• 
    

    
    

      99热精品在线国产_美女午夜性视频免费_国产精品国产高清国产av_av欧美777_自拍偷自拍亚洲精品老妇_亚洲熟女精品中文字幕_www日本黄色视频网_国产精品野战在线观看 ?

      間套作功能植物對(duì)茶園生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)功能的影響

      2022-04-20 12:43:06史凡黃泓晶陳燕婷陳李林
      茶葉科學(xué) 2022年2期
      關(guān)鍵詞:間作茶樹茶園

      史凡,黃泓晶,陳燕婷,陳李林*

      間套作功能植物對(duì)茶園生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)功能的影響

      史凡1,2,3,黃泓晶1,2,3,陳燕婷4,陳李林1,2,3*

      1.閩臺(tái)作物有害生物生態(tài)防控國家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,福建農(nóng)林大學(xué)植物保護(hù)學(xué)院,福建 福州 350002;2.中國白茶研究院,福建 福鼎 355200;3.害蟲綠色防控福建省高校重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,福建 福州 350002;4.福建省農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院植物保護(hù)研究所,福建 福州 350013

      合理間套作功能植物是茶園生境管理的主要措施之一,能夠遮光保溫、保持水土、增肥促長、保持微域環(huán)境穩(wěn)定;還能吸引天敵、驅(qū)避害蟲,減輕茶園病蟲草為害,有助于茶葉提質(zhì)增效。但不合理的間套作會(huì)破壞茶園微域環(huán)境和爭奪養(yǎng)料,進(jìn)而影響茶樹生長。通過綜述近年來在茶園間套作功能植物及其對(duì)茶園生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)功能的影響方面的文獻(xiàn),主要包括茶園常見功能植物的種類、作用方式、功效和常見問題,以及間套作功能植物對(duì)茶樹生長發(fā)育和茶葉產(chǎn)量品質(zhì)的影響及對(duì)病蟲草害的調(diào)控作用;以期為應(yīng)用間套作措施促進(jìn)茶園病蟲草害的綜合調(diào)控和提升茶園生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)功能提供指導(dǎo)。

      套種;生境管理;生態(tài)調(diào)控;生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù);生態(tài)系統(tǒng)功能

      茶樹[(L.) Kuntze]是我國重要的經(jīng)濟(jì)作物之一,2020年我國茶園總面積達(dá)316.51萬hm2,國內(nèi)銷售總額為2?888.84億元,出口總額為20.38億美元[1]。目前,我國茶園管理方式朝著生態(tài)調(diào)控的方向發(fā)展[2]。茶園有害生物生態(tài)調(diào)控基于“預(yù)防為主、生態(tài)優(yōu)先、整合治理、精準(zhǔn)施策”的原則,從茶園生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中“茶樹-有害生物-天敵及茶園生態(tài)環(huán)境”相互作用關(guān)系出發(fā),整合生態(tài)調(diào)控技術(shù)、農(nóng)業(yè)防治、生物防治、理化誘控、現(xiàn)代生物技術(shù)和合理的化學(xué)防治等手段,構(gòu)建“經(jīng)濟(jì)、簡便、有效”的生態(tài)技術(shù)體系,將有害生物控制在生態(tài)經(jīng)濟(jì)閾值水平之下,達(dá)到經(jīng)濟(jì)可實(shí)行、生態(tài)可持續(xù)、社會(huì)可接受的目的[3]。

      生境管理是生態(tài)調(diào)控的重要方式之一。生境管理指通過對(duì)生境中各種資源進(jìn)行合理配置,構(gòu)建復(fù)雜生態(tài)系統(tǒng),提高天敵控害能力的保護(hù)性防治策略[4-5]。生境管理被廣泛應(yīng)用于茶園、果園、菜地和稻田等農(nóng)田生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中。構(gòu)建健康合理的農(nóng)田生態(tài)系統(tǒng),需要同時(shí)改善生態(tài)環(huán)境和生物類群。改善生態(tài)環(huán)境,主要包括地上部分的溫度、光照、水分;地下部分的保水透氣性、酸堿度及各種營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)等。改善生物類群多樣性,主要包括天敵類群、傳粉者類群、有益微生物及非雜草植物[6](圖1)。

      間套作功能植物是生境管理的重要方式之一,通過將病蟲草害的生態(tài)調(diào)控與提質(zhì)增效技術(shù)相結(jié)合,減緩因生態(tài)系統(tǒng)脆弱對(duì)生物多樣性構(gòu)成的威脅,達(dá)到維持生態(tài)系統(tǒng)平衡和穩(wěn)定的目的[3,7]。合理間套作有利于提高茶園光、水、熱、空間等資源利用率,促進(jìn)茶樹植株健壯生長;驅(qū)避害蟲或誘集天敵,為有益生物類群提供蜜粉資源、棲境、避難所、替代獵物等生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)功能,從而提高茶園生物防治效果[8-11]。本文對(duì)近年來在茶園間套作功能植物對(duì)茶園生態(tài)系統(tǒng)影響方面的文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行了綜述,以期為應(yīng)用間套作措施提升茶園保益控害、提質(zhì)增效等生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)功能提供理論依據(jù)和實(shí)踐指導(dǎo)。

      1 茶園常見間套作功能植物的選擇及類型

      1.1 選擇合適的間套作功能植物

      茶園間套作功能植物是為了涵養(yǎng)水土、改善茶園微環(huán)境、增強(qiáng)保益控害效能、茶產(chǎn)品提質(zhì)增效和增加茶旅觀光等生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)功能。因此,茶園間套作功能植物的選擇應(yīng)符合種植管理輕簡、適應(yīng)性廣、與茶樹無共同病蟲害、非入侵雜草、對(duì)生境影響具有長效和普適性及作用期與茶樹生長采摘期銜接合適等要求[10-12]。注重景觀生態(tài)格局與過程,空間尺度注意不同植被斑塊的設(shè)計(jì),時(shí)間尺度注意綜合考慮生物資源及物候期[13]。利用間套作措施對(duì)茶園進(jìn)行生態(tài)調(diào)控成為近年研究熱點(diǎn),目前常見的適合用于茶園間套作的功能植物見表1。

      圖1 間套作功能植物調(diào)節(jié)茶園生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)功能

      1.2 茶園常見間套作功能植物的功能類型

      1.2.1 水土涵養(yǎng)植物(綠肥植物)

      水土涵養(yǎng)植物能夠改善土壤肥力、保持水土、維持土壤健康。常見的水土涵養(yǎng)植物包括豆科植物圓葉決明()和白車軸草()等,該類植物根系具有固氮根瘤菌,能夠進(jìn)行生物固氮,增加土壤養(yǎng)分含量。彭晚霞等[73]發(fā)現(xiàn)在茶園間作白車軸草能促進(jìn)水分轉(zhuǎn)移至關(guān)鍵土層,提高水分利用率;同時(shí)對(duì)茶園微域溫度具有雙向調(diào)控作用(圖2)。

      1.2.2 棲境植物(載體植物、養(yǎng)蟲植物)

      棲境植物具有適宜生物類群棲息的物理結(jié)構(gòu),有助于天敵類群越夏、越冬或繁殖等活動(dòng);有利于增加有益生物類群的物種數(shù)、種群數(shù)量和群落多樣性,增強(qiáng)天敵控害效果[9,75]。茶園間作功能植物能夠涵養(yǎng)天敵,降低小貫小綠葉蟬()的發(fā)生[58-59]。Zhang等[76]發(fā)現(xiàn)間作紅豆()能夠提高天敵東亞小花蝽()的存活率和產(chǎn)卵量(圖2)。

      1.2.3 蜜粉源植物(顯花植物)

      蜜粉源植物具有較多的花粉、花蜜或蜜露,可為有益類群(天敵或傳粉者)提供食物,吸引有益生物類群,提高益害比;增強(qiáng)天敵對(duì)有害生物類群的捕食作用[77-78];還能夠提高寄生性天敵的壽命及寄生能力[79]。張正群等[58]發(fā)現(xiàn)在茶園間作多花植物羅勒(),能為天敵提供生長繁殖所需的花蜜,草蛉、蜘蛛、瓢蟲和寄生蜂的數(shù)量分別提高了9.0、3.3、1.6、1.4倍。取食蜜粉源的昆蟲還可以為植物傳授花粉,具有穩(wěn)定農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)等作用[80](圖2)。

      表1 茶園常見生境類型及適合的功能植物

      圖2 茶園常見功能植物類型(改自肖英方等[74])

      1.2.4 誘集植物(誘蟲植物)

      誘蟲植物可以通過物理形態(tài)和揮發(fā)性次生物質(zhì)共同作用形成比主栽作物更強(qiáng)的引誘力[81]。誘蟲植物可以誘捕有害生物類群,減少其對(duì)主栽作物的為害[82-83]。斯里蘭卡茶園管理者通過種植合歡植物(sp.)誘殺白蟻,南印度茶園管理者曾使用千斤拔()誘集茶枝小蠹成蟲()[84]。張曉明等[85]發(fā)現(xiàn)在茶園間作黃金菊()可吸引更多天敵昆蟲取食和停留(圖2)。

      1.2.5 驅(qū)避植物

      驅(qū)避植物含有特定的化學(xué)物質(zhì),形成較強(qiáng)的化感作用物質(zhì)或刺激性氣味。茶園間套作驅(qū)避植物能夠向環(huán)境分泌芳香物質(zhì),從而影響生物類群的定位、搜尋、取食和寄生等活動(dòng)[58]。在茶園間作薄荷()可以驅(qū)避綠盲蝽()[60],間作迷迭香()對(duì)茶尺蠖()具有干擾和驅(qū)避作用[86]。Cai等[87]在茶園緩釋芳香化合物混合劑,證明芳香植物揮發(fā)物對(duì)茶小綠葉蟬具驅(qū)避作用(圖2)。

      1.2.6 殺蟲植物

      殺蟲植物可產(chǎn)生有毒物質(zhì),如生物堿、糖苷類等,直接殺死有害生物。曾維愛[88]開展了15種植物的4種溶劑提取物對(duì)茶尺蠖3齡幼蟲生物測定試驗(yàn),發(fā)現(xiàn)辣蓼()中的丁香酚對(duì)茶尺蠖幼蟲具有明顯拒食、胃毒和觸殺作用,抑制幼蟲生長。Kamunya等[89]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),印加孔雀草()與茶樹間作后,印加孔雀草分泌的皂苷類物質(zhì)能夠有效毒殺茶園土壤中的根結(jié)線蟲(圖2)。

      1.2.7 其他植物

      除上述的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)功能外,多花的功能植物還兼具有凈化空氣、散發(fā)香味,以及提供視覺享受的功能。在茶園間套作油菜()、櫻花(sp.)或杜鵑花()能夠滿足游客的休閑娛樂需求,具有茶旅融合觀光功能[32-33,90]。部分間套作植物還可作為飼料、菌類栽培料、沼氣池發(fā)酵原料等[27,91],甚至發(fā)揮“以草治草”功效[61,92](圖2)。

      2 間套作功能植物對(duì)茶園生態(tài)環(huán)境的影響

      茶樹為多年生植物,且定植后極少移栽。純茶園和幼齡茶園地表裸露面積較多,土壤保水保肥能力弱;長期施肥和采茶等農(nóng)事操作導(dǎo)致土壤板結(jié)退化,含水量和透氣性降低。功能植物根系的生長能夠促進(jìn)土壤疏松化,增強(qiáng)土壤透氣度,調(diào)節(jié)地表溫度,減少水分蒸發(fā),降低單位體積土壤容重。同時(shí),功能植物產(chǎn)生的分泌物和有機(jī)質(zhì)能夠改善土壤微生物群落組成與結(jié)構(gòu),提高土壤酶活性。

