Impact of OCT scan-patterns in identifying morphological features of lamellar macular holes and macular pseudoholes

INTRODUCTION

The improvements of the optical coherence tomography(OCT) technique have enabled the investigators detailed morphological analysis of the vitreomacular interface diseases. Especially the OCT characteristics of the epiretinal membrane (ERM), lamellar macular hole (LMH) and macular pseudohole (MPH) have been reported frequently

. New concepts regarding the classification and nomenclature of the vitreomacular interface diseases are proposed

. Thus,LMH is characterised by the presence of irregular foveal contour, the presence of a foveal cavity with undermined edges and the apparent loss of foveal tissue

. MPH is defined by the presence of a foveal sparing ERM, a steepended foveal profile and an increased central retinal thickness

. Beside the visualisation and interpretation of the OCT-features, it became also evident, that the OCT-examination technique may have an influence on the detection of morphological features of the macula

.

The experienced retina specialists are using the appropriate OCT-scan pattern with high image quality. On the other hand,to our knowledge no evaluation of the OCT-scan patterns for the investigation of the OCT-features was performed in the specific field of LMH and MPH. The current evidence is only based on the anecdotal transfer of routine experience of the experts.

（3）個人學(xué)習(xí)賬戶。個人學(xué)習(xí)賬戶是最近法國推行的新的成人教育的重大舉措，是保障法國從業(yè)人員接受成人教育，促進(jìn)公民終身學(xué)習(xí)的有力措施。該措施自2015年1月1日起開始實施，正式取代實施11年之久的個人培訓(xùn)權(quán)利。個人學(xué)習(xí)賬戶規(guī)定，全職工作者每年享有24學(xué)時的免費帶薪培訓(xùn)時間，該培訓(xùn)時間可存入個人培訓(xùn)賬戶中，可累計5年，共120學(xué)時。此外，個人培訓(xùn)賬戶還承認(rèn)另一種培訓(xùn)時間的計算方式，即職工每年接受15學(xué)時的培訓(xùn)，至多累計8年［8］。如果員工超出規(guī)定的時限，則個人學(xué)習(xí)賬戶的學(xué)時失效。

Statistical analysis of the features by different scan patterns is given in Table 2.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

統(tǒng)一戰(zhàn)線是一些不同的階級、階層、政黨、集團(tuán)、民族、國家等社會政治力量在共同利益的基礎(chǔ)上為實現(xiàn)共同目標(biāo)而結(jié)成的聯(lián)盟［2］?！吨袊伯a(chǎn)黨統(tǒng)一戰(zhàn)線工作條例（試行）》（以下簡稱《條例》）規(guī)定，統(tǒng)一戰(zhàn)線是指中國共產(chǎn)黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的、以工農(nóng)聯(lián)盟為基礎(chǔ)的，包括全體社會主義勞動者、社會主義事業(yè)建設(shè)者、擁護(hù)社會主義愛國者、擁護(hù)祖國統(tǒng)一和致力于中華民族偉大復(fù)興愛國者的聯(lián)盟［3］。統(tǒng)一戰(zhàn)線歷經(jīng)多個階段的發(fā)展，堅持處理一致性與多樣性關(guān)系，在圍繞中心、服務(wù)大局和凝聚人心、匯聚力量中維護(hù)黨和國家安全。

This is a retrospective analysis of 100 consecutive eyes (100 patients). Patients diagnosed as ERM, LMH or MPH from March 2017 to July 2019 in the Department of Ophthalmology of the University Tuebingen were selected by screening of the digital chart archive. Inclusion criteria were the presence of at least three of the following OCT features: ERM, epiretinal proliferation, verticalization, intraretinal cystoid spaces,foveoschisis, irregular foveal contour, foveal cavity with undermined edges and ellipsoid line disruptions. Because of the low incidence of the pseudo-operculum in our cohort and possible intra- and interrater measurement differences of the central retinal thickness, these two features were not included into the analysis. Exclusion criteria were diseases affecting the posterior pole, such as advanced age-related macular degeneration, diabetic maculopathy, high myopia[＞-6.0 diopters (D)], choroidal neovascularization, retinal venous occlusions, uveitis, ocular trauma, retinal tear, previous intraocular surgery except for cataract extraction, retinal cryotherapy and laser photocoagulation. Eyes with ERMonly were also excluded. Forty-one eyes had LMH and 59 eyes had MPH. OCT was performed by the Spectralis OCT(Heidelberg Engineering GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany) and reviewed with the Heidelberg Eye Explorer (version 1.9.1.3.0)using the HRA/Spectralis Viewing Module (version 6.5.2.0).Primary outcome measurement was the detection frequency of the predetermined OCT findings in three different OCT scan patterns: 1) volume; 2) six radial scans (R6); and 3) vertical and horizontal radial (R2; extrapolated from the R6 pattern;Figure 1).

