基于語篇分析理論探尋“七選五”的解題技巧

湖北 張 勛

閱讀是高中英語的重要組成部分，閱讀理解能力也是高考英語考查的重要能力之一。英語學習者可以通過閱讀獲取重要信息，了解不同的文化，增長見識，培養(yǎng)其學習能力、思維能力、語言能力和文化意識，從而落實英語學科核心素養(yǎng)。但是很多學生在閱讀方面普遍存在一些問題，如習慣逐詞逐句地閱讀或者遇到新單詞馬上查詞典，導致閱讀速度較慢；認識文章中的每個單詞，卻不會歸納文章的中心思想；對文章的理解僅僅停留在字面意思，忽略上下文之間的邏輯聯(lián)系以至于不能區(qū)分新信息和舊信息，因而無法理解文章的深層含義。這說明學生缺乏語篇整體意識，總是孤立地理解語篇中的單詞和語法。這也說明學生未達到《普通高中英語課程標準（2017 年版2020 年修訂）》（以下簡稱《課程標準》）的要求，即要求學生能識別語篇中的主要事實與觀點之間的邏輯關系，識別語篇為傳遞意義而選用的主要詞匯和語法結構，識別語篇中的內容要點和相應的支撐論據(jù)。

“七選五”實際上是把一篇完整的文章碎片化設空，要求考生將選項一一還原至空格處?！犊荚囌f明》對該題型的命題目的的表述為“主要考查考生對文章的整體內容和結構以及上下文邏輯意義的理解和掌握，”這就說明“七選五”對于考生的語篇分析能力要求很高。通過對2019—2022 年高考英語全國卷“七選五”試題的分析，我們不難發(fā)現(xiàn)一些選材規(guī)律和命題特點（如下表）。

考生可以運用語篇分析理論技巧，從篇章的理解出發(fā)，先分析篇章結構，然后分析句子與句子之間、段落與段落之間的銜接，可以在通覽全文的同時了解文章主題。同時在這一過程中考生還可以掌握句子在表達篇章整體意義時所起到的作用，從而更好地解決“七選五”這一難題，提高做題效率與準確率。

語篇分析理論的實施有三個維度：1.宏觀閱讀，整體把握文章。主要了解語篇的背景知識和題材框架，劃分篇章的各層級并確定其主題思想；2.微觀細節(jié)閱讀。主要涉及對語篇的詞句、邏輯連接、段落與層次的分析，尋找信息傳遞的邏輯紐帶，分析句子和段落間的銜接方式，深入理解段落與層次的主題思想并且加深對于語篇的全面理解；3.還原吸收閱讀。在仔細理解語篇內容大意的基礎上，把破碎的文章還原，并通過升華思想，提升做題的準確率和效率?；谡Z篇分析理論的三個維度，結合該題型的命題規(guī)律，筆者通過分析2019—2022 年高考英語全國卷試題來歸納總結進行“七選五”閱讀的常規(guī)步驟：

1.通讀全文，把握主旨：文章結構、主題句、寫作內容；

2.解讀選項，做出選擇：選項關鍵詞、上下文信息詞；

3.分析：文章的銜接手段和上下文邏輯關系；

4.回讀原文，排除干擾：確定選項。

一、通讀全文，把握主旨：文章結構、主題句、寫作內容

【2021 年全國甲卷】

Swap.Don’t shop!

You keep hearing about recycling,right? But it doesn’t end with bottles,cans,and paper.Clothing takes a huge amount of natural resources（資源）to make,and buying loads of new clothing（or throwing out old clothing）is not healthy for the environment.So what to do with all those perfectly-goodbut-you’re-maybe-a-little-sick-of-them clothes piled on your bedroom floor? 36 .It’s the best way to get rid of your used clothes,score clothes from your friends,and have a party all at the same time.

…

●Set a starting time.Maybe you say“go”,or turn on a certain song,or whatever. 40 .And don’t forget to put out some cookies and fruits.Remember,it’s a party!

第一步，通過以下三個問題來進行語篇整體分析：

第二步，從分析閱讀理解“七選五”語篇的宏觀結構特點入手，通過觀察設空的位置，可以得出下列規(guī)律：

1.空格在段首：一般為主旨概括句（文章整體內容）、段落小標題或主題句，作用通常為引出下文，一般是名詞短語或祈使句，特征非常明顯。

【2018 年全國卷Ⅱ】

●Your productivity is improved.Exercising makes you more awake...

...

● 39 Studies found that people who woke up early for exercise slept better than those who exercised in the evening.Exercise energizes you,so it is more difficult to relax and have a peaceful sleep when you are very excited.

A.You will stick to your diet.

B.Your quality of sleep improves.

C.You prefer healthy food to fast food.

