A new bleb-independent surgery namely penetrating canaloplasty for corticosteroid-induced glaucoma: a prospective case series

INTRODUCTION

Secondary intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation is common in steroid responders to glucocorticoids

. Long-term ocular hypertension may bring with glaucomatous optic nerve damage, that is, corticosteroid-induced glaucoma

. The underlying mechanism may involve increased resistance of aqueous humor in flowing through the trabecular meshwork(TM)

. Besides trabeculectomy

, a standard surgical procedures for glaucoma, corticosteroid-induced high IOP can be managed with trabeculotomy

, trabectome

,nonpenetrating deep sclerectomy

, canaloplasty

,viscocanalostomy

, gonioscopy-assisted transluminal trabeculotomy (GATT)

, Kahook Dual Blade goniotomy

,Ahmed glaucoma valve

, and XEN Gel Stent

. However,their outcomes have not been assessed with large case-control studies.

In this case series, penetrating canaloplasty was successfully performed in all the 10 eyes, and the IOP in 9 eyes was decreased without anti-glaucoma medications. Follow-up data proved the encouraging efficacy and safety of this surgery.

In the development of corticosteroid-induced glaucoma,basement membrane-like materials (positive for type IV collagen) amass in each layer of TM and fine fibrillar materials deposit beneath the inner endothelium of Schlemm’s canal

.We treated corticosteroid-induced glaucoma with penetrating canaloplasty that combines the advantages of canaloplasty(internal filtration and bleb-free) with trabculectomy (a patent communication between the anterior chamber and the Schlemm’s canal but with the sclera flap hermetically sutured).In this surgery, the aqueous humor passes through physiological route

dual conduits: Schlemm’s canal and the passage between the anterior chamber and Schlemm’s canal.Many patients with corticosteroid-induced glaucoma cannot discontinue glucocorticoids due to their primary diseases.Therefore, this dual-channel surgery can prevent the effect of TM’s further lesions during a long term. In the present study,this surgery achieved an ideal control of IOP off medication,suggesting its high efficacy for these patients.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

3) The illuminated microcatheter (iTrack by iScience Interventional, Menlo Park, CA, USA) was then inserted and advanced through the 360° Schlemm’s canal, until out of the opposite end.

Subjects and Preoperative Examinations All patients were diagnosed with corticosteroid-induced glaucoma that was medically uncontrolled (with a definite history of corticosteroid use, IOP still rises to more than 21 mm Hg under maximal tolerable medical treatment, with concomitant glaucomatous optic disc damage and corresponding visual field defects).

Inclusion criteria: 1) corticosteroid induced high IOP; 2) IOP exceeded 30 mm Hg after maximal medical interventions,despite cessation of corticosteroid therapy (if possible) for at least 3mo; 3) fundus and visual field showed concomitant glaucomatous optic disc damage and corresponding visual field defects; 4) gonioscopy demonstrated wide and open angles and an intact Schlemm’s canal. Exclusion criteria: 1) other secondary glaucoma, 2) refusal to sign the consent form.

Surgery This surgery was pioneered by Dr. Liang YB and patented in the United States (http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=%2F netahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-bool.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&co1=AND&d=PTXT&s1=15%2F362,478&OS=15/362,478&RS=15/362,478). All 8 patients (10 eyes) underwent penetrating canaloplasty by an experienced glaucoma surgeon Liang YB. The procedures are listed below.

Use of corticosteroid was recorded. All participants received a comprehensive ophthalmic examination within one week before the surgery, which included best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), slit-lamp biomicroscopy, gonioscopy,IOP measurement with Goldmann applanation tonometer,fundus examination with a 90 D and non-mydriatic fundus photography, and Humphery SITA standard 24-2 perimetry,and retinal nerve fiber layer assessment with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT).

“整個(gè)世界是一塊布，將所有的人串聯(lián)起來。每個(gè)人都與我相聯(lián)系，我也與他們相聯(lián)系，就好比披肩的線。拉出其中一根，整個(gè)披肩就會塌陷。每個(gè)進(jìn)入我生活的人都影響著披肩的圖案?！?389)

另外，三維模型的建立有利于材料統(tǒng)計(jì)工作的實(shí)施。傳統(tǒng)項(xiàng)目中的儀表材料用量通常都是估計(jì)量加裕量，主要依靠設(shè)計(jì)人員的經(jīng)驗(yàn)來確定，材料用量很難準(zhǔn)確控制，容易導(dǎo)致施工中出現(xiàn)糾紛，最終的結(jié)果就是材料用量超預(yù)算采購量。在三維模型中，設(shè)計(jì)人員可以根據(jù)變送器、接線箱、閥門等儀表設(shè)備的位置，準(zhǔn)確計(jì)算電纜、氣源管、支架等各類安裝材料數(shù)量，大幅提高了材料統(tǒng)計(jì)的準(zhǔn)確性，既有利于成本控制，也能做到有據(jù)可查。

1) A superior rectus traction suture or a corneal bridle traction suture was placed to expose the surgical field, then a fornixbased conjunctival incision and a 4×4 mm

superficial scleral flap of 1/2 scleral thickness were constructed.

