously weakening the military function of traditional geography，and thus greatly reducing the role of traditional geopolitical locations in maintaining national security，resulting in the emergence of “post-geopolitical” world.

The Gulf War was a weak signal from the post—territorial and post—geopolitical era，while current the Russia-Ukraine War is a strong signal. Although the world has actually entered the Post-Territory &Post-Geopolitics Era (fact logic)，it still adheres to traditional territorial and geopolitical views (cognitive logic)，and this cognitive error (especially the cognitive error of major powers)is the key reason for the existence of many avoidable geopolitical conflicts and potential crises in today's world.

Keywords： Post-territory；Post-geopolitics；Wealth production mode；War form

Transformation from Concept to Idea—A Reflection on Chen Shaoming's “Doing Chinese Philosophy”

ZengHaijun

Summary： For “Doing Chinese Philosophy”，the distinction between people，things and objects is not so important. No matter what it involves，“knowing people”，“saying things” or “observing objects”，what is important is that researchers no longer take the concept as the center，but pay attention to the ideas embedded in life experience，devote themselves to the creation of Chinese philosophy，and to experience the Chinese world view. Once the people，things and objects in the classic world are established，the research objects have been successfully transformed，thus forming a brand-new domain and completely changing the concept-centered writing of Chinese philosophy. Today，the study of Chinese philosophy is no longer concept-centered. This is，on the one hand，the result of the influence of Chen Shao-ming's “Doing Chinese Philosophy”，and，on the other hand，because many other scholars are changing the past concept-centered approaches with their own different research styles. Although there is no clear-cut claim that the concept is no longer the center，the actual research methods are echoing this new trend，so that the concept-centered research force is becoming weaker and weaker.

Through the analysis of thePrefacetotheOrchidPavilionas a kind of cultural relic，Chen thinks that it undoubtedly has the objectivity of existence，but its identity as an object cannot be separated from the function of “culture”. Therefore，he puts forward the view of “object” of spiritual phenomenon—that the objectivity of something comes from the thing itself，while the identity comes from its spirit. Chen's analysis makes thePrefacetotheOrchidPavilionstep out of the art history and become a great philosophical event. Without compromising its objectivity，its fixed identity now becomes fluid for the first time. The thing is still the same thing，its objectivity remains the same，but the identity of the thing as the thing needs to be involved in the participation of people and things. The road of metaphysics from viewing an object leads to the spiritual “thing” with “cultural relics” as its identity. By breaking the identity of “things”，or breaking the conceptual connotation of “things”，this analytical approach successfully reforms the idea of “things”，thus refreshing the situation of “Doing Chinese Philosophy”. Only by pushing the idea to the center can “Doing Chinese Philosophy” continue the metaphysical tradition of Chinese philosophy itself. The metaphysics of Tao and Utensil provides a brand-new idea，that is，the identity of a utensil is to be shaped in the continuous participation of people，things and objects，marking the most fundamental difference between the concept and the idea.

Based on the proposition that it is no longer centered on category or concept，but explicitly transformed to ideas-centered，“Doing Chinese Philosophy” is still methodological，which facilitates communication between ancient and modern times，and helps modern scholars to communication among themselves，thus promoting the creation in the study of Chinese philosophy.

Keywords： Concept；Idea；Chinese philosophy；Chen Shaoming

Admiration for the Indian Brahman Traditions and Reverence for the Rituals：The Burial Systems of Han Buddhism Monks during the Sui and Tang Dynasties