【答案】B。

【解析】設空處后文提到早起的人比晚上睡覺之前進行鍛煉的人的睡眠質量要高，因為鍛煉會讓人更加興奮（從而更難以入睡），因此推知B 選項應該是主題句，概括后文內容。故選B。

● 38 Staying self-disciplined requires motivation.It can be hard to stay motivated if you feel like you haven’t made any progress so far.Tracking progress makes you aware of how much you’ve done and encourage you to keep going.

A.Measure your goals.

B.Build a support system.

C.However,it is easier said than done.

【答案】A。

【解析】設空處后文建議人們隨時記錄和關注自己取得的進步，因此可推知A 選項是主題句，概括后文內容。故選A。

2.空格在段中：一般為過渡性的句子（文章結構）或是注釋性的句子（上下文邏輯意義），句間邏輯關系緊密，起承上啟下的作用。

【2022 年全國甲卷】

Some of these cultural dining etiquette rules may seem random and strange,but they are important in various countries. 40 ,the more comfortable you’ll begin to feel with its foreign cultural practices.

A.The more friends you make in your lifetime

B.The more time you spend in any given country

【答案】B。

【解析】后文提到“你就會對外國文化習俗感到越舒服”，而只有更多地接觸不同國家的餐飲文化才能做到，B 選項是過渡句，起到承上啟下的作用。故選B。

3.空格在段尾：主旨概括句（文章整體內容）一般是總結句，或是對主題句的進一步闡述和提煉升華。

【2019 年全國卷Ⅲ】

Don’ts

? Don’t share personal information or stories.Professors are not trained nurses,financial aid experts or your best friends.If you are in need of a deadline extension,simply explain the situation to the professor. 39

A. That’s what they are for.

B. Turn to an online instructor for help.

C. If more information is needed,they will ask.

D. Remember that online professors get a lot of emails.

E. Below are some common do’s and don’ts for online learners.

F. Everyone has taken a not-so-great class at one time or another.

G.Ask questions,but make sure they are good,thoughtful questions.

【答案】C。

【解析】設空處前文交代，如果要延長期限，只需要向老師解釋一下情況，C 項“如果需要更多的信息，他們會問你”是對前文的進一步闡述。故選C。

二、解讀選項，做出選擇：選項關鍵詞、上下文信息詞

通常情況下，做“七選五”試題時我們要關注詞匯復現(xiàn)。詞匯復現(xiàn)包括原詞重復，使用同義/近義詞（表達）、上下義關系詞和廣義詞。不同形式的詞匯重復可以使句子相互連接，使語篇更具有連續(xù)性，也可以避免文章詞匯貧乏、語言蒼白的問題，也為學生高效快速做題提供了可能性。

1.原詞復現(xiàn)

【2019 年全國卷Ⅱ】

Imagine a child standing on a diving board four feet high and asking himself the question:“Should I jump?”This is what motivation or the lack of it can do.Motivation and goal setting are the two sides of the same coin. 36 Like the child on the diving board,you will stay undecided.

F.Motivation is what you need most to do a good job.

G.Without motivation,you can neither set a goal nor reach it.

【答案】G。

【解析】設空處前文中Motivation and goal setting 和G 選項中的Without motivation 屬于原詞復現(xiàn)，主題一致。故選G。

2.近義詞（表達）復現(xiàn)

【2019 年全國卷Ⅱ】

Remember that goals are flexible. 39 They also need to be measurable.

D.So why should we try to set specific goals?

E.They can change according to circumstances.

【答案】E。

【解析】E 選項中的change 和前文中的flexible 是一對語義上的近義表達。故選E。

3.反義詞（表達）復現(xiàn)

When we change our jobs or schools,it often leaves us without a friend. 36 But for many of us the process is difficult and requires courage.

A.Making new friends comes easy for some people.

B.For a friendship to develop you need to stay in touch.

【答案】A。

【解析】通過后文中的But 可知前后文是轉折關系，A 選項中的easy 和后文中的difficult 正好是一對反義詞，且A 項 與設空處后一句都圍繞交新朋友這一主題。故選A。

4.同根詞復現(xiàn)

Making a trip to the kitchen could be a fun way to spend an afternoon indoors! 38 Cooking will give all of you a lot of opportunities to work on something.

A.It would stay as a memory of the activity.

B.Everybody in the family could gather and cook a meal.

【答案】B。

【解析】設空處后文提到的Cooking 和B 選項中的cook 是同根詞。故選B。

※同源/根詞指的是同一個單詞的變體，可以是動詞、名詞等。如fall– fell– fallen– falling；

lie– lied– lying,lie– lay– lain -lying（不同時態(tài)）,beauty– beautiful– beautifully -beautify,depend– dependent–dependence（不同詞性）,mate– roommate– schoolmate–classmate,man– superman– policeman– chairman– postman（相同詞根）。

5.同疇詞復現(xiàn)

Don’t buy a lot of expensive and new gear (裝備).Some skiers who owned nice winter jackets couldn’t go on the trip.36 “I have a neighbor who let me borrow some of his gear.That was very helpful,”says 13-year-old Mike.