2) Beneath the first flap, a smaller and deeper scleral flap(2×2 mm

) was sculpted. A routine paracentesis incision was made to lower the IOP, so as to obviate the risk of trabeculodesceme membrane detachment. Schlemm’s canal was opened and unroofed by the removal of the external wall.The deep scleral flap (2×2 mm

) was then dissected away and both ostia of the canal were repeatedly visco-dilatated with high molecular weight hyaluronic acid (Healon GV), just as procedures in viscocanalostomy.

Ethical Approval This is a prospective interventional study(No.ChiCTR1900020511). The study complied with the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Ethics Committee of the eye hospital of Wenzhou Medical University(YX2018-016). Every subject voluntarily signed the consent form.

為了提高土壤肥力，促進(jìn)核桃生長，在整地的時(shí)候也要及時(shí)施足基肥，基肥以有機(jī)肥為宜，或者選用充分腐熟的農(nóng)家肥，每畝土地施用有機(jī)肥20-30 kg、鈣鎂磷肥1.5 kg，將肥料與土壤攪拌均勻之后施入定植穴中部，提高土壤肥力。為了提高樹苗移植成活率，在移栽之前應(yīng)該要將幼苗放在水中浸泡3小時(shí)左右，或者用泥漿蘸根。苗木栽培的深度可以略微高于幼苗在原來苗圃中的深度，過淺栽培或者過深栽培都不適宜核桃生長。

4) After ligation of a 10-0 polypropylene wire to the distal tip of the microcatheter, the laser microcatheter was retreated.Every two hours, the high polymer sodium hyaluronate (Helon GV, pharmaia company, USA) was injected to expand the Schlemm’s canal with the aid of a special screw-driven syringe.After the withdrawal of the microcatheter, the suture was then replaced in the Schlemm’s canal. After the Schlemm’s canal was fully expanded, the suture was knotted under tension.

5) The trabecular tissue (2×2 mm

) deep at Schlemm’s canal was cut off and forwarded. The respective iris root was cut.

Basic characteristics of the patients are summarized in Table 1.The mean follow-up time was 20.4±13.0mo (range 6-48mo).The mean preoperative IOP and number of anti-glaucoma medications were 45.1±6.5mm Hg and 3.3±0.5, respectively.The mean IOP at 3, 6, 12, 18, 24, 36, and 48mo were 15.8±6.0,14.7±3.3, 15.3±2.0, 15.6±2.6, 17.5±1.8, 16.5±4.9, and 14.0 mm Hg, respectively. The number of anti-glaucoma medications at these time points were all 0 (Table 2). IOP was well controlled in 9 cases off medication, but not reduced in 1 eye of a patient at 1mo after the surgery. Then this patient received ultrasound cycloplasty, trabeculectomy with mitomycin C (MMC), needling subsequently in the following 7mo, but all failed. A drainage valve was implanted at last. At last follow-up, the IOP in this case dropped to 18.5 mm Hg.Gonioscopy confirmed that prolene sutures were precisely positioned within the Schlemm’s canal for the entire follow-up period in all cases. UBM after penetrating canaloplasty shows no subconjunctival filtration bleb (Figure 2). Microhyphaema occurred in 3 eyes, but disappeared within one week through spontaneous absorption. Postoperative transient IOP spike occurred in two eyes which cropped up from one week to one month after surgery. One eye developed choroidal detachment which responded well to conservative treatment. No other complications were observed during or after the surgery. For uveitic eyes, two eyes had no recurrence of the inflammation postoperatively, four eyes had varying degrees of uveitis reactivation and an addition of corticosteroid.

5.面板方差分解技術(shù)。面板方差分解分析京津冀城市群土地綜合承載力與區(qū)域經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展系統(tǒng)每一個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差新息沖擊對土地綜合承載力、人均GDP、地均第二、第三產(chǎn)業(yè)增加值變量變化的方差貢獻(xiàn)度。[17]首先進(jìn)行皮爾森(Pearson)相關(guān)分析，結(jié)果表明，在1%顯著性水平下，京津冀城市群土地綜合承載力與人均GDP的相關(guān)系數(shù)為0.984，土地綜合承載力與地均第二、第三產(chǎn)業(yè)增加值的相關(guān)系數(shù)為0.972，人均GDP與地均第二、第三產(chǎn)業(yè)增加值的相關(guān)系數(shù)為0.967，系統(tǒng)兩兩之間存在顯著的相關(guān)性。因此，根據(jù)系統(tǒng)PVAR模型，對LCCC，PGDP和LIIV內(nèi)生變量進(jìn)行滯后10期的方差分解(見表5)。

Patients were treated with tobramycin and dexamethasone eye drop and ointment, which were tapered in one month after surgery. IOP and anterior segment were measured after surgery.Follow-up and Outcome Measurements Patients were intensively followed up on the first week after the surgery and the following time points (1, 3, 6, 12, 18, 24, 36, and 48mo). The main observation index included all baseline examinations and IOP, number of glaucoma medications, intraand postoperative complications, and additional interventions.Morphology of the filtering bleb was assessed using slit-lamp microscope and ultrasound biological microscopy (UBM).