      2.1 提高水分利用率

      間套作功能植物有助于滯留降雨、減少地表徑流,增加土壤中水分存留;同時(shí),減緩空氣流動(dòng),減少土壤水分揮發(fā)和葉片蒸騰,提高水分利用率[17]。在茶園間作白車軸草能促進(jìn)深層土壤中水分向關(guān)鍵土層移動(dòng)[61]。在茶園間作大球蓋菇()后,冬季茶園土壤含水量提高5.74%~10.81%,且降雨量越小,抗旱保墑能力越強(qiáng)[56]。

      2.2 調(diào)節(jié)溫度

      茶樹生長的最適氣溫為20~30℃,最適地溫為14~20℃[93]。功能植物對(duì)茶園溫度具有雙向調(diào)節(jié)作用。在氣溫較低的春季,功能植物能夠減緩空氣流動(dòng),阻礙熱量交換,減少茶叢熱量擴(kuò)散至周圍環(huán)境中,使茶園微域較溫暖,促進(jìn)茶樹提早出芽;在氣溫較高的夏季,功能植物遮陰減少陽光直射,降低茶樹葉面、微域環(huán)境和地表的溫度[73]。在茶行間作大豆(),茶園微域氣溫可降低3.1~3.6℃,間作玉米()可降低1.7~3.8℃[30-31]。套種杉木茶園有害葉面高溫出現(xiàn)的次數(shù)僅為對(duì)照茶園的20.6%~32.4%,土壤出現(xiàn)的極端高溫比對(duì)照茶園降低約5.0℃[94]。

      2.3 保土減流和修復(fù)土壤

      降雨或澆水時(shí)產(chǎn)生的徑流會(huì)導(dǎo)致泥土和養(yǎng)分流失,間套作功能植物能夠改善土壤理化性質(zhì)、減少地表徑流和泥土沖刷量,提高養(yǎng)分的生物有效性,有利于茶園水土保持和生態(tài)修復(fù)。在茶園間作白車軸草可減弱雨水沖擊,增加土壤孔隙度和粉砂含量[95-96]。適度遮陰能夠提高茶園土壤養(yǎng)分、酶活性和微生物多樣性,有利于受損生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的恢復(fù)和重建[97]。間套作功能植物能夠提高有效鉬、銅、交換性鈣、鎂和硼的含量;降低土壤中鉛、鎳、錳等對(duì)人體有害重金屬元素的含量[25]。

      2.4 平衡酸堿度

      茶樹是喜酸性植物,最適合茶樹生長的土壤pH處于4.5~5.5,但我國主要茶區(qū)約72.3%的土壤pH小于4.5,且pH平均每年以0.05的速率下降[98]。土壤過度酸化會(huì)使茶樹生長受到抑制,而種植功能植物能夠緩解土壤的酸化速率,提升土壤pH值。梁麗妮等[32]發(fā)現(xiàn)油菜能夠提高茶樹根圍土的pH值至4.78~5.97,提高根際土壤的pH值至4.34~5.62。

      2.5 提高土壤肥力

      間套作功能植物對(duì)有機(jī)質(zhì)分解、礦質(zhì)營養(yǎng)循環(huán)和土壤生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展起著重要的作用[99]。間套作功能植物能提高茶園土壤中礦物質(zhì)和有機(jī)質(zhì)含量[33,58];提高有效氮、有效磷和有效鉀的含量[100],促進(jìn)茶樹對(duì)營養(yǎng)元素的吸收。茶園間作的豆科植物會(huì)將氮?dú)夤潭ㄞD(zhuǎn)化為茶樹生長所需的氮素,增加土壤氮肥含量。綠肥植物自然凋落或收割覆蓋,經(jīng)微生物降解后,會(huì)產(chǎn)生大量有機(jī)質(zhì)。

      2.6 增加微生物豐度和多樣性

      土壤有益微生物具有解磷、釋鉀、固氮,以及增強(qiáng)土壤保濕性等優(yōu)點(diǎn),隨著茶樹種植年限的增加,會(huì)降低茶園土壤微生物群落多樣性。間套作可誘導(dǎo)有益菌群在土壤中定殖和改善根際微生物群落組成的結(jié)構(gòu)特征[39]。在茶園間作大豆能改變土壤微生物的活性和多樣性,調(diào)節(jié)土壤放線菌、細(xì)菌和真菌的種類及其數(shù)量[101];間作圓葉決明能夠提高固氮菌和放線菌的數(shù)量[102]。

      2.7 提高酶活性

      土壤酶催化各種生物化學(xué)反應(yīng),提高酶活性將促進(jìn)土壤養(yǎng)分供應(yīng)和轉(zhuǎn)化。在茶園間套作功能植物不僅增加植物根系向土壤中釋放的酶量,還增加微生物向土壤中釋放的酶量。楊林等[103]發(fā)現(xiàn)茶行間作光葉紫花苕()會(huì)提高土壤磷酸酶、蔗糖酶和脲酶的活性。

      3 間套作功能植物對(duì)茶園病蟲草害的影響

      3.1 間套作功能植物調(diào)控茶園生物種群

      昆蟲在生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中有著重要的調(diào)節(jié)作用,具有傳粉、生物控害、傳播種子、分解動(dòng)植物的殘?bào)w和排泄物,以及觀賞等功能,在生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中能夠參與調(diào)節(jié)物質(zhì)循環(huán)、能量流動(dòng)和信息傳遞等過程[104-105]。間套作模式形成適度蔭蔽、溫濕度變幅小的穩(wěn)定微域,有利于天敵類群的定殖繁衍[11,73]。提高生物多樣性,有利于形成復(fù)雜且穩(wěn)定的食物網(wǎng),但也可能會(huì)增加有害種群的比例[106-107]。不同種植模式可改變茶園生物群落的空間格局和益害比,以及提高生境結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜的茶園中節(jié)肢動(dòng)物群落的物種豐富度和多樣性[35,42]。陳亦根等[52-53]發(fā)現(xiàn)在茶園間作長節(jié)耳草()提高了物種豐富度和茶園生態(tài)系統(tǒng)穩(wěn)定性。

      3.1.1 提高天敵類群

      在茶園間套作功能植物有助于提高節(jié)肢動(dòng)物群落多樣性和天敵群落多樣性[65,108]。生境結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜的茶園增加蜘蛛物種豐富度和多樣性指數(shù),增強(qiáng)蜘蛛對(duì)有害生物的跟隨效應(yīng)和控害能力[42,109-110]。與簡單生境茶園相比,復(fù)雜生境茶園中狼蛛科雌蛛、雄蛛和幼蛛個(gè)體數(shù)分別增加了4.36、3.63、7.91倍[111];但Chen等[64]在茶園間作百喜草()或圓葉決明,蜘蛛物種豐富度和個(gè)體數(shù)與自然留養(yǎng)雜草對(duì)照茶園的差異不顯著。間套作功能植物能夠提高茶園捕食螨優(yōu)勢類群圓果大赤螨()的個(gè)體數(shù),充分發(fā)揮以螨治蟲的生態(tài)控制效應(yīng)[48,65]。Chen等[112]研究還發(fā)現(xiàn),在間作百喜草或圓葉決明的茶園中,鞘翅目捕食性天敵個(gè)體數(shù)顯著高于自然留養(yǎng)雜草茶園的。間套作功能植物有助于提高寄生蜂物種豐富度、個(gè)體數(shù)和多樣性指數(shù),提高寄生蜂壽命及寄生率,從而增強(qiáng)其對(duì)茶園主要害蟲茶小綠葉蟬、茶尺蠖的防控效果[48,113]。李慧玲等[69]在茶園間作白車軸草或圓葉決明,纓小蜂蟲口數(shù)與空白對(duì)照相比提高了61.98%。Chen等[49]也發(fā)現(xiàn)間作功能植物茶園能增加纓小蜂類、繭蜂類、姬小蜂類等寄生蜂及捕食性天敵個(gè)體數(shù),降低茶尺蠖和薊馬個(gè)體數(shù)。

      在有害生物流行暴發(fā)期,利用致病力強(qiáng)的蟲生真菌可以較快地降低有害生物種群數(shù)量,對(duì)黑刺粉虱()等害蟲具有較好的防控效果[114-115]。韓寶瑜等[114,116]調(diào)查了皖南林茶間作茶園,發(fā)現(xiàn)能夠侵染粉虱、蚧殼蟲及鱗翅目害蟲的多種真菌種類。聯(lián)合利用蟲生真菌和天敵昆蟲,可以提高對(duì)茶園有害生物的防控效果,但,目前有關(guān)間套作功能植物強(qiáng)化茶園寄生菌生物防治的研究相對(duì)較少[114]。

      3.1.2 降低有害生物類群

      茶小綠葉蟬是茶園分布最廣、為害最重的吸汁性害蟲,目前我國各大茶區(qū)小綠葉蟬優(yōu)勢種為小貫小綠葉蟬[117-118]。在茶園間套作功能植物能夠有效驅(qū)避茶小綠葉蟬、減少茶小綠葉蟬著卵量和種群數(shù)量,從而抑制茶小綠葉蟬種群暴發(fā);同時(shí),還有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)能夠降低綠盲蝽的種群數(shù)量[58,65,119]。但,陳李林等[57]短期研究結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),間作功能植物茶園未顯著降低茶小綠葉蟬網(wǎng)捕量和茶梢著卵量。韓寶瑜等[120-121]通過比較發(fā)現(xiàn),生境結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜的有機(jī)茶園天敵多、害蟲少,植食性螨類和茶尺蠖發(fā)生均較輕。江麗容等[122]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)薄荷和迷迭香等植物對(duì)茶尺蠖具有吸引作用,而薰衣草()則具有強(qiáng)烈的驅(qū)避效果。張正群等[123-124]發(fā)現(xiàn)了多種具有驅(qū)避氣味的,能夠調(diào)控茶尺蠖行為的植物精油和提取液。葉火香等[40-41]發(fā)現(xiàn)在茶園間套作吊瓜()或柑桔()能有效抑制茶蚜()和粉虱的種群數(shù)量,同時(shí)改變節(jié)肢動(dòng)物垂直空間分布,抑制害蟲為害。

      3.1.3 調(diào)控其他生物類群

      食腐的蚯蚓和彈尾蟲是農(nóng)業(yè)系統(tǒng)重要組成部分,不僅可以降解枯枝落葉等有機(jī)物,促進(jìn)物質(zhì)循環(huán),還可以提高土壤排水透氣性。在茶園間作馬唐()[125]、白車軸草[73]、山毛豆()[35]等功能植物可增加土壤中蚯蚓數(shù)量和生物量,改善土壤理化性質(zhì)。陳李林等[126]發(fā)現(xiàn)茶園間作百喜草或圓葉決明可提高凋落層彈尾蟲個(gè)體數(shù)。

