梁昊 陳國華
【譯者言】? ?一種語言的常用詞很難在另一種語言里找到語義上百分百的對應詞;翻譯時,原文的一個詞也就難以一成不變地譯成譯文里的一個對應詞。有時,譯文里選用哪個詞主要是個搭配問題,例如本篇中benevolent出現(xiàn)了兩次, 一次是benevolent institutions,對應詞只能是“慈善”,另一次是“the most benign (benevolent) of all”,對應詞只能是 “仁慈”,二者不能互換。機器譯文不知為何都譯成了“仁慈”,大概機器的深度學習還不夠深入,不知道benevolent institutions和charity institutions是一回事。其實這一點也不難,給機器翻譯軟件配上一個收詞比較全的搭配詞庫即可。有時對應詞的選擇受更大語境的影響。例如human agency的human,詞典義有“人類”和“人文”可選,agency的意思是“機構”,“人文機構”字順文通。可是谷歌翻譯器別出心裁,不知從哪里找來“人為”這個詞;DeepL更離奇,放著搭配頻率高的“人文”不選,偏偏選中了搭配頻率低而又讓人不知所云的“人類”。另外兩個有意思的詞是democratize和universality,雖然其詞典義分別是“民主化”和“普遍性”,但在各自語境中都表示非少數(shù)人專有,而是全民共享。翻譯時須結合上下文譯為“大眾化”(與上文“上流社會”形成對照)和“全民性”(與下文“適用全社區(qū)、全體兒童、全體納稅人”一致)。
Horace Mann: Justifying1
Free Public Schools
Introduction
Horace Mann (1796–1859) was born in Massachusetts in a Calvinist environment, where he learned enough at the town library to be admitted to Brown University. The only outlet2 for his educational ideas was the Annual Report he wrote for the Massachusetts Society for the Improvement of Schools3 (later the State Board4 of Education).
To Mann, there were no limitations to what the common school5 could do. He believed that the traditional curriculum could be universalized, and that know-ledge and cultivation, hitherto reserved for the upper classes, could and should be democratized6. He did not claim that education was an end in itself. Its value lay in the tangible benefits it brought to society as well as to the individual. Mann saw his task as convincing ordinary citizens that their collective interest in the results of public education outweighed the traditional priorities for family. In 1848, such arguments did convince Massachusetts voters to tax themselves in order to pay for public schools. This model was followed widely in the Western world.
Report No. 12 of the Massachusetts School Board (1848):
Under the Providence7 of God, our means of education are the grand machinery by which the “raw material” of human nature can be worked up into inventors and discoverers, into skilled artisans and scientific farmers, into scholars and jurists, into the founders of benevolent institutions, and the great expounders of ethical and theological science. ...
Without undervaluing any other human agency, it may be safely8 affirmed that the Common School, improved and energized, as it can easily be, may become the most effective and benign (benevolent) of all the forces of civilization. Two reasons sustain this position. In the first place, there is a universality9 in its operation (applying to the whole community, all children and all taxpayers), which can be affirmed of10 no other institution whatever. If administered11 in the spirit of justice and conciliation, all the rising generation may be brought within the circle of its reformatory and elevating influences. And, in the second place, the materials upon which it operates12 are so pliant and ductile as to be susceptible of assuming13 a greater variety of forms than any other earthly work of the Creator. The inflexibility and ruggedness of the oak, when compared with the lithe sapling or the tender germ, are but feeble emblems to typify14 the docility of childhood, when contrasted with the obduracy and intractableness of man (adults). ...
[Common Schools will protect] the society against the giant vices which now invade and torment it—against intemperance, avarice, war, slavery, bigotry, the woes of want and the wicked-ness of waste... .
Now I proceed, then, in endeavoring to show how the true business of the schoolroom connects itself, and becomes identical, with the great interests of society. The former is the infant, immature state of those interests; the latter, their developed, adult state. As “the child is father to the man” (William Wordsworth) so may the training of the schoolroom expand into the institutions and fortunes15 of the State... .
Education, then, beyond all other devices16 of human origin, is the great equalizer of the conditions of men17—the balance-wheel of the social machinery... . I mean that it gives each man the independence and the means, by which18 he can resist the selfishness of other men... .
The main idea set forth in the creeds of some political reformers, or revolutionizers, is that some people are poor because others are rich. This idea supposes a fixed amount of property in the community19, which, by fraud or force, or arbitrary20 law, is unequally divided among men; and the problem presented for solution is, how to transfer a portion of this property from those who are supposed to have too much, to those who feel and know that they have too little. At this point, both their theory and their expectation of reform stop. ... But education creates or develops new treasures—treasures not before possessed or dreamed of by anyone.
