白麗湘
倒裝句是高考英語的必考考點。句子謂語動詞的人稱和數(shù)應(yīng)與句子的主語保持一致,但是當(dāng)把正常語序變成倒裝語序時,由于受到前置句子成分中名詞或代詞等成分的單復(fù)數(shù)形式的影響,一些學(xué)生常常把謂語動詞的人稱和數(shù)弄錯。本文結(jié)合典型例句探究了倒裝句中的主謂一致問題,以幫助學(xué)生避免出錯。
要點1:副詞(down,there,out,here,up等),時間副詞(next,now,then等),地點介詞(home,anywhere,there,abroad等)被放于句首時。
例1: Around the boy——sitting somestrangers, which made him afraid.
解析:were。正確解答本題需要首先找到句子的主語,可先寫出句子的正常語序:Some strangers weresitting around the boy, which made the boy afraid.由此可知,本句的主語是some strangers,空格處應(yīng)填were。有些考生由于受句中the boy的影響而寫出了錯誤答案was。
請比較下面兩個例句:
例2: There sit three adults and one disabled person.(謂語的人稱和數(shù)遵循意義一致的原則)
例 3: There are three adults and one disabled per-son in her home.(謂語的人稱和數(shù)遵循就近一致原則)
要點2:表語或表示地點的狀語置于句首時。
例4: Between the two mountains stands a large arse-nal.
例5: On the windowsill seems to be crawling aswarm of bees.
要點3: no sooner_than, hardly_when,not only_but also在引導(dǎo)兩個分句時,若no sooner,hardly,not only等置于句子的最前面時,第一個句子應(yīng)用部分倒裝結(jié)構(gòu),第二個句子使用陳述句語序,第一個和第二個分句的謂語的人稱和數(shù)與各自所在分句的主語在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致。
例 6: No sooner had the thief heard a shout than heretracted his hand.
例 7: Hardly had they left our office when it beganto hail.
注意:當(dāng)not only_but also_連接兩個并列的主語時,謂語的人稱和數(shù)適用就近一致原則;引導(dǎo)兩個分句的時候,不同分句的謂語的人稱和數(shù)與各自的主語的人稱和數(shù)保持一致,遵循意義一致的原則。試著比較下面的兩個句子:
例8: Not only his sisters but also he is happy.(連接兩個并列的主語,適用于就近一致原則)
例9: Not only are his sisters sad,but he is also sad.(引導(dǎo)兩個分句,適用于意義一致原則)
要點4: at no time,never,barely,not,in no case,sel-dom,little,by no means,hardly等表示半否定或者全否定的詞或者詞組放于句首,該句使用部分倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)時。
例10: Never does his uncle talk with him.
例 11: No longer does Jack like eating the apple.
總之,在做與倒裝句相關(guān)的試題時,教師要引導(dǎo)學(xué)生注意區(qū)分清楚句子的主語和謂語成分,以便能夠確定出謂語動詞的人稱和數(shù)。