      3.2 間套作功能植物降低病害發(fā)生

      間套作促進(jìn)作物對(duì)養(yǎng)分的吸收利用,稀釋、阻擋或驅(qū)避病原菌,提高寄主作物生理生化抗性,抑制帶毒昆蟲種群密度,進(jìn)而抑制病害的發(fā)生發(fā)展[127]。在茶園間套作功能植物能降低茶餅病、赤星病、煤煙病、炭疽病、輪斑病及根結(jié)線蟲的發(fā)病率[19,29,89]。前人研究發(fā)現(xiàn),間作大豆茶園炭疽病發(fā)病率降低74.34%,茶餅病降低85.12%[29];間作玉米茶園炭疽病降低49.76%[29];套種香樟()茶園輪斑病和赤星病的發(fā)病率分別降低50.47%和60.00%[19]。

      3.3 間套作功能植物降低雜草發(fā)生

      在茶園間套作功能植物能夠優(yōu)先占據(jù)生態(tài)位,增強(qiáng)雜草種間競爭,利用作物群體優(yōu)勢原理進(jìn)行生態(tài)控草,降低雜草種類和密度;間套作的功能植物刈割后覆蓋于茶行中間能夠阻擋光照和空氣,導(dǎo)致草種不能萌發(fā)[37]。幼齡茶園空白生境比重較大,通過間套作大豆、花生()等作物,能充分抑制雜草蔓延。羅旭輝等[128]發(fā)現(xiàn)在茶園間作圓葉決明2年后,惡性雜草馬唐密度減少到每平方米7株。張永志等[92]發(fā)現(xiàn)茶園間作鼠茅草(),對(duì)雜草株防效為88.96%,鮮重防效為89.36%。

      4 間套作功能植物對(duì)茶樹生長發(fā)育及茶葉產(chǎn)量品質(zhì)的影響

      合理間套作功能植物能夠促進(jìn)茶樹對(duì)光的吸收,降低茶葉中酚氨比,提升茶葉產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)[21,47,61,129]。烏龍茶鮮嫩茶梢的增加,會(huì)吸引茶小綠葉蟬取食,經(jīng)發(fā)酵后可制成濃厚香醇,具有果香的東方美人茶[130]。

      4.1 間套作功能植物對(duì)茶樹生長發(fā)育的影響

      4.1.1 提高光合速率

      茶樹喜漫射光,對(duì)光強(qiáng)需求較低,茶園適度遮陰可調(diào)節(jié)光照強(qiáng)度、有利于改善光質(zhì),促進(jìn)茶樹春梢生長[131]。間套作能夠減緩茶園光合輻射變化,消除茶樹“午休”現(xiàn)象[20];降低呼吸速率,提高光合作用[71,132]。功能植物對(duì)光照具有阻擋、吸收、反射等作用,減少因光照過強(qiáng)或直射時(shí)間過長而導(dǎo)致茶樹多花早衰[14]。張明澤等[51]發(fā)現(xiàn)在茶園間作巨菌草()能促進(jìn)茶葉中葉綠素a的合成,提高葉綠素a/b的比值。間套作功能植物對(duì)茶園的遮光度在30%左右最佳[13],過度遮陰會(huì)影響茶園通風(fēng)透光性,造成葉部病害加重。

      4.1.2 促進(jìn)根系生長

      合理間套作功能植物能夠改善土壤環(huán)境,促進(jìn)根系生長。嚴(yán)芳等[63]發(fā)現(xiàn)在茶園間作白車軸草,茶樹根系總長度、表面積、體積和分叉數(shù)分別是單作茶園的2.1、2.6、2.7、4.0倍。余立華等[133]發(fā)現(xiàn)茶園套種栗樹(),能夠提高茶樹根系吸收根比例、比根長和根系活性,其中套種茶園的茶樹吸收根比常規(guī)茶園高19.27%。

      4.1.3 增強(qiáng)茶樹長勢

      間套作功能植物能夠改變茶園微域氣候,為茶樹提供更適宜的生長條件,提早茶芽萌發(fā)期和全盛期[30-31,56],增快展葉速度[23-24,92]。與對(duì)照茶園相比,間作花生后茶樹株高增加13.0%,樹幅增大19.5%,茶苗成活率提高6.5%;間作大豆和花生后茶樹枝干直徑增加21.8%[34]。

      4.2 間套作功能植物對(duì)茶葉品質(zhì)的影響

      茶葉水浸出物主要包括多酚類、氨基酸和咖啡堿等,決定了茶湯的湯色和滋味;茶多酚與氨基酸的比值決定茶葉鮮爽度,酚氨比低的茶湯鮮爽度較高。施肥過多會(huì)導(dǎo)致茶葉品質(zhì)下降,苦味增加[134]。在茶園間套作功能植物有利于茶葉中氨基酸和蛋白質(zhì)的合成,調(diào)節(jié)可溶性糖、兒茶素、沒食子酸和咖啡堿的含量,降低酚氨比,改善茶葉品質(zhì)[36,45,135]。在茶園套種栗樹會(huì)改變茶樹氨基酸代謝機(jī)制,提高茶葉的鮮爽度和香氣[15-16]。在茶園套種核桃或榿木()能夠降低茶葉中粗纖維含量,提高鮮嫩度[136]。套種蘋果()能夠降低茶葉葉片厚度和角質(zhì)層,增加海綿組織和柵欄組織厚度;其中葉片厚度減少0.158%~0.187%,海綿組織增大0.194%~0.462%[44]。間作榆黃菇(),茶水浸出物中茶多酚和花青素含量比單種茶樹分別增加1.04%和0.13%[54]。

      4.3 間套作功能植物對(duì)茶葉產(chǎn)量的影響

      種植功能植物能夠改變茶園微域氣候,為茶樹提供更適宜生長條件,有利于提高茶樹新梢長度、發(fā)芽密度和百芽重[23-24,92]。與對(duì)照茶園相比,黃槐()-茶樹-野花生()的復(fù)合種植模式能夠增加茶樹芽長17.58%、百芽鮮重33.12%、百芽干重39.88%[137]。

      5 問題及展望

      5.1 常見問題

      不科學(xué)合理的間套作措施,將導(dǎo)致間套作植物與茶樹存在養(yǎng)分和光能競爭,會(huì)抑制茶樹生長,甚至降低茶葉品質(zhì)產(chǎn)量,達(dá)不到生境管理的目的。同時(shí),過度遮陰會(huì)增加水分積累,影響透氣透光,造成葉部病害加重。間套作時(shí)應(yīng)考慮功能植物的高度及種植密度[13]。茶園套種厚樸()或李樹,明顯加重茶餅病與茶炭疽病發(fā)病[29]。若間套作植物存在較強(qiáng)化感作用或與茶樹產(chǎn)生水肥競爭,則會(huì)抑制茶樹的生長。如在茶園套種巨桉()或核桃,巨桉根系和葉片中會(huì)分泌大量的化感物質(zhì)[138],核桃根系會(huì)分泌化感物質(zhì)胡桃醌,從而導(dǎo)致茶樹生長不良和茶葉品質(zhì)下降[139]。

      與稻田、菜地等農(nóng)田生態(tài)系統(tǒng)相比,傳統(tǒng)茶園生物群落結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜,可長期保持動(dòng)態(tài)平衡。在通過間套作措施構(gòu)建立體復(fù)合型生態(tài)茶園時(shí),需要保留一定面積的天然原生植被,可作為本地生物類群的“庫”,以避免造成單一種植功能植物后,茶園的生物多樣性降低[13]。間套作具有誘蟲功能的植物時(shí),還需要考慮功能植物的種植區(qū)域,防止害蟲向茶園的正向轉(zhuǎn)移[13]。選擇間套作的功能植物時(shí),需要注意避免與茶樹有共同病蟲害的植物,李祥英[140]發(fā)現(xiàn)在幼齡茶園間作番薯()后,會(huì)引起茶苗根結(jié)線蟲為害,造成茶樹死亡。

      與化學(xué)肥料相比,間套作功能植物提供的養(yǎng)分含量較低、起效慢;如果長期只依靠功能植物為茶樹提供養(yǎng)分,會(huì)造成產(chǎn)量下降、品質(zhì)降低等問題。同時(shí),受傳統(tǒng)認(rèn)知“草與茶爭肥”的影響,以及種植功能植物需要進(jìn)行開溝、播種和刈割覆蓋等農(nóng)事操作,導(dǎo)致人工成本增加,降低茶農(nóng)在茶園間套作功能植物的積極性。目前在實(shí)際生產(chǎn)過程中,適合茶園種植的新品種選育較為緩慢,種系逐漸退化,可能轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)殡s草[141]。在茶園間作套種功能植物提高茶葉品質(zhì)產(chǎn)量的效果明顯,但技術(shù)體系尚未完善,生產(chǎn)過程中缺乏相應(yīng)的技術(shù)指導(dǎo),難以形成大規(guī)模種植。

      5.2 展望

      間套作功能植物是一種常見的生境管理措施,通過科學(xué)合理地引入功能植物或保護(hù)當(dāng)?shù)刈匀恢脖坏姆绞?,增加有益生物類群的豐度和活性,強(qiáng)化茶園保益控害的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)功能[142-143]。合理的間套作可以通過利用不同植物種間促進(jìn)和互利共生原理,控制茶園病蟲草害的發(fā)生流行,減少化學(xué)肥料和化學(xué)農(nóng)藥施用,提高土地利用率,最終提升茶葉品質(zhì)和產(chǎn)量,保障茶葉安全優(yōu)質(zhì)生產(chǎn)[144-145]。

      僅依靠間套作功能植物調(diào)節(jié)茶園生物類群來控制有害生物的發(fā)生是遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠的,還需要結(jié)合其他綠色防控措施進(jìn)行生態(tài)調(diào)控。對(duì)茶園有害生物進(jìn)行生態(tài)調(diào)控應(yīng)從大尺度出發(fā),拓展至區(qū)域性農(nóng)田景觀的空間范圍。通過景觀設(shè)計(jì)對(duì)茶園植物進(jìn)行合理布局,協(xié)調(diào)“茶樹-病蟲草害-天敵及茶園生態(tài)環(huán)境”相互之間的關(guān)系,提高茶園景觀中有益生物的生物控害服務(wù)功能,將有害生物控制在生態(tài)經(jīng)濟(jì)閾值水平之下,維持茶園生態(tài)系統(tǒng)穩(wěn)定的動(dòng)態(tài)平衡,構(gòu)建長期有效的茶園有害生物生態(tài)調(diào)控體系[3,142]。

      [1] 梅宇, 梁曉.2020年中國茶葉產(chǎn)銷形勢報(bào)告[N].閩東日?qǐng)?bào), 2021-04-19(a5).

      Mei Y, Liang X.China tea production and marketing situation report in 2020 [N].Min Dong Daily, 2021-04-19(a5).

      [2] 陳宗懋, 蔡曉明, 周利, 等.中國茶園有害生物防控40年[J].中國茶葉, 2020, 42(1): 1-8.

      Chen Z M, Cai X M, Zhou L, et al.Developments on tea plant pest controlin past 40 years in China [J].China Tea, 2020, 42(1): 1-8.

      [3] 戈峰.害蟲管理:從“綜合”到“整合”[J].應(yīng)用昆蟲學(xué)報(bào), 2020, 57(1): 1-9.

      Ge F.From “comprehensive” to “integrated” pest management [J].Chinese Journal of Applied Entomology, 2020, 57(1): 1-9.

      [4] 趙紫華, 歐陽芳, 門興元, 等.生境管理——保護(hù)性生物防治的發(fā)展方向[J].應(yīng)用昆蟲學(xué)報(bào), 2013, 50(4): 879-889.

      Zhao Z H, Ouyang F, Men X Y, et al.Habitat management in biological control [J].Chinese Journal of Applied Entomology, 2013, 50(4): 879-889.