WangDawei

Summary： The burial systems of the Han Buddhism monks during the Sui (581-618)and Tang (618-907)Dynasties in China were distinctly characterized by a blend of Chinese and Indian Brahman traditions. The main modes of monk burials included the water burial，earth burial，cremation，and exposure burial，each with varying degrees of popularity. Water burials were relatively less chosen by monks，as the bodies submerged in water left no “mementos” worth commemorating or mourning，making it difficult for future generations to accept. Earth burial was the most mainstream burial mode for monks at that time，and it best met the basic requirements of Chinese rituals. Some monks had to relocate their graves due to family or clan reasons，but even so，their burial systems had to retain Buddhist characteristics. Earth burial is a good means to reconcile the cultural contradictions between Chinese and Indian Brahman traditions. Cremations are also not uncommon，with the basic form being the placement of cremated bones (Buddhist relics)into a stupa. Moreover，the cremation during the Sui and Tang Dynasties can also be seen as a kind of “ultimate burial system”. That is，after deceased monks underwent earth burial or exposure burial，it is possible that they may be reburied after they are exhumed or their Buddhist relics are collected by disciples. This often involves first cremating their bones and then placing them in a stupa for burial. Therefore，the burial system of some deceased monks is composite，which is a unique feature that distinguishes it from the burial rituals of common people. The distinctive exposure burial，due to its strong Indian Buddhist characteristics，occupies a highly important position in the burial system of monks at this time. This is also the most prominent manifestation of the influence of the Indian Buddhist concept of almsgiving on the burial system of Chinese Buddhism.

The burial customs of monks during the Sui and Tang Dynasties vividly demonstrated the concept of filial piety in traditional Chinese rituals. In the descriptions found on tomb inscriptions，there is hardly any discord between filial piety and Buddhism. On the contrary，many monks' tomb inscriptions not only record the monk's family background and career，but also express the filial piety of their disciples. The description of filial piety even becomes the core content of the tomb inscriptions，such as the extreme portrayal of the mourning and grief of the descendants，and the “mourning attire” emphasized in Confucian burial rituals also becomes an important feature of Chinese Buddhist burial rites. If the Chinese adaptation of Buddhism is the ultimate result of the spread of Indian Buddhism in China，then the recognition of filial piety revealed through Buddhist burial customs is a concrete manifestation of Buddhism's adaptation to China. The burials of Buddhist monks and nuns reflect various demands from individuals，families，and religious groups，and also carry distinct subjective features of the deceased. What they are considering is how to put into practice their understanding of Buddhist beliefs，but when it comes to specific burial systems，they also have to take into account the requirements of ceremonial rituals.

In the history of Chinese Buddhism，only during the Sui and Tang Dynasties were there so many different monastic burial modes，a unique cultural characteristic bestowed by this splendid era. Against the backdrop of Buddhism's adaptation to China，these monastic funeral rites were all influenced by Indian Buddhism without exception，constructing their unique features on the basis of Buddhist doctrines，while also striving for recognition of Chinese ceremonial rituals. At this time，the integration of Buddhist beliefs and Confucianism's Five Constants had already been well established.

Keywords： Burial system；Burial system of monks；Sui and Tang Dynasties；Han Buddhism；Earth burial；Exposure burial；Water burial；Cremation

Who Shall Inherit England？：Memory Collision and Inheritance in E.M. Foster'sHowardsEnd

WangXin

Summary： E.M. Foster's work，HowardsEnd，continues the tradition of “condition-of-England” novels in the Victorian era to explore and think about social realities of England. Foster describes the collision among the Schlegel sisters，the Wilcoxes and Luce，who respectively represent three different cultural memories. Through comparisons of symbolic meanings between London city culture and the country culture of Howards End，F(xiàn)oster also explores social questions，including the decline of moral and religion，and unemployment of the working class，despite the economic development and imperial expansion. Foster demonstrates his anxiety towards the future and the orientation of England，and initiates the famous memory question of crisis and inheritance，namely，“Who shall inherit England？” in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

The anxiety of the Schlegel sisters' wandering life in London，inner sins of the Wilconxes' suffering，and the uncontrollable fall of Leonard's collision of his world，these symptoms show deep internal divisions of social classes and collapse of the structures of feeling underneath the apparent Victorian grace，peace，prosperity and progress. All these social phenomena，whether they are the conflicted family relations or the obvious discomposure of social members' behavior and mental status，show a rupture of people from all classes with the stable and peaceful tradition. Accordingly，these conflicted and opposed elements inHowardsEndare essentially oppositions and collisions between different cultural memories.