霍瑞斯·曼:關于開辦免費公立學校的提議
導讀
霍瑞斯·曼(Horace Mann,1796—1859)生于馬薩諸塞州的一個加爾文教徒聚居區(qū),通過在鎮(zhèn)圖書館自學,被布朗大學錄取。他為馬薩諸塞州學校促進會(即后來的州教育理事會)撰寫的《年度報告》是惟一一篇闡述其教育思想的文獻。
對霍瑞斯·曼來說,普通中小學可以發(fā)揮無限作用。他堅信,學校的傳統(tǒng)課程可以在全民中普及,知識和教養(yǎng)不應一直只留給上流社會,可以而且應該大眾化。他主張教育自身并不是目的,其價值在于它給社會以及個人帶來的種種切實利益。在他看來,自己的任務就是讓普通公民相信,公共教育給他們帶來的集體利益大于家庭的各種傳統(tǒng)優(yōu)先選項。1848年,他的主張果真說服了馬薩諸塞州選民,他們自我征稅,以支付公學的費用。這一模式后來在西方世界得到廣泛效仿。
《馬薩諸塞州中小學理事會第12號報告(1848)》
依照上帝的安排,我們的教育機制是這樣一部大機器,它把人性的“原材料”加工成發(fā)明家和發(fā)現(xiàn)者、有技能的工匠和懂科學的農夫、學者和法律人士、慈善機構創(chuàng)始人、倫理學和神學的偉大闡述者?!?/p>
在不低估其他人文機構作用的同時,我可以毫不夸張地判定,普通中小學一旦經過改進并獲得活力(這是輕而易舉的事),即可成為一切文明力量中最高效、最善良(仁慈)的一支。我之所以這樣說,有兩個理由。首先,普通中小學的運作具有全民性(適用全社區(qū)、全體兒童、全體納稅人),這一特點任何其他機構都不具備。若秉持公正與和解的精神辦學,所有成長中的一代人都可以在學校里得到教化與提升。其次,中小學加工的“材料”極為柔韌可塑,容易呈現(xiàn)出比造物主的任何其他塵世作品更多樣的形狀。拿老橡樹的僵硬滄桑來喻指成人的頑固不化,拿樹苗或樹芽的柔軟嬌嫩來喻指孩童的柔順可塑,只不過是兩個膚淺的象征?!?/p>
[普通中小學將保護]社會,使之不受正在侵擾和折磨社會的那些大惡之害,不受放縱、貪婪、戰(zhàn)爭、奴役、偏執(zhí)、匱乏帶來的悲哀和浪費產生的罪孽之害……
下面我將著力展現(xiàn)課堂的真正職責如何與社會的重大利益關聯(lián)乃至等同起來。前者是后者的嬰兒或未成年狀態(tài);后者是前者的成熟或成年狀態(tài)。正如“兒童是成人之父”(威廉·華茲華斯語),課堂里的訓練可以拓展到國家的各種機構里,影響到國家的命運[……]
因此,教育超越源自人類的所有其他機制,是人生境況的偉大均等器——社會機器的平衡輪[……]。我的意思是,它賦予每個人抵御他人私欲所需的獨立性和方法[……]
某些政治改革者或革命者的信條中提出的主要觀念是,一些人窮是因為另一些人富。這一觀念假定社會財富的總量是固定的,由于存在欺詐、武力或不講理的法律,這些財富沒有在人與人之間平等分配;而提出來需要解決的問題是,如何將一部分財富從被假定享有過多財富的人那里轉給那些感覺并知道自己財富太少的人。說到這里,這些人的理論和對改革的期望都戛然而止?!墙逃淖饔檬情_創(chuàng)或開發(fā)新寶藏,這種寶藏之前任何人都從未擁有或夢想過。
*北京外國語大學英語學院教師。
**廣西師范大學漓江學者,北京外國語大學長青學者。
1 justifying本篇標題由本書編著者布萊爾自擬,用以說明此篇當時的寫作目的,因此這里比較恰當?shù)淖g法是“提議”。GT的“為……辯護”和DL的“理由”都僅給出了justify的詞典義。
2 outlet的基本意思是“出口”。從上下文可以推斷,《年度報告》是唯一一份表達了曼的教育理念的文件,所以這里靈活譯成“文獻”。機器無論如何也想不出這種譯法,只好誤譯成“出路”。? 3馬薩諸塞州1837年通過立法成立了全美第一個州的學校促進會(后更名為教育理事會),曼是第一任秘書長。? 4 board為開展或監(jiān)督某一特定業(yè)務而組成的委員會或理事會,前者具有政府行政機構的性質,后者是社會團體(見OED board n. 8b條下)。? 5 common school據wikipedia(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_school)的解釋,在曼進行教育改革之前,馬薩諸塞州的中小學都是各居民社區(qū)自行出資組建,缺乏統(tǒng)一的教學標準。改革之后成為公立中小學校。? 6 democratize從democracy派生而來(見OED democracy n.1條下),后者指一種人人享有平等權利,沒有世襲的地位或特權的社會。此處,democratize指人人應享受教育之權,因此譯成“大眾化”。機器譯文的“民主化”不能與上文upper class形成對照。