      [5] Gurr G M, Wratten S D, Landis D A, et al.Habitat management to suppress pest populations: progress and prospects [J].Annual Review of Entomology, 2017, 62(1): 91-109.

      [6] Nicholls C I, Altieri M A.Designing and implementing a habitat management strategy to enhance biological pest control in agroecosystems [J].Science and Ecology, 2004, 251: 26-36.

      [7] Grab H, Branstetter M G, Amon N, et al.Agriculturally dominated landscapes reduce bee phylogenetic diversity and pollination services [J].Science, 2019, 363(6424): 282-284.

      [8] Landis D A, Wratten S D, Gurr G M.Habitat management to conserve natural enemies of arthropod pests in agriculture [J].Annual Review of Entomology, 2000, 45(1): 175-201.

      [9] Ye G Y, Xiao Q, Chen M, et al.Tea: biological control of insect and mite pests in China [J].Biological Control, 2014, 68: 73-91.

      [10] 楊泉峰, 歐陽芳, 門興元, 等.北方富含天敵的功能植物的發(fā)現(xiàn)與應(yīng)用[J].應(yīng)用昆蟲學(xué)報(bào), 2018, 55(5): 942-947.

      Yang Q F, Ouyang F, Meng X Y, et al.Discovery and utilization of a functional plant, rich in the natural enemies of insect pests, in northern China [J].Chinese Journal of Applied Entomology, 2018, 55(5): 942-947.

      [11] 楊泉峰, 歐陽芳, 門興元, 等.功能植物的作用原理、方式及研究展望[J].應(yīng)用昆蟲學(xué)報(bào), 2020, 57(1): 41-48.

      Yang Q F, Ouyang F, Meng X Y, et al.Functional plants: current uses and future research [J].Chinese Journal of Applied Entomology, 2020, 57(1): 41-48.

      [12] 劉瑜, 疏再發(fā), 邵靜娜, 等.茶園間作對(duì)病蟲害防控效應(yīng)與作用機(jī)制研究進(jìn)展[J].茶葉通訊, 2021, 48(1): 7-14.

      Liu Y, Shu Z F, Shao J N, et al.Research progress on control effect and mechanism of intercropping on diseases and pests in tea garden [J].Journal of Tea Communication, 2021, 48(1): 7-14.

      [13] 楊文, 冷楊, 周玉鋒, 等.茶樹——次生植物間作茶園生態(tài)系統(tǒng)構(gòu)建的思考[J].茶葉通訊, 2021, 48(2): 193-199.

      Yang W, Len Y, Zhou Y F, et al.Thinking on the construction of tea plantation ecosystem of tea plant and secondary plants intercropping [J].Journal of Tea Communication, 2021, 48(2): 193-199.

      [14] 李庚飛, 孫磊.間作模式下大白茶凈光合速率的影響因子分析[J].湖北農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué), 2012, 51(19): 4299-4301.

      Li G F, Sun L.Study on influence factor of net photosynthetic rate of tea () under interplant patterns [J].Hubei Agricultural Sciences, 2012, 51(19): 4299-4301.

      [15] 劉相東, 畢彩虹, 譚建平, 等.栗茶間作與覆草對(duì)茶樹生長環(huán)境和茶葉品質(zhì)的影響[J].安徽農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué), 2016, 44(34): 26-27.

      Liu X D, Bi C H, Tan J P, et al.Effect of chestnut-tea intercropping and covering straw on the tea tree growth environment and quality of tea [J].Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences, 2016, 44(34): 26-27.

      [16] Wu T, Zou R, Pu D, et al.Non-targeted and targeted metabolomics profiling of tea plants () in response to its intercropping with Chinese chestnut [J].BMC plant biology, 2021, 21(1): 55-71.

      [17] Wu J E, Liu W J, Chen C F, et al.Can intercropping with the world's three major beverage plants help improve the water use of rubber trees? [J].Journal of Applied Ecology, 2016, 53(6): 1787-1799.

      [18] 汪云剛, 李良靜, 冉隆珣, 等.不同種植模式下茶假眼小綠葉蟬種群動(dòng)態(tài)的調(diào)查[J].西南農(nóng)業(yè)學(xué)報(bào), 2010, 23(2): 413-415.

      Wang Y G, Li L J, Ran L X, et al.Investigation on population dynamics ofG?the of different planting patterns [J].Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2010, 23(2): 413-415.

      [19] 孫云南, 冉隆珣, 蔡麗, 等.不同間作模式茶園主要病蟲害及天敵的調(diào)查研究[J].山東農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué), 2014, 46(11): 110-113.

      Sun Y N, Ran L X, Cai L, et al.Investigation of major diseases, pests and predators in different intercropping tea plantations [J].Shandong Agricultural Sciences, 2014, 46(11): 110-113.

      [20] 宋清海, 毛加梅, 趙俊福, 等.生態(tài)茶園不同套種模式光合有效輻射特征[J].云南大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(自然科學(xué)版), 2014, 36(1): 144-148.

      Song Q H, Mao J M, Zhao J F, et al.Photosynthetic active radiation in an ecological tea plantation by different interplanting patterns [J].Journal of Yunnan University (Natural Sciences Edition) , 2014, 36(1): 144-148.

      [21] 王葉, 張國林, 陽樹英, 等.生境對(duì)茶葉品質(zhì)和產(chǎn)量影響的光合生理機(jī)制[J].應(yīng)用生態(tài)學(xué)報(bào), 2018, 29(11): 3596-3606.

      Wang Y, Zhang G L, Yang S Y, et al.Photosynthetic mechanism of tea yield and quality affected by different habitats [J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2018, 29(11): 3596-3606.

      [22] 阮旭, 張玥, 楊忠星, 等.果茶間作模式下茶樹光合特征參數(shù)的日變化[J].南京農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào), 2011, 34(5): 53-57.

      Ruan X, Zhang Y, Yang Z X, et al.Diurnal variation of photosynthetic characteristic parameters of tea plant under fruit-tea intercropping patterns [J].Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University, 2011, 34(5): 53-57.

      [23] 侯劍, 劉波, 尚曉陽, 等.日照茶區(qū)‘黃金芽’幼苗松茶間作的效應(yīng)研究Ⅱ.‘黃金芽’茶苗生長狀況及新梢葉片生化成分[J].山東農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué), 2020, 52(4): 38-47.

      Hou J, Liu B, Shang X Y, et al.Intercropping effect of Huangjinya tea seedlings with pine in Rizhao tea region II.Growth and biochemical components of Huangjinya tea seedlings [J].Shandong Agricultural Sciences, 2020, 52(4): 38-47.

      [24] 詹杰, 李振武, 鄧素芳, 等.茶草互作模式下茶園環(huán)境及茶樹生長的初步變化[J].草業(yè)科學(xué), 2018, 35(11): 2694-2703.

      Zhan J, Li Z W, Deng S F, et al.Preliminary variations in the environment of tea gardens and tea growth on the tea-grass interaction mode [J].Pratacultural Science, 2018, 35(11): 2694-2703.

      [25] 薛建輝, 費(fèi)穎新.間作杉木對(duì)茶園土壤及茶樹葉片重金屬含量與分布的影響[J].生態(tài)與農(nóng)村環(huán)境學(xué)報(bào), 2006, 22(4): 71-73, 87.

      Xue J H, Fei Y X.Effects of intercroppingin tea garden on contents and distribution of heavy metals in soil and tea leaves [J].Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment, 2006, 22(4): 71-73, 87.

      [26] 周可金, 黃義德, 武立權(quán).南方丘陵山區(qū)茶稻間作復(fù)合系統(tǒng)生態(tài)效應(yīng)的研究[J].安徽農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào), 2003, 30(4): 382-385.

      Zhou K J, Huang Y D, Wu L Q.Ecological effect of tea-rice intercropping compound system in southern hilly area [J].Journal of Anhui Agricultural University, 2003, 30(4): 382-385.

      [27] 江宗麗.幼齡茶園間作蕎麥技術(shù)[J].中國茶葉, 2012, 34(2): 22-23.

      Jiang Z L.Technique of intercropping buckwheat in young tea garden [J].China Tea, 2012, 34(2): 22-23.

      [28] 王長科, 侯運(yùn)和, 尤自明, 等.一年期新栽茶園間套不同作物試驗(yàn)研究初報(bào)[J].陜西農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué), 2016, 62(6): 62-64.

      Wang C K, Hou Y H, You Z M, et al.Preliminary report of one-year experimental study on different crops in a new tea garden [J].Shaanxi Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2016, 62(6): 62-64.

      [29] 張洪, 張孟婷, 王??? 等.4種間作作物對(duì)夏秋季茶園主要葉部病害發(fā)生的影響[J].茶葉科學(xué), 2019, 39(3): 318-324.

      Zhang H, Zhang M T, Wang F K, et al.Effects of four intercropping crops on the occurrence of major leaf diseases in tea plantations in summer and autumn [J].Journal of Tea Science, 2019, 39(3): 318-324.

      [30] 呂小營, 歐陽石光, 張麗霞, 等.新建茶園不同間作模式及覆蓋遮陰效應(yīng)比較研究——種植模式Ⅰ: 茶行東西走向[J].山東農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué), 2012, 44(5): 33-36.

      Lü X Y, Ouyang S G, Zhang L X, et al.Comparative study of intercropping different crops and shading effects in young tea garden under planting pattern I: west-east direction of tea rows [J].Shandong Agricultural Sciences, 2012, 44(5): 33-36.

      [31] 呂小營, 歐陽石光, 張麗霞, 等.新建茶園不同間作模式及覆蓋遮陰效應(yīng)比較研究——種植模式Ⅱ:茶行南北走向[J].山東農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué), 2012, 44(6): 44-49.

      Lü X Y, Ouyang S G, Zhang L X, et al.Comparative study of intercropping different crops and shading effects in young tea garden under planting pattern II: north-south direction of tea rows [J].Shandong Agricultural Sciences, 2012, 44(6): 44-49.

      [32] 梁麗妮, 郭曉光, 廖星, 等.適宜茶園套種的綠肥型油菜資源篩選及初步應(yīng)用[J].中國油料作物學(xué)報(bào), 2019, 41(6): 825-834.

      Liang L N, Guo X G, Liao X, et al.Screening and preliminary application of rapeseed materials as green manure intercropped in tea plantations [J].Chinese Journal of Oil Crop Sciences, 2019, 41(6): 825-834.

      [33] 胡桂萍, 曹紅妹, 石旭平, 等.間作植被對(duì)茶園生態(tài)環(huán)境和茶葉產(chǎn)量的影響[J].江西農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào), 2019, 41(2): 300-307.

      Hu G P, Cao H M, Shi X P, et al.Effects of intercropping vegetation on ecological environment and tea yield in tea plantations [J].Acta Agriculturae Universitatis Jiangxiensis, 2019, 41(2): 300-307.

      [34] 楊海濱, 李中林, 徐澤, 等.間作綠肥對(duì)幼齡茶園土壤鋅及養(yǎng)分含量的影響[J].中國農(nóng)學(xué)通報(bào), 2018, 34(17): 99-103.

      Yang H B, Li Z L, Xu Z, et al.Effects of intercropping green manure on soil available Zinc and nutrient content of young tea garden [J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2018, 34(17): 99-103.