The development，historical changes and class interests will influence us on how to define the past and how to inherit its value. Cultural memory is a course of being chosen and being interpreted. Luce inHowardsEndrefers the reader to the image of Demeter who is in charge of the earth and crops in the Eleusinian Mysteries. Representing a steadier and organic country life memory，this image aims to construct the more stable cultural symbolic structure and the more firm bonds among different classes. The connection between Luce and the earth resists the philistine middle class value of the Wilconxes，and her choice of Margret as her inheritor of Howards End forecasts that the latter will connect the English traditional ideals of culture and also lead the direction of the industrial class. This inheritance of Howards End indeed is the result of British cultural memory choice，in which the country life memory is put on top of other images. Connecting different interests and memories，the image of Howards End becomes the ultimate choice recognized by the public in the particular community. In this way，F(xiàn)oster tries to build Howards End in the novel as the realm of memory which owns emotional identification，belonging and cohesion.

Keywords： “Condition-of-England” novel；Memory collision；Memory inheritance；Realm of memory

The Paradigm and Reflection of Chinese Aesthetic History Writing in the 20th Century

HuYoufeng

Summary： The formation，development and evolution of Chinese aesthetics in the 20th century constitute a grand history of aesthetic development，forming a multi-level overall system including theoretical knowledge and disciplinary discourse，which had promoted Chinese aesthetics from classical form to modern form. However，the study of aesthetic history writing not only includes theoretical ontology research，but also requires research on its research methods，research paradigms，overall structure，and logical thinking. It is necessary to deeply elucidate the different paradigms of aesthetic history writing，highlighting the structural，historical，and continuous characteristics of “meta history” research. As a result，the “History of Chinese Aesthetics in the 20th Century” presents a dual “knowledge-based” and “ideological” writing paradigm，highlighting a diverse landscape in the research of aestheticians，theoretical categories，aesthetic issues，aesthetic schools and debates，and aesthetic literature and historical materials.

Based on the ontology of aesthetic theory，the knowledge-based writing paradigm emphasizes the connection，integrity and genealogy of knowledge within aesthetics，and highlights the logical correlation of different theories. Aesthetics is regarded as a kind of professional and scientific knowledge from the perspective of “internal research”，which demonstrates the academic independence of aesthetic research and aesthetic history writing. The paradigm of knowledge-based writing is mainly divided into three types：“writing with the aesthetic ideas and theories of specific aestheticians as the writing object”，“writing with aesthetic academic debates as the writing object”，and “writing with aesthetic history from the perspective of the relationship between ancient and modern aesthetics”.

The ideological writing style regards aesthetics as an organic component of social culture，emphasizing the “symptomatic” research methods and ideological effects of aesthetics，effectively integrating “internal research” and “external research” of aesthetics，and achieving thematic research on the social background，historical context，changing mechanisms，and cultural values of aesthetic development，which had constructed an aesthetic history writing paradigm that emphasizes social historicity，cultural connection，and ideological integrity. The ideological approach highlights the characteristics of “modernity perspective”，“thematic historical approach”，“aesthetic ideal historical paradigm”，“relationship between aesthetics and politics”，and “cross-cultural perspective” in aesthetic history books，and grasps the deeper ideological pulse of the era hidden behind aesthetic theory.

At the same time，there are still some problems that need to be solved in the study and writing of aesthetic history. On the one hand，aesthetic issues such as “aesthetic literature”，“l(fā)ogical thinking”，and “spiritual extraction” summarize and sublimate the value of two writing paradigms of aesthetic history，expanding the knowledge framework of aesthetic history research. On the other hand，it also provides necessary knowledge resources and research methods from a reflective perspective，seeking more space for breakthroughs in the writing of aesthetic history.This will not only help enrich the knowledge system of aesthetics，but also effectively construct the discourse system of Chinese aesthetics in the cultural context of the new era and spread the voice of Chinese aesthetics.