Surgery was defined as success according to postoperative IOP≤21 mm Hg and IOP reduction by ≥20% with (qualified success) or without (complete success) medical treatment.Antiglaucomatous medications were prescribed when IOP was above 21 mm Hg (Figure 1).

Statistical Analysis SPSS Statistics 20.0 (Statistical Product and Service Solutions, IBM, USA) was used for statistical analysis. Student’s

-test was applied to compare IOP values before and after surgery. Value of

＜0.05 was considered statistically significant.

經(jīng)過多次調(diào)試和優(yōu)化，測試結(jié)果顯示，頻率源輸出中心頻率為24.125 GHz時(shí)，其相位噪聲可達(dá)-87.1 dBc/Hz@1 kHz，如圖6所示。

RESULTS

6) Finally, the superficial scleral flap was tightly sutured with 10-0 prolene sutures to ensure a watertight closure preventing any bleb formation. The conjunctival flap was then sutured with 10-0 prolene sutures to the peripheral cornea.

DISCUSSION

Multiple studies have revealed the superiority of canaloplasty to trabeculectomy in treating open angle glaucoma

.Matlach

conducted a prospective randomized clinical trial, showing that canaloplasty and trabeculectomy had comparable IOP-lowering efficacy after 2y for primary open angle glaucoma (POAG), but in the former antimetabolites use and vision-threatening complications were avoided

. Brusini

reported favorable mid-term outcomes of canaloplasty in patients with corticosteroidinduced glaucoma. Researchers have reported successful viscocanalostomy in three cases with corticosteroid-induced glaucoma

.

The average age of 10 cases was 23±13.3y, an age lower than that of POAG cases

. If treated with a routine trabeculectomy,these patients might be plagued with problems related to subconjunctival bleb for a long time. As an internal filtration surgery for restoring the physiological channel, penetrating canaloplasty does not depend on the maintenance of the filtration bleb.

Considering the outflow resistance mainly increases in TM, tension suture aided canaloplasty can be combined with trabeculectomy to bypass the TM, thus channeling the aqueous humor into the expanded Schlemmn’s canal.Since trabeculectomy is a penetrating surgery, we coined this combination as “penetrating canaloplasty”. This surgery can reflect Cairns’s

concept, in which aqueous humor is drained through trabeculectomy-formed fistula into the Schlemm’s canal, thus realizing the internal filtration. Our previous study has reported a favorable outcome of penetrating canaloplasty in primary angle-closure glaucoma

and traumatic angle recession glaucoma

. Herein we presented the preliminary surgical outcomes of penetrating canaloplasty for corticosteroid-induced glaucoma.

觀察組患者采取ACEI藥物治療，10 mg/d的苯那普利，對于高血壓患者降壓效果不好可加至20 mg/d，對照組患者采取非ACEI藥物治療，使用鈣離子拮抗劑、β受體阻斷劑等。兩組患者治療時(shí)間均為3個(gè)月。

In the present study, the mean IOP values at postoperative seven time points were favorable for these young patients.Literature shows viscocanalostomy and canaloplasty have the potential to reduce IOP among mid-teens and lower-teens,respectively

. Penetrating canaloplasty is expected to be a promising treatment option for reducing IOP to lower- and mid-teens with corticosteroid-induced glaucoma.

Microhyphaema was the most common surgery-related complication, perhaps due to the blood reflux from the episcleral veins or the collateral damage to iris. Two cases developed postoperative IOP spike between one week and one month after surgery. It may be related to the structural collapse of internal drainage channel caused by long-term high IOP. We hypothesize that there is a time window for the resuscitation of internal drainage channel, so close observation and appropriate intervention should be conducted for these patients. One eye developed choroidal detachment but responded well to conservative treatment. Other reported canaloplasty-related adverse events in POAG include Descemet’s membrane detachment, cataract formation, suture extrusion

. But these events were not observed in this study.

This study lacks of control group. Prospective and randomized studies with better designs and sufficient samples were needed to verify the effectiveness of the surgery.

“現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)處于價(jià)格的底點(diǎn)，未來價(jià)格將稍有反彈并逐漸趨于平穩(wěn)?！睏钔钫J(rèn)為，磷復(fù)肥會議結(jié)束后，許多肥料廠家已陸續(xù)出臺了訂肥政策。進(jìn)入12月份，將進(jìn)入生產(chǎn)、備肥的關(guān)鍵時(shí)期，需求將逐漸顯現(xiàn)，并為市場提供支撐。

In conclusion, penetrating canaloplasty is effective for corticosteroid-induced glaucoma without any serious complications, making it a viable or preferred surgical choice.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Supported by National Key Research and Development Project of China (No.2020YFC2008200);Program for Zhejiang Leading Talent of S&T Innovation(No.2021R52012); Key Research and Development Projects of Zhejiang Province (No.2022C03112); Zhejiang Provincial Program for the Cultivation of Leading Talents in Colleges and Universities (No.2020099).

Conflicts of Interest: Hu JJ, None; Lin HS, None; Zhang SD, None; Ye WQ, None; Gu J, None; Xie YQ, None; Tang YH, None; Liang YB, None.

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