      [35] 黎健龍, 唐勁馳, 吳利榮, 等.間作與覆蓋對(duì)茶園生物多樣性及茶葉產(chǎn)量的影響[J].廣東農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué), 2010, 37(11): 29-32.

      Li J L, Tang J C, Wu L R, et al.Influence of intercropping and mulching to biological diversity and yield in tea garden [J].Guangdong Agricultural Sciences, 2010, 37(11): 29-32.

      [36] Duan Y, Shen J Z, Zhang X L, et al.Effects of soybean - tea intercropping on soil-available nutrients and tea quality [J].Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 2019, 41(8): 140-149.

      [37] 孫永明, 李小飛, 俞素琴, 等.茶園不同控草措施效果比較[J].南方農(nóng)業(yè)學(xué)報(bào), 2017, 48(10): 1832-1837.

      Sun Y M, Li X F, Yu S Q, et al.Comparison on effects of different weed control measures in tea garden [J].Journal of Southern Agriculture, 2017, 48(10): 1832-1837.

      [38] 段永春.茶園間作豌豆控制綠盲蝽技術(shù)[J].中國茶葉, 2016, 38(11): 22.

      Duan Y C.Control ofby pea intercropping in tea garden [J].China Tea, 2016, 38(11): 22

      [39] 傅海平, 周品謙, 王沅江, 等.綠肥間作對(duì)茶樹根際土壤真菌群落的影響[J].茶葉通訊, 2020, 47(3): 406-415.

      Fu H P, Zhou P Q, Wang Y J, et al.Effects of intercropping different green manures on fungal community characteristics in rhizosphere soil of tea plant [J].Journal of Tea Communication, 2020, 47(3): 406-415.

      [40] 葉火香, 何迅民, 韓寶瑜.茶園間作楊梅、柑桔和吊瓜對(duì)粉虱種群數(shù)空間特征的影響[J].安徽農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào), 2010, 37(2): 183-188.

      Ye H X, He X M, Han B Y.Difference in influence of intercropping of tea plants with waxberry and citrus and snakegourd fruit plants respectively on numeral and spatial characteristics of population of citrus spiny whitefly [J].Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences, 2010, 37(2): 183-188.

      [41] 葉火香, 穆丹, 韓寶瑜.茶園間作柑桔楊梅吊瓜對(duì)茶蚜種群數(shù)空特征影響和差異[J].茶葉科學(xué)技術(shù), 2010(2): 7-12.

      Ye H X, Mu D, Han B Y.Difference in influence of intercropping of tea plants with waxberry and citrus and snakegourd fruit plants respectively on numeral and spatial characteristics of population of tea aphid [J].Journal of Tea Science and Technology, 2010(2): 7-12.

      [42] 葉火香, 崔林, 何迅民, 等.茶園間作柑桔楊梅或吊瓜對(duì)葉蟬及蜘蛛類群數(shù)量和空間格局的影響[J].生態(tài)學(xué)報(bào), 2010, 30(22): 6019-6026.

      Ye H X, Cui L, He X M, et al.Effect of intercropping tea with citrus, waxberry, or snake gourd on population density and spatial distribution of the tea green leafhopper and araneids [J].Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2010, 30(22): 6019-6026.

      [43] 周聰穎, 張孟婷, 張洪, 等.間作白芋對(duì)茶園夏季雜草種類及防治效果的影響[J].貴州農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué), 2020, 48(2): 50-55.

      Zhou C Y, Zhang M T, Zhang H, et al.Effects of tea-intercropping pattern on weed species and weed control in tea plantation in summer [J].Guizhou Agricultural Sciences, 2020, 48(2): 50-55.

      [44] 趙甜甜, 蔡新, 梁名志, 等.蘋果-茶間作對(duì)茶樹葉片品質(zhì)影響的研究[J].湖南農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué), 2011, (7): 35-37, 41.

      Zhao T T, Cai X, Liang M Z, et al.Effect of intercropping apple with tea on quality of tea leaves [J].Hunan Agricultural Sciences, 2011, (7): 35-37, 41.

      [45] Wen B, Zhang X L, Ren S, et al.Characteristics of soil nutrients, heavy metals and tea quality in different intercropping patterns [J].Agroforestry Systems, 2019, 94: 963-974.

      [46] 陳昌輝, 王媛, 唐茜, 等.梨茶間作茶園生態(tài)效應(yīng)及效益分析[J].西南農(nóng)業(yè)學(xué)報(bào), 2011, 24(4): 1446-1449.

      Chen C H, Wang Y, Tang Q, et al.Analysis of ecological and economic effects of tea garden intercropping with pear trees [J].Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2011, 24(4): 1446-1449.

      [47] 楊清平, 毛清黎.獼猴桃與茶間作對(duì)茶園生態(tài)環(huán)境及夏秋茶產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)的影響[J].湖北農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué), 2013, 52(11): 2566-2568.

      Yang Q P, Mao Q L.Influence of kiwifruit-tea intercropping on tea garden ecological environment, yield and quality of tea in summer and autumn [J].Hubei Agricultural Sciences, 2013, 52(11): 2566-2568.

      [48] 劉雙弟.臺(tái)刈茶園套種藿香薊對(duì)跗線螨及其天敵植綏螨種群數(shù)量的影響[J].中國農(nóng)學(xué)通報(bào), 2011, 27(25): 229-234.

      Liu S D.Effect on the population of tarsonemid mites and its natural enemies phytoseiid mites in collar-pruning tea garden interplanting with[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2011, 27(25): 229-234.

      [49] Chen L L, Yuan P, Pozsgai G, et al.The impact of cover crops on the predatory mite(Acari, Anystidae) and the leafhopper pest(Hemiptera, Cicadellidae) in a tea plantation [J].Pest Management Science, 2019, 75(12): 3371-3380.

      [50] 黃東風(fēng), 王利民, 李衛(wèi)華, 等.茶園套種牧草對(duì)作物產(chǎn)量及土壤基本肥力的影響[J].中國生態(tài)農(nóng)業(yè)學(xué)報(bào), 2014, 22(11): 1289-1293.

      Huang D F, Wang L M, Li W H, et al.Effects of inter-planting forage with tea on yield and soil fertility [J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2014, 22(11): 1289-1293.

      [51] 張明澤, 姚玉仙, 申太官, 等.茶樹間作巨菌草對(duì)茶園小氣候及土壤養(yǎng)分的影響[J].山西農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué), 2020, 48(2): 238-241, 245.

      Zhang M Z, Yao Y X, Shen T G, et al.Effects of tea-intercropping on microclimate and soil nutrients in tea garden [J].Journal of Shanxi Agricultural Sciences, 2020, 48(2): 238-241, 245.

      [52] 陳亦根, 熊錦君, 黃明度, 等.茶園節(jié)肢動(dòng)物類群多樣性和穩(wěn)定性研究[J].應(yīng)用生態(tài)學(xué)報(bào), 2004, 15(5): 875-878.

      Chen Y G, Xiong J J, Huang M D, et al.Diversity and stability of arthropod assemblage in tea orchard [J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2004, 15(5): 857-878.

      [53] 陳亦根, 熊錦君, 黃明度, 等.復(fù)合茶園昆蟲類群多樣性和穩(wěn)定性研究[J].華南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào), 2004, 25(1): 59-61.

      Chen Y G, Xiong J J, Huang M D, et al.Structure and diversity of insect assembly in complex tea orchard [J].Journal of South China Agricultural University, 2004, 25(1): 59-61.

      [54] 田景濤, 陳玲, 徐代華, 等.投產(chǎn)茶園非生產(chǎn)季節(jié)套種榆黃菇的效應(yīng)研究[J].河南農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué), 2020, 49(4): 124-130.

      Tian J T, Chen L, Xu D H, et al.Effect of interplantingin the tea garden put into production during non-production season [J].Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences, 2020, 49(4): 124-130.

      [55] 李艷春, 林忠寧, 陸烝, 等.茶園間作靈芝對(duì)土壤細(xì)菌多樣性和群落結(jié)構(gòu)的影響[J].福建農(nóng)業(yè)學(xué)報(bào), 2019, 34(6): 690-696.

      Li Y C, Lin Z N, Lu Z, et al.Microbial diversity and community structure in soil under tea bushes-intercropping [J].Fujian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2019, 34(6): 690-696.

      [56] 李振武, 韓海東, 陳敏健, 等.套種食用菌對(duì)茶園土壤和茶樹生長的效應(yīng)[J].福建農(nóng)業(yè)學(xué)報(bào), 2013, 28(11): 1088-1092.

      Li Z W, Han H D, Chen M J, et al.Effects of intercroppingon tea garden soil and tea growth [J].Fujian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2013, 28(11): 1088-1092.

      [57] 陳李林, 陳平, 王優(yōu), 等.茶園間作功能植物對(duì)茶小綠葉蟬的調(diào)控作用[J].植物保護(hù)學(xué)報(bào), 2019, 46(5): 989-996.

      Chen L L, Chen P, Wang Y, et al.Cover crops mediate abundance and egg density of tea green leafhopper (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) in a tea plantation [J].Journal of Plant Protection, 2019, 46(5): 989-996.

      [58] 張正群, 田月月, 高樹文, 等.茶園間作芳香植物羅勒和紫蘇對(duì)茶園生態(tài)系統(tǒng)影響的研究[J].茶葉科學(xué), 2016, 36(4): 389-395.

      Zhang Z Q, Tian Y Y, Gao S W, et al.Ecological effects of intercropping tea with aromatic plant basil and perill in young tea plantation [J].Journal of Tea Science, 2016, 36(4): 389-395.

      [59] Zhang Z Q, Luo Z X, Gao Y, et al.Volatiles from non-host aromatic plants repel tea green leafhopper[J].Entomologia ExperimentalisApplicata, 2014, 153(2): 156-169.

      [60] Zhang Z Q, Zhou C, Xu Y Y, et al.Effects of intercropping tea with aromatic plants on population dynamics of arthropods in Chinese tea plantations [J].Journal of Pest Science, 2017, 90(1): 227-237.

      [61] 宋同清, 王克林, 彭晚霞, 等.亞熱帶丘陵茶園間作白三葉草的生態(tài)效應(yīng)[J].生態(tài)學(xué)報(bào), 2006, 26(11): 3647-3655.

      Song T Q, Wang K L, Peng W X, et al.Ecological effects of intercropping white clover on tea plantation in a subtropical hilly region [J].Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2006, 26(11): 3647-3655.

      [62] 肖潤林, 向佐湘, 徐華勤, 等.間種白三葉草和稻草覆蓋控制丘陵茶園雜草效果[J].農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報(bào), 2008, 24(11): 183-187.

      Xiao R L, Xiang Z X, Xu H Q, et al.Ecological effects of the weed community in tea garden with intercropping white clover and straw mulching [J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2008, 24(11): 183-187.

      [63] 嚴(yán)芳, 婁艷華, 陳建興, 等.間作白三葉草對(duì)茶園溫濕度和茶樹根系生長的影響[J].熱帶作物學(xué)報(bào), 2017, 38(12): 2243-2247.

      Yan F, Lou Y H, Chen J X, et al.The effect of intercroppingon temperature humidity and growth of tea root system in tea plantation [J].Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, 2017, 38(12): 2243-2247.

      [64] Chen L L, You M S, Chen S B.Effects of cover crops on spider communities in tea plantations [J].Biological Control, 2011, 59(3): 326-335.

      [65] Chen L L, Yuan P, You M S, et al.Cover crops enhance natural enemies while help suppressing pests in a tea plantation [J].Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 2019, 112(4): 348-355.