OCT examination protocol included R6, through the fovea and a volume scan centered on the fovea. Length of the radial scans was 4 mm. The volume scan had the dimension of 15°×5° with the average of minimum 25 A-scans and a distance of 63 μm between the scans. The OCT scan patterns were examined twice by one observer who was blinded to the clinical information of the patients. Twenty randomly selected cases were examined by an experienced consultant and the intrarater and interrater agreement ratios were analyzed.

Of the total 8 predetermined features, the maximal detection frequency was found by the volume pattern as 4.45±1.45.The frequency of the R6 and R2 revealed 4.35±1.47 and 3.70±1.59, respectively. Regarding the statistical significance of total frequencies, whereas R2 was inferior to the other patterns (

＜0.001), R6 and volume patterns were comparable(

=0.312). The distribution of the feature detection rates based on the OCT scan patterns, and their interquartile values are shown in Table 1.

Statistical Analysis Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics premium 23 V. The kappa statistic was used to test intrarater and interrater reliability. Friedman statistical test was used to detect the features depending on the type of scanning method. Post hoc analysis with Wilcoxon signed-rank tests was conducted with a Bonferroni correction applied, resulting in a significance level set at

0.017. The frequency of features detected by three scan patterns was measured by inter quartile range (IQR) and the comparison was made by McNemar’s statistical test.

The statistical evaluation of ERM was not applicable since this feature was detected in almost all eyes by the three different OCT patterns. Statistical analysis showed that R2 was inferior to R6 and volume patterns in detecting foveal cavity with undermined edges and irregular foveal contour, which are criteria for LMH. Epiretinal proliferation and ellipsoid line disruptions, both optional feature for the diagnosis of LMH,were similarly often in all scans patterns. R2 was also inferiorin detecting verticalization and intraretinal cystoid spaces, the mandatory features for the diagnoses of MPH. In comparison to R6 and volume, R2 was less sensitive in detecting foveoschisis,which is one mandatory feature for ERM foveoschisis.

RESULTS

Of the 100 patients, 66 were female and 34 males. The mean age ±SD was 70.50±7.33y (range 49-89y). Fifty-five eyes were right and 45 left.

Terminology of the Features ERM had been characterized as increasing reflectivity on the surface of the retina

. Epiretinal proliferation is a thick homogenous layer of moderately reflective material between the inner border of the internal limiting membrane and the retinal nerve fiber layer

.Verticalization was considered as a deep foveal pit

.Foveoschisis was defined if hyperreflective tissue bridges along wider hyporeflective spaces between the outer nuclear and outer plexiform layers at the fovea

, which was termed as schitic cavity

, schitic separation/appearance before

.Intraretinal cystoid spaces are small, well-circumscribed hyporeflective areas in the inner plexiform layer

. Irregular foveal contour is the presence of the irregularities of the foveal surface

. Foveal cavity with undermined edges has recently been described

as the angle between the retinal surface and the edge of the hole less than 90° which was formerly known as a wide, mostly round edged intraretinal, homogeneous,hyporeflective cavitation between the inner and outer retina

.Ellipsoid line disruption is defined as any interruption or blurring of this line

, which was formerly named as ellipsoid layer disruption

.

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In summary, volume and R6 patterns were comparable for epiretinal proliferation, verticalization, foveoschisis and foveal cavity with undermined edges. R2 was inferior to both patterns in revealing verticalization, foveoschisis, irregular foveal contour, and foveal cavity with undermined edges;and additionally, to the volume pattern for intraretinal cystoid spaces (Figures 2-4).

Ethical Approval Approval of the Institutional Ethic Committee of the University of Tuebingen was obtained before the analysis of the data (Project 685/2020BO). The study has been performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.

年輕父母缺乏家庭教育的經(jīng)驗，所以從一開始就要學(xué)做家庭教育的“有心人”，悉心了解和掌握家庭教育的基本情況。

In the presented study, we evaluated the impact of different OCT scan patterns on the detection of morphological features seen in LMH and MPH.

Intrarater agreement was in substantial and almost perfect agreement range for the total of 19 evaluations and in moderately agreement range for verticalization and foveoschisis in volume scan analysis. High compliance was found between the two reviewers in the interrater analysis of OCT scans containing 480 data of 20 patients (Kappa value=0.891±0.021).

