林海霞
一、作賓語
動詞不定式常放在一些動詞后作賓語,例如:
Ive just watched a TV programme about space. I hope to walk on the moon one day.
我剛看了一個有關太空的電視節(jié)目。我希望有一天能在月球上行走。
—Please stay with me this weekend.
——這周末請跟我待在一起。
—Im sorry, but my father and I planned to visit Beijing a long time ago.
——對不起,我和爸爸很久之前就計劃去北京參觀了。
We are glad to know that traditional Chinese medicine can work wonders in preventing some diseases.
我們很高興地了解到傳統(tǒng)中醫(yī)藥在預防某些疾病方面有奇效。
注意:(1)當兩個或兩個以上的不定式連用時,后面的不定式通常省略to。
(2)若作賓語的動詞不定式短語很長,可用it作形式賓語。
(3)sorry, glad, afraid, sure, pleased, happy, surprised等部分形容詞之后接動詞不定式作賓語,有的視為作原因狀語。
能接動詞不定式作賓語的動詞有以下特點:
(1)僅能接動詞不定式作賓語的動詞,常見的有:need, agree, decide, plan, hope, want, fail, plan, want, choose, learn, refuse, wish等動詞。
(2)有類似用法的動詞有:begin, start, like, love, hate, prefer, continue等。
He begins to learn English. 他現在開始學習英語了。
I hate to trouble you. 我真不愿麻煩你。
I like swimming, but I dont like to swim now.
我喜歡游泳,可是現在我不想去游泳。
注意:like to do sth表示一次性或獨特的愛好;like doing sth表示經常性愛好。
(3)stop, forget, remember, regret, mean, need, try等動詞后可接動詞不定式和動名詞,但是它們含義區(qū)別較大。
Stop to do sth停下來去做另一件事;
Stop doing sth 停止正在做的事情。
Forget to do sth忘記要做某事(其實事情沒有做);
Forget doing sth 忘記了做過或發(fā)生的事情(事情已經做過而且忘記了)。
Remember to do sth記得需要做某事;
Remember doing sth記得做過或發(fā)生過某事。
Try to do sth表示設法、努力去做某事;
Try doing sth表示嘗試、試驗做某事。
—I didnt hear you come in just now. ——剛才我沒有聽見你進來。
—Thats good. I tried not to wake the baby up.
——很好。我盡力不吵醒孩子。
— Dont forget to turn off the lights when you leave the classroom.
——當你離開教室時,不要忘了關燈。
—OK. Ill do that. ——好的,我會那么做的。
(4)動詞find, think, believe, feel, make等動詞常用于以下句型:
動詞+ it + adj / n + to do sth(it為形式賓語)
He found it hard to catch up with others.
他發(fā)現很難去追趕上其他的人。
I think it easy to learn English well. 我認為學好英語很容易。
二、 作賓語補足語
不定式可以在句子中作賓語補足語,表示賓語所做的動作。具體情況有如下特點:
(1)表示“感覺,使役”的動詞,這類動詞后接動詞不定式作賓語補足語,不定式可以省略to。如:see, hear, feel, watch, listen to, look at, help, let, make, have等。
The child is crying. Please do something to make him stop crying.
孩子在哭。請做點什么讓他別哭了。
I saw Tom put his key in the lock, turn it and open the door.
我看見湯姆把鑰匙插進鎖里,轉動鑰匙并打開了門。
注意:
①動詞help后接不定式作賓補時,不定式符號to省略或保留均可。
②感官動詞既可接不帶to的不定式作賓語補足語,又可接動名詞作賓語補足語。前者表示動作全部過程已結束,后者表示動作正在進行。
—Where is Mike?
——邁克在哪?
—I saw him talking with Mr. Smith in the hallway just now.
——剛才我看到他與史密斯先生在走廊交談。
I didnt see you come in. You must have been very quiet.
我沒有看見你進來,你一定是悄悄地進來的。
(2)表示感情狀態(tài)的動詞,如:love, like, hate, prefer, want, would like等,后常接動詞不定式作賓語補足語。
I want him to help me with my lessons. 我想要他輔導我的功課。
Miss Zhao likes her students to ask some questions in English.
趙老師歡迎她的學生們用英語問問題。
(3)表示“請求,要求,愿望”的動詞,如:ask, tell, teach, advise, force, help, invite, wish, allow等,后常接動詞不定式作賓語補足語。
Harry invited me to stay with him when his parents were out of town.
哈利邀請我在他父母不在鎮(zhèn)上的時候去陪他。
Evans had a sore throat. His fiend advised him to drink some hot water.
埃文斯咽喉痛。他的朋友建議他喝些熱水。
Doctors tell us to wash our hands before and after every meal.
醫(yī)生告訴我們飯前飯后要洗手。
(作者單位:江蘇省海安市紫石中學)