      [66] 劉彩霞, 江新鳳, 李文金, 等.茶園間作綠肥生態(tài)控草技術(shù)研究[J].陜西農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué), 2020, 66(11): 26-28, 98.

      Liu C X, Jiang X F, Li W J, et al.Study on techniques for weed ecological control by intercropping green manure in tea garden [J].Shaanxi Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2020, 66(11) 26-28, 98.

      [67] 戶杉杉, 高水練, 郭彬, 等.套種紫花苜蓿對(duì)茶園土壤及茶葉品質(zhì)的影響[J].茶葉通訊, 2019, 46(2): 154-161.

      Hu S S, Gao S L, Guo B, et al.Effects of interplanting alfalfa on tea garden soil and tea quality [J].Journal of Tea Communication, 2019, 46(2): 154-161.

      [68] 李慧玲, 郭劍雄, 張輝, 等.茶園間作不同綠肥對(duì)節(jié)肢動(dòng)物群落結(jié)構(gòu)和多樣性的影響[J].應(yīng)用昆蟲學(xué)報(bào), 2016, 53(3): 545-553.

      Li H L, Guo J X, Zhang H, et al.The effects of intercropping different green manure plants on the structure and diversity of arthropod communities in tea plantations [J].Chinese Journal of Applied Entomology, 2016, 53(3): 545-553.

      [69] 李慧玲, 林乃銓, 郭劍雄, 等.茶園間作綠肥對(duì)假眼小綠葉蟬及其天敵纓小蜂的影響[J].中國生物防治學(xué)報(bào), 2016, 32(1): 50-54.

      Li H L, Lin N Q, Guo J X, et al.Effects on small green leafhopper and its natural enemy mymarid in tea plantations with intercropping of green manure plants [J].Chinese Journal of Biological Control, 2016, 32(1): 50-54.

      [70] 吳滿霞, 韓仁甲, 汪升毅, 等.苦李山茱萸或板栗與茶間作增進(jìn)昆蟲多樣性的效應(yīng)[J].昆蟲知識(shí), 2010, 47(6): 1165-1169.

      Wu M X, Han R J, Wang S Y, et al.Promoting effect of intercropping on insect diversity in Chinese plum-tea or medical dogwood-tea or chestnut-tea intercrop plantations [J].Chinese Bulletin of Entomology, 2010, 47(6): 1165-1169

      [71] Zhao T T, Liu S H, Yan S J, et al.Effects of intercropping and shading systems on tea photosynthesis and respiration [J].Agricultural Science and Technology, 2016, 17(10): 2225-2227.

      [72] 李華超.生態(tài)茶園的好形式——茶與杜仲間作[J].中國茶葉, 1994(6): 40.

      Li H C.Great form of ecological tea garden-tea and eucommia intercropping [J].China Tea, 1994(6): 40.

      [73] 彭晚霞, 宋同清, 鄒冬生, 等.覆蓋與間作對(duì)亞熱帶丘陵茶園生態(tài)的綜合調(diào)控效果[J].中國農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué), 2008, 41(8): 2370-2378.

      Peng W X, Song T Q, Zou D S, et al.Integrative ecological effects of straw mulching and intercropping with white clover in young tea plantation in subtropical hilly region [J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2008, 41(8): 2370-2378.

      [74] 肖英方, 毛潤乾, 萬方浩.害蟲生物防治新概念——生物防治植物及創(chuàng)新研究[J].中國生物防治學(xué)報(bào), 2013, 29(1): 1-10.

      Xiao Y F, Mao R Q, Wan F H.New concept of biological control: bio-control plants used for management of arthropod pests [J].Chinese Journal of Biological Control, 2013, 29(1): 1-10.

      [75] 陳學(xué)新, 劉銀泉, 任順祥, 等.害蟲天敵的植物支持系統(tǒng)[J].應(yīng)用昆蟲學(xué)報(bào), 2014, 51(1): 1-12.

      Chen X X, Liu Y Q, Ren S X, et al.Plant-mediated support system for natural enemies of insect pests [J].Chinese Journal of Applied Entomology, 2014, 51(1): 1-12.

      [76] Zhang R F, Ji D Z, Zhang Q Q, et al.Evaluation of eleven plant species as potential banker plants to support predatoryin tea plant systems [J].Insects, 2021, 12(2): 162-171.

      [77] Campbell A J, Wilby A, Sutton P, et al.Getting more power from your flowers: multi-functional flower strips enhance pollinators and pest control agents in apple orchards [J].Insects, 2017, 8(3): 101-119.

      [78] Pandey S, Rahman A, Gurr G M.Australian native flowering plants enhance the longevity of three parasitoids of brassica pests [J].Entomologia ExperimentalisApplicata, 2018, 166(4): 265-276.

      [79] 田俊策, 王國榮, 鄭許松, 等.芝麻花對(duì)稻螟赤眼蜂寄生和擴(kuò)散能力的影響[J].中國生物防治學(xué)報(bào), 2018, 34(6): 807-812.

      Tian J C, Wang G R, Zheng X S, et al.The effect of sesame flowers on the fecundity and dispersal ability of[J].Chinese Journal of Biological Control, 2018, 34(6): 807-812.

      [80] 歐陽芳, 王麗娜, 閆卓, 等.中國農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)昆蟲授粉功能量與服務(wù)價(jià)值評(píng)估[J].生態(tài)學(xué)報(bào), 2019, 39(1): 131-145.

      Ouyang F, Wang L N, Yan Z, et al.Evaluation of insect pollination and service value in China’s agricultural ecosystems [J].Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2019, 39(1): 131-145.

      [81] 梁齊, 魯艷輝, 何曉嬋, 等.誘集植物在害蟲治理中的最新研究進(jìn)展[J].生物安全學(xué)報(bào), 2015, 24(3): 184-193.

      Liang Q, Lu Y H, He X C, et al.Mini review of the significance of trap crop in insect pest management [J].Journal of Biosafety, 2015, 24(3): 184-193.

      [82] Shelton A M, Badenes-Perez F R.Concepts and applications of trap cropping in pest management [J].Annual Review of Entomology, 2006, 51(1): 285-308.

      [83] 呂建華, 劉樹生.誘蟲作物在害蟲治理中的應(yīng)用[J].植物保護(hù), 2008, 34(2): 1-6.

      Lü J H, Liu S S.Advances in application of trap cropping to IPM [J].Plant Protection, 2008, 34(2): 1-6.

      [84] 陳宗懋.世界主要產(chǎn)茶國有機(jī)茶生產(chǎn)的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀與主要技術(shù)[C].首屆中國(珠海)茶葉經(jīng)濟(jì)科技論壇、中國茶葉流通協(xié)會(huì)第十七屆年會(huì)、中國茶葉學(xué)會(huì)2001年年會(huì).珠海, 2001: 41-43.

      Chen Z M.Development status and main technologies of organic tea production in major tea-producing countries in the world [C].The 1st China (Zhuhai) tea economic science and technology forum, the 17th annual meeting of China tea circulation association, the 2001 annual meeting of China tea society.Zhuhai, 2001: 41-43.

      [85] 張曉明, 楊智斌, 趙子華, 等.茶園不同顯花植物訪花昆蟲群落組成及優(yōu)勢種活動(dòng)規(guī)律[J].生態(tài)學(xué)雜志, 2020, 39(7): 2364-2373.

      Zhang X M, Yang Z B, Zhao Z H, et al.Community composition and activity rhythm of dominant flower-visiting insects from different flowering plants in tea gardens [J].Chinese Journal of Ecology, 2020, 39(7): 2364-2373.

      [86] Zhang Z Q, Sun X L, Xin Z J, et al.Identification and field evaluation of non-host volatiles disturbing host location by the tea geometrid,[J].Journal of Chemical Ecology, 2013, 39(10): 1284-1296.

      [87] Cai X M, Luo Z X, Meng Z N, et al.Primary screening and application of repellent plant volatiles to control tea leafhopper,Matsuda [J].Pest Management Science, 2020, 76(4): 1304-1312.

      [88] 曾維愛.辣蓼殺蟲活性成分研究[D].長沙: 湖南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué), 2007.

      Zeng W A.Study on insecticidal constituents ofL [D].Changsha: Hunan Agricultural University, 2007.

      [89] Kamunya S M, Wachira F N, Lang'at J, et al.Integrated management of root knot nematode (spp.) in tea () in Kenya [J].International Journal of Pest Management, 2008, 54(2): 129-136.

      [90] 許佳玲, 賴嘉妤, 李從治, 等.茶園景觀的視覺經(jīng)營管理——以永福臺(tái)灣農(nóng)民創(chuàng)業(yè)園為例[J].東南園藝, 2017, 5(2): 16-24.

      Xu J L, Lai J Y, Li C Z, et al.The visual operating and management of tea garden landscape illustrated by the example of Yongfu Taiwan farmers pioneer park [J].Southeast Horticulture, 2017, 5(2): 16-24.

      [91] Gülser C, Pek?en A.Using tea waste as a new casing material in mushroom ((L.) Sing.) cultivation [J].Bioresource Technology, 2003, 88(2): 153-156.

      [92] 張永志, 王淼, 高健健, 等.間作鼠茅對(duì)茶園雜草抑制效果和茶葉品質(zhì)與產(chǎn)量指標(biāo)的影響[J].安徽農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào), 2020, 47(3): 340-344.

      Zhang Y Z, Wang M, Gao J J, et al.Effects of intercroppingon weed control and indexes of tea quality and production [J].Journal of Anhui Agricultural University, 2020, 47(3): 340-344.

      [93] 張小琴, 陳娟, 梁遠(yuǎn)發(fā).間作對(duì)幼齡茶園生態(tài)與茶樹生育及效益影響的研究進(jìn)展[J].貴州農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué), 2014, 42(1): 67-71.

      Zhang X Q, Chen J, Liang Y F.Advances in the effects of intercropping on ecological factors, growth and economic benefits of young tea garden [J].Guizhou Agricultural Sciences, 2014, 42(1): 67-71.

      [94] 單武雄.生境管理對(duì)亞熱帶丘陵茶園生態(tài)環(huán)境與茶葉品質(zhì)的影響[D].長沙: 湖南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué), 2010.

      Shan W X.The effect of different habitat management in tea plantations on the subtropical environment and the quality of tea [D].Changsha: Hunan Agricultural University, 2010.

      [95] 李太魁, 張香凝, 郭戰(zhàn)玲, 等.覆蓋與間作對(duì)丹江口庫區(qū)坡地茶園氮磷流失和土壤環(huán)境的影響[J].生態(tài)環(huán)境學(xué)報(bào), 2020, 29(3): 543-549.

      Li T K, Zhang X N, Guo Z L, et al.Effects of mulching and intercropping on nitrogen and phosphorus runoff losses from sloping land and soil environment of tea garden in the Danjiangkou reservoir area [J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 2020, 29(3): 543-549.

      [96] 林修焰.亞熱帶紅壤山地茶園間作白三葉草的水土保持效應(yīng)[J].亞熱帶水土保持, 2014, 26(1): 5-8.

      Lin X Y.Soil conservation effects of intercropping white clover in the tea garden at the red soil hilly land of subtropical areas [J].Subtropical Soil and Water Conservation, 2014, 26(1): 5-8.

      [97] 王國夫, 孫小紅, 方逸, 等.遮陰對(duì)抹茶茶園土壤微生物特性及土壤酶活性的影響[J].茶葉科學(xué), 2019, 39(3): 355-363.