C.I fell down and I was glad that I was wearing a helmet.

D.Don’t think that you ski well enough not to wear a helmet.

G.So they lent their clothes to other skiers.

【答案】G。

【解析】設空處前文提到了winter jackets，在G 選項中的clothes 的范疇內。故選G。

※常見的同疇詞有很多，僅以下表進行舉例說明：

6.代詞線索

【2018 年全國卷Ⅰ】

Over the years，there have been a number of different techniques to help designers approach this important point.37，they can get a little complex.But good news is that there’re really only three kinds of decisions you need to make about color in your home: the small ones,the medium ones,and the large ones.

A.While all of them are useful

B.Whatever you’re looking for

C.If you’re experimenting with a color

【答案】A。

【解析】設空處前文提到的a number of different techniques 和后文中的they 為指代關系，且they 和A 選項中的them 所指內容一致。故選A。

三、分析文章的銜接與連貫手段

在《英語的銜接》一書中，韓禮德（Halliday）和哈桑（Hasan）認為銜接是一種語義關系：當語篇中的某一語言成分需要依賴另一語言成分來解釋時，便會產生銜接關系。銜接是實現(xiàn)語篇連貫性的重要手段。常見的邏輯關系詞匯見下表：

1.并列關系

【2022 年新高考Ⅰ卷】

One reason was: “You’ll actually show up if you know someone is waiting for you at the gym,”while another read:“ 36 ”

A.Your first meeting may be a little awkward.

B.A workout partner usually needs to live close by.

C.You’ll work harder if you train with someone else.

【答案】C。

【解析】根據(jù)前文提到的while another read 可知，前后兩句話是并列的，C 選項中的someone else 和文中的someone 構成并列關系。故選C。

2.遞進關系

The website www.echinese.com provides you with a variety of online courses,such as Chinese idioms,dialogues and customs. 36 Here you can learn to sing some Chinese songs,enjoy Tang poems and watch Chinese movies.

A.Besides,it will help you learn Chinese in most interesting and effective ways.

B.As the old saying goes,“You’re never too old to learn.”

【答案】A。

【解析】設空處前文提到該網(wǎng)站可以提供各種網(wǎng)絡課程，后面提到還可以在網(wǎng)站上學習唱歌、欣賞唐詩、觀看中文電影，由此可知前后文內容應為遞進關系，Besides 意為“而且”，是遞進關系的標志詞。故選A。

3.轉折關系

【2022 年全國乙卷】

? Don’t rely on technology alone.

36 ,but long-distance friendships — even close ones —may require more conscious effort to sustain.Try to seek out chances to renew friendships.How to do it? Just spend face-toface time together whenever possible.

E.Friends need to talk about their preferred methods of communication

F.It is easy to have a sense of connectedness through social media

G.You may be the friend who left or the one who was left behind

【答案】F。

【解析】根據(jù)文中的but 可知，前后文是轉折關系。后文提到“但是遠距離的友誼——即使是親密的友誼——可能更需要有意識地去努力維持”，因此前文應該是介紹維持友誼的容易（easy）。故選F。

4.對比關系

【2022 年新高考Ⅰ卷】

First of all,decide what you want from that person. 37 Or do you just want to be physically fit,able to move with strength and flexibility?

C.You’ll work harder if you train with someone else.

D.Do you want to be a better athlete in your favorite sport?

E.How can you write a good“seeking training partner”notice?

【答案】D。

【解析】后文中提到的just want to be physically fit 和D 選項中的a better athlete 這兩種鍛煉的目的構成了對比關系。故選D。

5.因果關系

36 The US government wants to change that.The government will spend three billion dollars on the education of young Americans in science,technology,engineering,and math.The four areas together are known as STEM.

A.Not enough American students want to be engineers,mathematicians,or scientists.

B.Most of the American students love science,technology,engineering,and math.

【答案】A。

【解析】由設空處后文提到美國政府決定花大力氣改變這種情況可推知，導火索應該是大多數(shù)孩子不愿意成為工程師、數(shù)學家或者是科學家，前后形成因果關系。故選A。

6.解釋例證關系

【2022 年新高考Ⅰ卷】

Her notice included what kind of training she wanted to do,how many days a week and how many hours she wanted to spend on each session,and her age.It also listed her favorite sports and activities,and provided her phone number. 39

E.How can you write a good“seeking training partner”notice?

F.Just accept your differences and learn to work with each other.

G.Any notice for a training partner should include such information.

【答案】G。

【解析】根據(jù)G 選項中的such information 可知，前文是對G 選項的具體說明和解釋，前文的訓練項目、訓練時間、年齡等都是信息的具體例證。故選G。

在面對高考閱讀理解“七選五”試題時，考生應該使用語篇分析理論，全面深刻地理解語篇，才能夠“見著知微”、見微知著，兩者結合，一定可以解決“七選五”這一難題。