Keywords： History of Chinese aesthetics in the 20th century；Writing paradigm；Aesthetic spirit；Aesthetic redemption

On Paul Recoeur's Hermeneutics of Action

ZhangJin，PuRui

Summary： Hermeneutics pays too much attention to the “solid” language texts，so that the hermeneutic theory of “l(fā)ived” action has been in a relatively poor position. Paul Ricoeur's “hermeneutics of action” starts from action，and returns to action through textual mediation. By de-psychologizing the concepts of “understanding” and “interpretation” and further transforming the meanings of “understanding”，“interpretation” and “explanation”，he analyzes the transformation process of “textual hermeneutics” to “hermeneutics of action”，and then expounds the mutual penetration of “explanation”，“understanding” and “interpretation” in action of text. Once the text is formed，it has its own materiality and objectivity，and its meaning needs to surpass the author's original intention in the later reading and comprehension. It is not only “saying” something，but is also “doing” concrete things as a practical actor. The intention of the author or the actor cannot play a dominant role in the event，but is merely one of the factors influencing the outcome of the event. Ricoeur penetrates criticalness into the interpretation of “distanciation”，believing that the action of text makes “distanciation” into being，and it is impossible to return to the previous context. So，it is a process of “decontextualization” and “recontextualization”.

Compared with Hans-Georg Gadamer's “practical hermeneutics” that returns to tradition，Ricoeur's “hermeneutics of action” is more inclined to criticize tradition，which is a kind of planning and preparing for the future. The “distanciation” brought about by the action of the text does not cause the non-objectivity of the interpretation，but conditions the understanding and interpretation of the text and the action. Action is not composed of a single actor，but the coordinated operation and “improvisation” of “multiple-agent”. The actors as human beings are not the “subject” in the traditional philosophical sense；instead，they are bound by the action with some initiative，understanding themselves in the process of giving up themselves. Ricoeur's “hermeneutics of action” is a “downward” way to return to epistemology in the history of hermeneutics，which undoubtedly reserves space for re-critical reflection on hermeneutics itself.

Although “hermeneutics of action” does not get rid of the “l(fā)anguage/symbol modality” completely，it is rooted in classical hermeneutics theory making the “solid” language text “relived”，and reveals part of the operation mechanism of action. It gives birth to a new interpretation mode of “action”，echoing and joining the contemporary trend of trying to change the hermeneutic theory. When Ricoeur's “hermeneutics of action” meets the contemporary emerging action theory，it might generate a “hermeneutics of action” theory which would have more interpretive efficacy and lead to a multimodal “event hermeneutics” in the end.

Keywords： Paul Recoeur；Hermeneutics of action；Recontextualization；Multiple-agent；Language/symbols modality； Event hermeneutics

A Historical Review of the First North Korean Nuclear Crisis

—Based on the Empirical Analysis of Newly Declassified U.S. Archives

LiLi

Summary： The current nuclear crisis on the Korean Peninsula stems from the escalation of the first North Korean nuclear crisis. After the crisis broke out，the United States launched the first public high-level bilateral talks with North Korea. A joint statement was issued，wherein North Korea agreed to temporarily suspend its withdrawal from theNuclearNon-ProliferationTreaty，supported the denuclearization goal outlined in theSouth-NorthJointDeclaration，and the United States solemnly pledged not to use nuclear weapons and other force against North Korea，and not to interfere in its internal affairs.

However，after the second round of talks，as North Korea focused its attention primarily on the United States，the United States and North Korea were unable to reach an agreement on International Atomic Energy Agency verification，North-South dialogue，and exchanges of special envoys. U.S.-DPRK bilateral relations became tense. To avoid diplomatic impasse，the United States decided to resume bilateral negotiations with North Korea and proposed a comprehensive agreement. This triggered strong opposition from South Korea. To alleviate South Korea's concerns，the United States decided to link the third round of U.S.-North Korea talks with the resumption of envoy exchanges between North and South Korea.

The U.S. and North Korea reached a preliminary “Super Tuesday” agreement，agreeing to take four measures on the same day. Nevertheless，implementing the “Super Tuesday” agreement is fraught with challenges. On the one hand，North Korea has accused the IAEA of demanding de facto routine and special inspections，repeatedly claiming that it has a special status in the NPT and is not obligated to accept such inspections. On the other hand，North Korea opposes the exchange of special envoys between North and South Korea as a prerequisite for launching the third round of high-level talks between the United States and North Korea. The breakdown of negotiations between North and South led to the collapse of the “Super Tuesday” agreement and the rapid deterioration of the situation on the Korean Peninsula. The crisis came to a head when North Korea removed fuel rods from the reactor and refused to allow international inspectors to collect test samples. Fearing that North Korea might take extreme actions under pressure，the U.S. planned airstrikes against North Korea without abandoning diplomacy and strengthening military preparations.