      Wang G F, Sun X H, Fang Y, et al.Effects of shading on microbial characteristics and enzyme activities in matcha tea garden soil [J].Journal of Tea Science, 2019, 39(3): 355-363.

      [98] 蘇有健, 王燁軍, 張永利, 等.茶園土壤酸化阻控與改良技術(shù)[J].中國茶葉, 2018, 40(3): 9-11, 15.

      Su Y J, Wang Y J, Zhang Y L,et al.Resistance control and improvement technology of soil acidification in tea plantation [J].China Tea, 2018, 40(3): 9-11, 15.

      [99] 顧松松, 胡秋龍, 劉仲華, 等.不同類型茶園土壤細(xì)菌多樣性及群落結(jié)構(gòu)研究[J].茶葉通訊, 2019, 46(2): 162-169.

      Gu S S, Hu Q L, Liu Z H, et al.The study on diversity and community structure of organic, non-polluted and common tea plantations [J].Journal of Tea Communication, 2019, 46(2): 162-169.

      [100] 吳志丹, 尤志明, 江福英, 等.行間覆蓋綠肥對(duì)幼齡茶園土壤理化性狀的影響[J].福建農(nóng)業(yè)學(xué)報(bào), 2013, 28(12): 1285-1290.

      Wu Z D, You Z M, Jiang F Y, et al.Effects of inter-row green manure mulching on soil physical and chemical properties of young tea plantation [J].Fujian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2013, 28(12): 1285-1290.

      [101] 覃瀟敏, 黃少欣, 韋錦堅(jiān), 等.茶樹/大豆間作對(duì)茶樹土壤和茶葉營養(yǎng)品質(zhì)的影響[J].華北農(nóng)學(xué)報(bào), 2019, 34(s1): 129-135.

      Qin X M, Huang S X, Wei J J, et al.Effects of tea and soybean intercropping on tea-planted soil and tea nutritional quality [J].Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica, 2019, 34(s1): 129-135.

      [102] 胡磊.套種圓葉決明和施肥對(duì)茶園土壤固氮微生物群落的影響[D].福州: 福建農(nóng)林大學(xué), 2010.

      Hu L.Effects of interplanting withPers and fertilization on soil nitrogen-fixing microbial communities in tea plantations [D].Fuzhou: Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 2010.

      [103] 楊林, 劉慧龍, 張欽, 等.不同有機(jī)肥對(duì)茶園主要土壤酶活性的影響[J].貴州科學(xué), 2015, 33(5): 36-39.

      Yang L, Liu H L, Zhang Q, et al.Effect of different organic fertilizers on soil enzyme activity in tea garden [J].Guizhou Science, 2015, 33(5): 36-39.

      [104] 歐陽芳, 趙紫華, 戈峰.昆蟲的生態(tài)服務(wù)功能[J].應(yīng)用昆蟲學(xué)報(bào), 2013, 50(2): 305-310.

      Ouyang F, Zhao Z H, Ge F.Insect ecological services [J].Chinese Journal of Applied Entomology, 2013, 50(2): 305-310.

      [105] 歐陽芳, 呂飛, 門興元, 等.中國農(nóng)業(yè)昆蟲生態(tài)調(diào)節(jié)服務(wù)價(jià)值估算[J].生態(tài)學(xué)報(bào), 2015, 35(12): 4000-4006.

      Ouyang F, Lü F, Men X Y, et al.The economic value of ecological regulating services provided by agricultural insects in China [J].Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2015, 35(12): 4000-4006.

      [106] 歐陽芳, 戈峰.農(nóng)田景觀格局變化對(duì)昆蟲的生態(tài)學(xué)效應(yīng)[J].應(yīng)用昆蟲學(xué)報(bào), 2011, 48(5): 1177-1183.

      Ouyang F, Ge F.Effects of agricultural landscape patterns on insects [J].Chinese Journal of Applied Entomology, 2011, 48(5): 1177-1183.

      [107] 時(shí)培建, 惠蒼, 門興元, 等.作物多樣性對(duì)害蟲及其天敵多樣性的級(jí)聯(lián)效應(yīng)[J].中國科學(xué)(生命科學(xué)), 2014, 44(1): 75-90.

      Shi P J, Hui C, Men X Y, et al.Cascade effects of crop species richness on the diversity of pest insects and their natural enemies [J].Scientia Sinica (Vitae), 2014, 44(1): 75-90.

      [108] 邢樹文, 朱慧, 馬瑞君, 等.不同生境條件與管理方式對(duì)茶園蜘蛛群落結(jié)構(gòu)及多樣性的影響[J].生態(tài)學(xué)報(bào), 2017, 37(12): 4236-4246.

      Xing S W, Zhu H, Ma R J, et al.Effects of different habitats and management on the spider communities in tea plantations [J].Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2017, 37(12): 4236-4246.

      [109] 李慧玲, 張輝, 曾明森.茶園間作圓葉決明調(diào)控茶小綠葉蟬研究[J].茶葉學(xué)報(bào), 2016, 57(4): 205-208.

      Li H L, Zhang H, Zeng M S.Regulating effect on(Homoptera: cicadellidae) by intercropping tea bushes with[J].Acta Tea Sinica, 2016, 57(4): 205-208.

      [110] 黎健龍, 唐勁馳, 黎秀娣, 等.周邊不同生境條件對(duì)茶園蜘蛛群落及葉蟬種群時(shí)空結(jié)構(gòu)的影響[J].生態(tài)學(xué)報(bào), 2014, 34(9): 2216-2227.

      Li J L, Tang J C, Li X D, et al.Effects of the surrounding habitat on the spider community and leafhopper population in tea plantations [J].Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2014, 34(9): 2216-2227.

      [111] 黎健龍, 唐顥, 周波, 等.茶園異質(zhì)性棲境對(duì)狼蛛科蜘蛛群落結(jié)構(gòu)的影響[J].生態(tài)科學(xué), 2017, 36(3): 160-165.

      Li J L, Tang H, Zhou B, et al.Effects of varying habitat heterogeneity on the wolf spider (Araneae: Lycosidae) communities in tea plantations [J].Ecological Science, 2017, 36(3): 160-165.

      [112] Chen L L, Pozsgai G, Li X Y, et al.Effects of cover crops on beetle assemblages in tea plantations [J].Crop Protection, 2021, 149: 105783.doi: 10.1016/j.cropro.2021.105783.

      [113] 宋同清, 肖潤林, 彭晚霞, 等.亞熱帶丘陵茶園間作白三葉草的保墑抗旱效果及其相關(guān)生態(tài)效應(yīng)[J].干旱地區(qū)農(nóng)業(yè)研究, 2006, 24(6): 39-43.

      Song T Q, Xiao R L, Peng W X, et al.Effects of intercropping white clover on soil moisture and drought resistance and related ecological effects in subtropical hilly tea gardens [J].Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas, 2006, 24(6): 39-43.

      [114] 韓寶瑜.茶園昆蟲群落穩(wěn)定性機(jī)制[J].茶葉科學(xué), 2000, 20(1): 1-4.

      Han B Y.Mechanism on the stability of insect community in tea garden [J].Journal of Tea Science, 2000, 20(1): 1-4.

      [115] 鄭珊珊, 姜榮良, 田麟, 等.蠟蚧輪枝菌和纓小蜂對(duì)假眼小綠葉蟬的協(xié)同控制作用[J].江西農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào), 2012, 34(2): 282-287.

      Zheng S S, Jiang R L, Tian L, et al.Effectiveness ofandin controlling tea leafhopperpopulation [J].Acta Agriculturae Universitatis Jiangxiensis, 2012, 34(2): 282-287.

      [116] 韓寶瑜, 陳世龍.皖南密植茶園和茶林間作茶園蟲生真菌群落結(jié)構(gòu)和動(dòng)態(tài)[J].安徽農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)雜志, 1996, 24(A1): 42-43.

      Han B Y, Chen S L.Structure and dynamic or community or entomogenous fungi in close planting and tea-tree intercropping plantations in southern Auhui [J].Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences, 1996, 24(A1): 42-43.

      [117] Qin D Z, Zhang L, Xiao Q, et al.Clarification of the identity of the tea green leafhopper based on morphological comparison between Chinese and Japanese specimens [J].PLoS ONE, 2015, 10(9): e0139202.doi: 10.1371/journal.

      pone.0139202.

      [118] 孟召娜, 邊磊, 羅宗秀, 等.全國主產(chǎn)茶區(qū)茶樹小綠葉蟬種類鑒定及分析[J].應(yīng)用昆蟲學(xué)報(bào), 2018, 55(3): 514-526.

      Meng Z N, Bian L, Luo Z X, et al.Taxonomic revision and analysis of the green tea leafhopper species in China’s main tea production area [J].Chinese Journal of Applied Entomology, 2018, 55(3): 514-526.

      [119] Zhang Z Q, Sun X L, Luo Z X, et al.Dual action ofin tea plantations: repellent volatiles and augmented natural enemy population provide control of tea green leafhopper [J].Phytoparasitica, 2014, 42(5): 595-607.

      [120] 韓寶瑜.三類典型茶園昆蟲和螨類群落組成和動(dòng)態(tài)的差異[J].茶葉科學(xué), 2005, 25(4): 249-254.

      Han B Y.Differences in composition and dynamic of insect and mite community among three types of tea gardens [J].Journal of Tea Science, 2005, 25(4): 249-254.

      [121] 韓寶瑜, 周鵬, 崔林, 等.不同管理方式的茶園生境中茶尺蠖及其天敵密度的差異[J].植物保護(hù)學(xué)報(bào), 2007, 34(1): 15-21.

      Han B Y, Zhou P, Cui L, et al.Impact of farming methods and tea garden habitats on population density ofand its main natural enemies [J].Acta Phytophylacica Sinica, 2007, 34(1): 15-21.

      [122] 江麗容, 劉守安, 韓寶瑜, 等.7種寄主和非寄主植物氣味對(duì)茶尺蠖成蟲行為的調(diào)控效應(yīng)[J].生態(tài)學(xué)報(bào), 2010, 30(18): 4993-5000.

      Jiang L R, Liu S A, Han B Y, et al.Effect of odours from seven species of host and non-host plants on the adult behaviour of the tea geometrid,(Prout) [J].Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2010, 30(18): 4993-5000.

      [123] 張正群, 孫曉玲, 羅宗秀, 等.14種植物精油對(duì)茶尺蠖行為的影響[J].茶葉科學(xué), 2014, 34(5): 489-496.

      Zhang Z Q, Sun X L, Luo Z X, et al.Effect of 14 plant essential oils on the behavior of(Prout) [J].Journal of Tea Science, 2014, 34(5): 489-496.

      [124] 張正群,孫曉玲, 羅宗秀, 等.芳香植物氣味及提取液對(duì)茶尺蠖行為的影響[J].植物保護(hù)學(xué)報(bào), 2012, 39(6): 541-548.

      Zhang Z Q, Sun X L, Luo Z X, et al.Effect of odors from different aromatic plants and extracts on the behavior of the tea geometrid,(Prout) [J].Acta Phytophylacica Sinica, 2012, 39(6): 541-548.

      [125] 潘榮藝, 戶杉杉, 陳志鵬, 等.馬唐與鐵觀音茶樹復(fù)合生長系統(tǒng)的生態(tài)效應(yīng)研究[J].現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)研究, 2019(3): 55-62.