7 Providence (of God)上帝的安排(divine direction, control, or guidance,見OED providence n. 3)。GT的“旨意”也可以,DL的“庇佑”不符合本文語境。? 8 safely? GT的“放心地”,DL的“有把握地”都是照搬詞典義。上文“Without…”起讓步、緩沖的作用,下文則表達更強烈的肯定意義,譯為“毫不夸張地”點明了這種比較。? 9 universality機器譯文都是“普遍性”,其實括號里的解釋已經限定了universality的含義。? 10 be affirmed of? GT的“(普遍性……這一點)無可否認”弄錯了否定對象,DL的“(這是任何其他機構都)無法肯定的”硬搬詞典義,無法與上文“機構”搭配。實際是(其他機構)不具備(全民性)。? 11 administered詞典義是“管理、執(zhí)行、分發(fā)、給予”(見OED administered ppl.a.1條managed, carried on; dispensed, tendered.),但機器譯文的“管理”無法與下文in the spirit of justice and conciliation搭配,況且辦學不僅僅是個管理問題。
12 operate本義是操作,機器翻譯都譯為“運作”。學校乃教化學生之地,下文把學生喻為柔韌可塑的“材料”,學校教育便可順理成章地視為加工材料的過程。? 13 assuming根據OED的釋義(assume v.4條)“To take upon oneself, put on (a garb, aspect, form, or character)”譯成“呈現(xiàn)出”。 GT漏譯了這個詞,DL譯為“采用”,不能與form搭配。? 14 “are… to typify”此句主干是“The inflexibility and ruggedness of the oak[…] are but feeble emblems to typify? the docility of childhood[…]”,主語和賓語分別帶有一個when引導的從句,借以表明老橡樹的僵硬滄桑本身不說明什么,其與樹苗或嫩枝的柔軟嬌嫩構成的反差才是這兩個象征的隱含意義,而這兩個象征無法真正反映成人與兒童之間差異的深刻實質,所以我們把 feeble譯為“膚淺的”。GT的譯法“橡木的柔韌性和堅固性只是微不足道的象征,代表了童年的溫順” 和DL的譯法“當與輕盈的樹苗或柔弱的胚芽相比時,橡樹的不靈活和粗獷,不過是弱小的象征,與人類(成年人)的遲鈍和頑固形成鮮明對比時,就能體現(xiàn)出童年的溫順”都遠遠背離了原文的意思。
15 school training 和institutions and fortunes of the state 看似不在一個層面上。但是上文打了一個比方,由“兒童是成人之父”推導出兒童教育與國家機構和命運互為長幼,在兒童教育中人們的所作所為一定會影響到國家機構和命運。GT 的 “擴展到國家的機構和財富中”,對fortunes理解有誤;DL的“擴展到國家的制度和命運”里“擴展”不能跟“命運”搭配。? 16 device機制(見OED device n.6條 Something devised or contrived for bringing about some end or result)。機器譯文“手段”帶有貶義。? 17 conditions of men此處指所有人的人生境況(見OED condition n.3),不能像機器那樣譯為“人類條件”。? 18英文用by which引導定語從句,譯文不必拘泥原文語序,這一點機器基本做不到。? ?19“a fixed …community ”機器翻譯按字面譯出:“社區(qū)中有固定數(shù)量的財產”(GT)和“社會上有一定數(shù)量的財產”(DL)。但是通過下文“But education creates or develops new treasures ”可知,此句的重點不在于有多少財產,而在于財產數(shù)量是固定的這一認識。
20 arbitrary一般指根據自己的喜好,而非事物本身的邏輯做決定,也就是不講道理(見OED arbitrary adj.A.1,3,4條),當指法律時(見OED arbitrary adj.A.2條Law. Relating to, or dependent on, the discretion of an arbiter, arbitrator, or other legally-recognized authority; discretionary, not fixed.)指由權威或裁決者根據具體情況裁量,而不是根據法理裁定。據此我們譯成“不講理”,沒有像機器譯文那樣譯成“任意”。