At this critical juncture，former U.S. President Carter's visit to North Korea sent a signal that North Korea was willing to return to diplomatic negotiations. Seizing this opportunity，the U.S. and North Korea returned to the negotiating table and reached a framework agreement to address the North Korean nuclear issue.

However，there are many concerns in the agreement，mainly as follows：the U.S. policy toward North Korea is linked to its overall foreign strategy，which affects the consistency of resolving the North Korean nuclear issue；the U.S. policy toward North Korea needs to take South Korea's position into consideration；and the U.S. policy toward North Korea is restricted by bureaucratic politics. The problems inherent in the Framework Agreement also laid the groundwork for new tensions in U.S.-North Korea relations and the situation on the Korean Peninsula，leading to the re-emergence of the North Korean nuclear issue.

Keywords： The United States；North Korea；North Korean nuclear crisis；Framework Agreement

The Yichang Project of the Sichuan-Hankou Railroad and the Agitation of Railroad Protection in Sichuan

XuYue，GaoLong

Summary： The affairs of the Sichuan-Hankou railroad are closely related to the Sichuan Railroad Protection Agitation，but so far little attention has been paid to the only project under construction—Yichang Section in Hubei—of the Sichuan-Hankou Railroad Company. This is not conducive to our understanding the railroad policies and railroad agitation in late Qing from the perspective of railroad project and railroad affairs.

The construction of the Sichuan-Hankou railroad was deeply influenced by the will of late Qing governors such as Xiliang and Zhang Zhidong，and that the construction project would start from Yichang soon became the “preconception” of many Sichuan officials and gentry. Therefore，Sichuan Railroad Company hastily started construction，and without scientific investigation，sufficient feasibility study，and consistent opinions，it adventurously and blindly started building the arduous and costly Yichang-Wanxian section. Naturally the Yichang Project faced numerous difficulties from the very beginning，and its delay directly led to the transformation of the Qing court's railroad policy. After launching the construction in Yichang in 1909，Sichuan-Hankou Railroad Company soon faced many difficulties，such as difficult routes，construction difficulties，public criticism，and a shortage of stock funds，which caused a dilemma in the construction of the project and its achievements were quite limited. With the occurrence of the sensational “Shanghai Losses Case” in 1910，the “collapse and delay” of Sichuan railroad construction became a certainty，causing both the court and the people to rethink the existing railroad policies，and eventually leading to the introduction of measures such as nationalizing the railroads and borrowing loans for railroad construction by the Qing court. Under the leadership of high-level officials such as Sheng Xuanhuai，these measures were soon adopted to replace the frequently problematic and delayed commercial railroad construction by provinces.

After the implementation of the Qing government's policy of nationalizing railroads in 1911，there were significant differences regarding the handling of railroad affairs between the railroad company's gentry in Chengdu and Yichang. Li Jixun and other gentry of the Yichang branch office，given the difficult situation of the Yichang railroad project and the turbulent situation of workers in the construction section，increasingly focused on maintaining the stability of Yichang Project and properly tiding up various assets of the company. Later，they proposed countermeasures to preserve the railroad funds and continue the railroad project. Deng Xiaoke，Luo Lun，and other Chengdu gentry believed that the loan contracts of the four countries meant loss of their rights and their control of railroads. They immediately set up the Sichuan Railroad Protection Association to “break the contract and protect the railroads”. Afterwards，they recklessly proposed opposition countermeasures to withdraw railroad funds and stop the railroad project. These disagreements and disputes led to a deepening prejudice among the Chengdu gentry towards the Yichang gentry，resulting in the emergence of various extreme means such as dismissal，and threat of assassination，turning the Railroad Protection Agitation into radicalization. After the Chengdu Strike caused by the controversy over the appointment and dismissal of Li Jixun，the Railroad Protection Agitation in Sichuan became uncontrollable，ultimately leading to a break with the Qing government.