DISCUSSION

In the presented study, the detection rate of the morphological features of LMH and MPH were compared by using different OCT-scan patterns. Volume and R6 revealed highest score of predetermined OCT-features, without statistical significant difference between them. The radial scan including only the R2 was inferior to the other two patterns both in the total number and detection of most of the OCT features (Figure 5).Over many decades, the diagnosis of LMH and MPH was based on ophthalmoscopy and fundus photography

. In the 90s, OCT examination became the method of choice in management of the vitreomacular interface diseases

.Consequently, the definition of vitreomacular interface diseases were adapted to the features obtained by the OCT. The continuous improvement of OCT imaging has contributed to an increase in knowledge and modification or revisions of the definitions

. Another important issue has been the inconsistencies between the interraters in the diagnosis of the vitreomacular interface diseases. A study evaluated the effect of the nomenclature of the vitreomacular interface diseases and reported that the International Vitreomacular Traction Study (IVTS) classification leads to higher rates of accuracy in diagnosing vitreomacular interface diseases

.

The physician should be aware that the selection of the OCT-scan pattern may influence the detection of mandatory morphological criteria for the diagnosis of LMH and MPH.

Not only were the definitions of the certain vitreomacular interface diseases a subject for change. The applied technique in OCT examination for the macular morphology was also evaluated. It was reported that high-density radial scanning demonstrated superior detection rates of small full-thickness macular holes compared to standard raster volume scanning and standard radial scanning

. In another article, the 6-line radial scan was statistically inferior to the 25-line raster at detecting fluid in neovascular age-related macular degeneration, but superior at detecting early macular hole formation and demonstrating a positive trend in identifying focal vitreomacular traction

.

In our study, the statistical analysis showed comparable results of the R6 and volume patterns in determining the total number and of each selected OCT features. R2 was inferior to the other OCT scan patterns. Features such as epiretinal proliferation and ellipsoid line disruptions were detected equally using the three patterns. The frequency of the foveal cavity with undermined edges was seen as 33%, 32%, and 22% by R6,volume, and R2, respectively. Both of R6 and volume patterns were statistically superior to R2.

The pathological dynamics in the vitreomacular interface diseases may show a wide heterogeneity which challenges a precise diagnosis. As example, the morphological changes in the fovea may not necessarily begin symmetrical in and around the foveal edge. And features thought characterizing different clinical entities, for example foveal cavity with undermined edge and verticalization may exist in the same eye at the same time. Therefore, a comprehensive evaluation of the fovea by a standard OCT-protocol may increase the chance of the detection of all clinically significant features and allows a precise diagnosis.

Our study has some limitations. It is retrospective and based on one center. Because of the low incidence of the pseudooperculum on the OCT-examination and possible intra- and interrater measurement differences of the retinal thickness,we did not include these features into our analysis. Since these features are mandatory criteria for the diagnosis of LMH, the presented study, by design, does not provide a direct comparison of the OCT scan patterns for the diagnosis of LMH but rather a comparison of some predetermined features. On the other hand, eyes with the commonest features seen in LMH and MPH were analyzed by using the available OCT examination performed in the daily routine. Although randomly selected in a series of 100 cases, evaluation of only 20 patients for interrater reliability can be considered as a limitation. We not only took the diagnostic criteria as reference in the diagnosis of LMH and MPH

, but also examined some other OCT entities to facilitate a comparison with other similar studies. One may assume that in some patients with eccentric fixation, the probability of catching a foveal lesion in R2 pattern is already low, a possible couse of bias. Manual foveal fixation corrections were not taken into account, if any,in eyes with eccentric fixation since the study was addressed to anatomical fovea. On the other hand, since patients are adviced to look inside the aiming beam, this source of error, if any,should be minimal. Another point is that the volume pattern,considering an area of fovea-centred 15°×5° may not cover additional perifoveal pathologies.

In summary, we evaluated the advantages and limits of different OCT scan patterns in the identification of morphological features seen in LMH and MPH in real world conditions. The R6 and volume scans of the OCT showed comparable results in morphological features detection,whereas the R2 was found inferior to the other patterns. The physician should be aware that the selection of OCT-scan patterns may influence the detection of mandatory features to establish the diagnosis of LMH and MPH. The combination of different OCT scan patterns may likely increase the detection frequency of the relevant features and improve the diagnostic accuracy.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Special thanks to Sarp Uner (MD, Lokman Hekim University,Medical School, Department of Public Health) for statistical analysis and critical review.

Authors’ contributions: Conceptualization: Uyar OM,Neubauer J; data collection and curation: Uyar OM, Gelisken F, Neubauer J, Sadler F, Konrad EM; draft preparation: Uyar OM, Gelisken F; revision and editing: Uyar OM, Gelisken F,Neubauer J, Sadler F, Konrad EM.

Conflicts of Interest: Uyar OM, None; Neubauer J, None;Sadler F, None; Konrad EM, None; Gelisken F, None.

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