      Pan R Y, Hu S S, Chen Z P, et al.Study on the ecological effects of(L.) Scop.and Tieguanyin tea trees compound growth system [J].Modern Agriculture Research, 2019(3): 55-62.

      [126] 陳李林, 尤民生, 陳少波, 等.不同生境茶園彈尾蟲群落的結(jié)構(gòu)與動(dòng)態(tài)[J].茶葉科學(xué), 2010, 30(4): 277-286.

      Chen L L, You M S, Chen S B, et al.Structure and dynamics of Collembola population in tea plantations with different habitats [J].Journal of Tea Science, 2010, 30(4): 277-286.

      [127] 朱錦惠, 董坤, 楊智仙, 等.間套作控制作物病害的機(jī)理研究進(jìn)展[J].生態(tài)學(xué)雜志, 2017, 36(4): 1117-1126.

      Zhu J H, Dong K, Yang Z X, et al.Advances in the mechanism of crop disease control by intercropping [J].Chinese Journal of Ecology, 2017, 36(4): 1117-1126.

      [128] 羅旭輝,劉明香, 羅石海, 等.茶園套種圓葉決明對(duì)雜草物種多樣性的影響[J].熱帶作物學(xué)報(bào), 2013, 34(12): 2503-2507.

      Luo X H, Liu M X, Luo S H, et al.Effects of intercroppingin tea plantation on weed diversity [J].Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, 2013, 34(12): 2503-2507.

      [129] Ma Y H, Fu S L, Zhang X P, et al.Intercropping improves soil nutrient availability, soil enzyme activity and tea quantity and quality [J].Applied Soil Ecology, 2017, 119: 171-178.

      [130] 馬園園, 廖敏, 莊明珠, 等.“美人茶”研究進(jìn)展[J].茶葉學(xué)報(bào), 2020, 61(2): 95-99.

      Ma Y Y, Liao M, Zhuang M Z, et al.Research progress on the beauty teas [J].Acta Tea Sinica, 2020, 61(2): 95-99.

      [131] 谷保靜, 常杰, 曾建明, 等.設(shè)施繁育茶苗適宜光照強(qiáng)度研究[J].茶葉科學(xué), 2006, 26(1): 24-30.

      Gu B J, Chang J, Zeng J M, et al.Under greenhouse manufacturing administration studies on the optimal irradiation for tea seedlings [J].Journal of Tea Science, 2006, 26(1): 24-30.

      [132] 傅海平, 周品謙, 王沅江, 等.茶園間作高桿綠肥“茶肥1號(hào)”不同刈割處理對(duì)茶樹光合日變化的影響[J].茶葉通訊, 2018, 45(1): 14-19.

      Fu H P, Zhou P Q, Wang Y J, et al.Tea-plant intercropping for high stem green manure “ Chafei No.1 ”with different cutting treatment effects of daily changes in photosynthesis of tea tree [J].Journal of Tea Communication, 2018, 45(1): 14-19.

      [133] 余立華, 劉桂華, 陳四進(jìn), 等.栗茶間作模式下茶樹根系的基礎(chǔ)特性[J].經(jīng)濟(jì)林研究, 2006, 24(3): 6-10.

      Yu L H, Liu G H, Chen S J, et al.Basis characteristics of tea root system under the condition of chestnut and tea intercropping [J].Economic Forest Researches, 2006, 24(3): 6-10.

      [134] 劉揚(yáng), 孫麗莉, 廖紅.養(yǎng)分管理對(duì)安溪茶園土壤肥力及茶葉品質(zhì)的影響[J].土壤學(xué)報(bào), 2020, 57(4): 917-927.

      Liu Y, Sun L L, Liao H.Effects of nutrient management on soil fertility and tea quality in Anxi tea plantation [J].Acta Pedologica Sinica, 2020, 57(4): 917-927.

      [135] 楊海濱, 盛忠雷, 謝堃, 等.不同栽培模式對(duì)山地茶園生態(tài)環(huán)境和茶葉品質(zhì)的季節(jié)調(diào)控[J].西南農(nóng)業(yè)學(xué)報(bào), 2015, 28(4): 1559-1563.

      Yang H B, Sheng Z L, Xie K, et al.Seasonal regulation of different cultivation mode on ecological environment and tea quality in hilly tea plantation [J].Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2015, 28(4): 1559-1563.

      [136] 王彬, 董慧, 蔣玉蘭, 等.核桃樹或榿木與茶樹間作對(duì)茶葉主要生化成分的影響[J].中國茶葉加工, 2014(1): 29-34.

      Wang B, Dong H, Jiang Y L, et al.Effect of intercropping with walnut tree or alder tree in tea garden to the main biochemical components of tea [J].China Tea Processing, 2014(1): 29-34.

      [137] 曹啟民, 王永鵬, 覃姜薇, 等.海南茶園復(fù)合種植對(duì)土壤性狀及茶葉化學(xué)品質(zhì)的影響[J].西南農(nóng)業(yè)學(xué)報(bào), 2020, 33(7): 1504-1509.

      Cao Q M, Wang Y P, Qin J W, et al.Effects of compound planting on soil properties and tea quality in tea garden of Hainan island [J].Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2020, 33(7): 1504-1509.

      [138] 楊安洪, 劉川麗.淺談茶園間作林木[J].四川農(nóng)業(yè)與農(nóng)機(jī), 2012(1): 44.

      Yang A H, Liu C L.Talk about tea intercropping forest [J].Sichuan Agriculture and Agricultural Machinery, 2012(1): 44.

      [139] 田洪敏, 羅美玲, 楊雪梅, 等.茶樹-核桃樹間作模式對(duì)茶園土壤養(yǎng)分的影響[J].熱帶作物學(xué)報(bào), 2019, 40(4): 657-663.

      Tian H M, Luo M L, Yang X M, et al.The impact on soil nutrient of the tea-walnut intercropping [J].Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, 2019, 40(4): 657-663.

      [140] 李祥英.幼齡茶園間種薯類作物得不償失[J].福建茶葉, 1983(1): 39-40.

      Li X Y.It is not worth the loss to interplant potato crops in young tea gardens [J].Tea in Fujian, 1983(1): 39-40.

      [141] 王峰, 吳志丹, 江福英, 等.綠肥對(duì)茶園生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的影響及其發(fā)展對(duì)策[J].南方農(nóng)業(yè)學(xué)報(bào), 2012, 43(3): 402-406.

      Wang F, Wu Z D, Jiang F Y, et al.Influence of green manure on ecosystem of tea gardens and strategies for its development [J].Journal of Southern Agriculture, 2012, 43(3): 402-406.

      [142] 戈峰, 歐陽芳, 門興元.區(qū)域性農(nóng)田景觀對(duì)昆蟲的生態(tài)學(xué)效應(yīng)與展望[J].中國科學(xué)院院刊, 2017, 32(8): 830-835.

      Ge F, Ouyang F, Men X Y.Ecological effects of regional agricultural landscape on insect and its prospect [J].Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2017, 32(8): 830-835.

      [143] 李榮林, 胡振民, 楊亦揚(yáng), 等.生境管理在茶樹害蟲生態(tài)控制中的作用[J].茶葉, 2019, 45(2): 81-85.

      Li R L, Hu Z M, Yang Y Y, et al.Function of habitat management on the pest ecology control in the tea garden [J].Journal of Tea, 2019, 45(2): 81-85.

      [144] 付學(xué)鵬, 吳鳳芝, 吳瑕, 等.間套作改善作物礦質(zhì)營養(yǎng)的機(jī)理研究進(jìn)展[J].植物營養(yǎng)與肥料學(xué)報(bào), 2016, 22(2): 525-535.

      Fu X P, Wu F Z, Wu X, et al.Advances in the mechanism of improving crop mineral nutrients in intercropping and relay intercropping systems [J].Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, 2016, 22(2): 525-535.

      [145] 李隆.間套作強(qiáng)化農(nóng)田生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)功能的研究進(jìn)展與應(yīng)用展望[J].中國生態(tài)農(nóng)業(yè)學(xué)報(bào), 2016, 24(4): 403-415.

      Li L.Intercropping enhances agroecosystem services and functioning: current knowledge and perspectives [J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2016, 24(4): 403-415

      Effects of Intercropping Functional Plants on the Ecosystem Functions and Services in Tea Garden

      SHI Fan1,2,3, HUANG Hongjing1,2,3, CHEN Yanting4, CHEN Lilin1,2,3*

      1.State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, college of Plant Protection,Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; 2.Institute of China White Tea, Fuding 355200, China; 3.Key Laboratory of Green Control of Insect Pests, Fuzhou 350002, China; 4.Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350013, China

      As one of the main measures of habitat management, reasonable intercropping of functional plants in tea garden can shade tea bushes and keep them warm, conserve water and soil, increase fertility and promote growth, as well as maintain micro-habitat stability.It also can attract natural enemies, repel pests, reduce the damage caused by diseases, insects, and weeds in tea garden, therefore it is beneficial for improving the quality and efficiency of the tea.However, unreasonable intercropping will destroy the micro-habitat of tea garden, compete for nutrients, thus affecting the growth of tea plants.In this paper, the intercropping of functional plants and their effects on the ecosystem functions and services in tea garden in recent years were reviewed.These effects mainly included the species, management models, functions and common problems with the most widely used functional plants, as well as the regulatory effects of intercropping of functional plants on the growth and development of tea plants, tea quality and yield, and tea pests.The ultimate goal of this paper was to provide guidance for the application of intercropping measures to promote the comprehensive regulation of pests in tea garden, and enhance the ecosystem functions and services of tea garden.

      Intercropping, habitat management, ecological control, ecosystem services, ecosystem functions

      S571.1

      A

      1000-369X(2022)02-151-18

      2021-07-03

      2021-11-02

      福建省創(chuàng)新戰(zhàn)略研究計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(2020R0036)、中國白茶研究院開放課題項(xiàng)目(白茶研院〔2021〕5號(hào))、女茶師非遺傳習(xí)所科技特派員工作站(安科特派辦〔2021〕3號(hào))、國家自然科學(xué)基金(31501650)、福建農(nóng)林大學(xué)科技創(chuàng)新專項(xiàng)基金(CXZX2019009G)

      史凡,男,碩士研究生,主要從事茶園有害生物生態(tài)調(diào)控。*通信作者:llchen@fafu.edu.cn

      (責(zé)任編輯:趙鋒)

      猜你喜歡
      間作茶樹茶園
      茶園斗“蟬”
      辨析輪作、間作和套種
      茶園飄香
      心聲歌刊(2021年6期)2021-02-16 01:12:36
      茶園之晨
      江淮法治(2020年16期)2020-11-27 10:30:20
      核桃柴胡間作技術(shù)
      河北果樹(2020年4期)2020-11-26 06:05:18
      山茶樹變身搖錢樹
      茶園觀色
      棗棉間作系統(tǒng)光合特性研究
      兩個(gè)推薦茶樹品種
      茶樹灣
      霍林郭勒市| 曲周县| 稷山县| 乐平市| 铜陵市| 资兴市| 修文县| 黔西县| 颍上县| 四川省| 丁青县| 西乌| 泸州市| 政和县| 济源市| 奇台县| 贡山| 刚察县| 贵定县| 东莞市| 崇信县| 赤水市| 林口县| 循化| 辉县市| 盐亭县| 安阳市| 枝江市| 蓬安县| 修水县| 建阳市| 安顺市| 商城县| 九江县| 北海市| 炎陵县| 开封市| 余干县| 宿松县| 平果县| 洞头县|