A re-examination of Yichang Railroad Project will help supplement some missing links of Sichuan railroad history，which will help the academic circle to understand Sichuan Railroad Protection Agitation.

Keywords： Sichuan Railroad Protection Agitation；Yichang Branch of Sichuan-Hankou Railroad Company；Yichang-Kuizhou and Yichang-Wanxian railroad route；Nationalizing major railroads policy；Li Jixun

Criminal Security Risks and Criminal Law Prevention Mechanism in the Digital Economy Era

JiangTao

Summary： The digital economy is a digital form of economic development，exhibiting characteristics such as platformization，chaining，and non-regionalization. The integration and development of technologies such as artificial intelligence，blockchain，and big data with economic development not only lead to the digital transformation of traditional crimes，but also form a huge network black and gray industry，which brings criminal security risks in finance，network and information，intellectual property，and other aspects，posing serious challenges to criminal law legislation and criminal justice.

Criminal law theory needs to respond positively to this from both legislative and interpretive perspectives. From a legislative perspective，the active prevention of criminal law has its limits and should adopt a development model of “combining criminal law governance with diversified governance，synchronizing legal governance with technological governance，emphasizing both source governance and key governance，and integrating the clarity of the criminal law with the accusation of crime”. From the perspective of interpretive theory，the new forms of crime that have emerged in the digital economy era have raised new issues regarding traditional criminal law theories such as jurisdiction theory，illegality theory，attribution theory，and accomplice theory.

It is necessary to propose and construct a activism interpretive theory. This roughly includes four aspects：(1)The prerequisite for jurisdiction within the domain is to maximize the principle of facilitating the investigation and punishment of cybercrime，and a centralized and specialized jurisdiction model can be considered，that is，the higher-level public security organs or people's courts can concentrate cybercrime cases and entrust them to specific public security organs or people's courts for unified centralized jurisdiction. (2)With the development of the digital economy，the types of illegal behavior in cybercrime have been expanded，and the evaluation standards and focus of illegal results will shift. For the illegal evaluation of cybercrime and information crime，it is necessary to shift from “result without value” to “behavior without value”，and this “behavior without value” also needs to be further distinguished. (3)The joint accountability of individual responsibility and platform responsibility is different from other crimes in the attribution mode of online crime. Online platforms have important significance in crime prevention，and it is necessary to moderately strengthen the attribution of online platforms. For example，based on the principle of integrating platform，data，and algorithms，it is necessary to reconstruct the purpose and system of liability based on standardized protection，data flow，and information security. From a legal perspective，it is necessary to clarify the relationship between platform obligations and the crime of refusing to fulfill network security management obligations，data flow and infringement of public personal information，algorithm abuse and assistance in information network criminal activities，in order to solve the problem of liability determination for network crimes. (4)According to the theory of the constituent elements of chain type individual crimes，joint crimes should not be recognized based on the traditional theory of accomplice. The evaluation focus of network type joint crimes is on the illegal form of behavior，which requires changing the previous judgment standards of “conspiracy as the center，responsibility as the center，and contact as the core”，and developing the judgment methods and standards of “principal offender as the center，illegality as the center，and causality as the core”.

Keywords： Digital economy；Network black and gray production；Activism interpretive theory；Fragmentation of constituent elements；Criminal security risks；Technical governance

Limits of Criminal Law Protection for Platform Order in the Digital Economy Era

JiYang

Summary： The platform economy model is the most active form of the digital economy. Compared with the traditional pipeline economy，its most notable characteristic is the efficient interaction mode：the network platform is no longer an ordinary intermediary that simply matches supply and demand but controls each user and even dominates the relevant market. In this regard，Chinese government has adopted the model of “weak supervision and strong protection”. Before administrative management，the platform management norms formulated by online platforms，especially large platforms，took the lead in undertaking market management functions，and these management norms formed the platform order. Due to the market influence of the platform，the platform order has the appearance of “public order”，such as market economic order and social management order，and once the platform order is disrupted，it is likely to have a negative impact on all participants. There are two ways to handle the legal protection of platform order in practice：one is to maintain the order of market competition through market regulation laws such as the Anti-Unfair Competition Law. The other is to deal with it through the Criminal Law on the grounds of maintaining public order. At the level of the Anti-Unfair Competition Law，courts often use the traditional tort law model to define unfair competition，directly treating competitive interests as the “property” of the platform and “rightizing” the competitive advantages of a particular platform，resulting in excessive protection of the platform order. The misinterpretation of competing interests has further led to the excessive protection of the criminal law：the simple violation of platform rules is directly recognized as a crime that infringes on the legal interests of property or even public order. However，digital economy platforms have never been for the purpose of public welfare but use the power of platform data to maximize economic interests，and the dominant platform will inevitably reject competition，and the platform order tends to monopolize the order.

At the same time，the platform relies on data power to break the traditional “power-right” binary structure and obtain a status similar to that of a public power subject. But it cannot be acknowledged that platform order is equivalent to or concealed by social order if platform power is understood to be distinct from political power. In the digital market，attention should be paid to the underlying logic of the platform economy and its market competition，“l(fā)imiting power” and “increasing responsibility” for platforms. We should respect the platform's obligation to promote competition，tolerate the “interference” of the platform order，and adjust the existing concept of platform order protection in accordance with the purpose of protecting legal interests that the civil law，economic law，and criminal law each emphasize. First，the Anti-Unfair Competition Law gives priority to the evaluation of acts that disrupt the normal operation of online products or services. Secondly，the “use of platform rules” to infringe on the legal interests of platform property should return to the scope of adjustment of the Civil Code. Finally，for acts that infringe on the property interests of the platform or its operators and users，we should distinguish between property crimes and computer data crimes. Violations of the order of the platform should not be directly used as the basis for criminal liability，avoiding the use of criminal law as a tool for maintaining the capital advantage of the platform.

Keywords： Digital economy；Platform order；Data power；Legal interests of order；Restricting criminalization

Interpreting Online Violence Behavior and Tracing the Source of Its Danger：Criminal Governance of Online Violence

FuYuming，LiuXinshuai

Summary： The social harm of online violence is becoming increasingly prominent，and there is an urgent need for criminal law to respond. The difficulty in criminal governance lies in the lack of standards for the degree of infringement of legal interests and the need to determine whether the subject needs to be punished or not. The criminal governance of online violence should not only avoid the mismatch between the infringement of legal interests at the practical level and the illegal evaluation at the normative level，but also return to the source of danger to prevent the erosion of freedom of speech. The resolution to this problem lies in deciding on punishment and the need for punishment. The object of criminal governance for online violence belongs to the category of behavior and should be deconstructed as the behavior triggered by online violence. The phenomenon of online violence is collective，irrational，large-scale human flesh search and online language violence，and the behavior triggered by online violence is correspondingly divided into three types：fact exposure，fact distortion，and value distortion，which are essentially information transmission behavior. According to existing laws and regulations，the behavior triggered by online violence can be evaluated as infringing on citizens' personal information，defamation，and insulting behavior，with characteristics of aggressive information，object specificity，and quantity accumulation. Unlike traditional violations of citizens' personal information，defamation，and insults，online violence requires quantitative evaluation due to the accumulation of information. Although the existing model of quantity crime can provide quantitative standards，the judgment of quantity still needs to seek substantive basis to match the degree of legal interest infringement and avoid excessive formalization.

The solution to the problem of punitive nature should revolve around the judgment of the degree of legal interest infringement. The behavior caused by cyberbullying not only causes damage through information transmission，but also undermines the order of cyberspace information management. Legal interest infringement has a dual nature of personal legal interest and cyberspace information management order legal interest. The latter belongs to order legal interest，with the ultimate goal of protecting personal legal interests as the underlying layer. As a barrier layer，it can provide a unified judgment standard for the degree of legal interest infringement，and the destruction of the order of cyberspace information management can be quantified as the number of clicks，browses，and reposts. In terms of whether to punish or not，a cumulative crime model should be adopted，and the overall degree of legal interest infringement should be represented through a quantitative indicator. The solution to the issue of punitive nature should focus on tracing the source of danger，in order to avoid the cold cicada effect and the tendency of excessive instrumentalism in criminal law，and to avoid tracing the danger of the perpetrator on the basis of illegal evidence.

The principle of proportionality should be introduced to achieve the minimum cost of criminal governance of online violence through cooperation between human and social standards，achieve the internal goal of protecting legal interests in criminal law，while avoiding the erosion of freedom of speech outside the law，and alleviate the relationship between the right to punishment and individual rights of citizens. The principle of appropriateness should be used to determine the abstract danger caused by cyberbullying behavior，and the unity of quantitative form and substantive judgment should be achieved by combining the level of economic development with the actual effects of cyberbullying behavior. We should pursue the principle of necessity to minimize damage in the criminal governance process，and comprehensively evaluate the necessity of preventing the perpetrator based on the number of objective actions，subjective purpose，and triggering possibility，in order to achieve hazard tracing. We should achieve the minimum cost and maximum efficiency of criminal governance based on the principle of balance，adhere to the principle of restraint in criminal law，and maintain the last resort in connection with administrative sanctions. By implementing strict but appropriate measures，one can trace the source of danger and maximize the effectiveness of criminal governance.

Keywords： Online violent action；Need for punishment；Offender with abstract danger；Principle of proportionality

Academic Inheritance，Mutual Learning among Civilizations，and Discursive Construction

—Cao Shunqing's Conceptual Innovation and Practice on the Cultivation of Chinese-Major Graduate Students

ZhangShuaidong

Summary： This article provides a general review of Professor Cao Shunqing's teaching and academic accomplishments over the last 40 years by an introduction to the project “Academic Inheritance，Mutual Learning among Civilizations，and Discursive Construction：The Conceptual Innovation and Praxis on the Cultivation of Chinese-Majored Graduate Students.” The scale of China's graduate education has doubled over the past decade，and the general level of modern education has been improved above the average，which made “quality” a core issue for the talent cultivation at present. Cao argues that the graduate students majoring in Chinese，however，are now commonly suffering from the lack of basic training，weak ability in mutual learning among civilizations，and over-reliance on Western discourse. In response to this predicament，Cao carried out 15 projects of educational reform successively，through which he has gained abundant experience. In his forty-year career，he has been the tutor of more than 300 brilliant graduate students，some of whom have grown to be winners of the National Labour Day Medal，various kinds of national Top-notch Talent，senior professors and so on.

As an exemplary teacher of moral integrity，Cao has been known for his rigorous scholarship at Sichuan University. He points out that the emphasis on academic inheritance is a historical return to the universal law of education，and it will lead to a profound reflection on the assembly-line talent cultivation pattern pursued by modern universities. As another principle in Cao's educational idea，“mutual learning among civilizations” is a theme of the times for cultivating outstanding Chinese postgraduates as well as the pursuit of the Chinese program at Sichuan University. The definition of “civilization”，the concept of global transmission of civilizations，and the writing of the history of civilization were once dominated by Western scholars，whose obvious Western centrism obscured the real involvement of other civilizations in human history. Cao therefore realized that comparative literature should not serve as an institutionalized tool for the West to exert its influence globally. He proposes the idea of establishing the Chinese School of Comparative Literature to expand our academic horizons. In terms of comparative literature，Cao pointes out that a severe situation we were confronted with was the lack of a theory for research and teaching practice which is indeed relevant to the needs of our country. Centering on the theoretical construction of Comparative Literature as a discipline，he puts forward the Variation Theory，which has been widely accepted by international academia as an original Chinese discourse，breaking through the so called “hegemony” articulated by David Damrosch. By now Variation Theory has been extensively applied to the practice of graduate students' teaching and academic guidance.

Faced with the significance issue of improving the quality of talent cultivation，which is vital to the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation，Cao reflects on the existing graduate education mechanism and creatively puts forward the idea of “academic inheritance，mutual learning among civilizations，and discursive construction”. This project serves the national strategy of building top-level higher education and continuing the comprehensive educational reform. Cao's successful experience provides a model that can be drawn upon for the cause of China's higher education in the liberal arts.

Keywords： Academic Inheritance；Mutual learning among civilizations；Discursive construction；Comparative literature；Cultivation of graduate students