王曉麗 江妤 曾玉曉 劉永華 章俏雷
[關(guān)鍵詞] CD4+ CD25+ FOXP3+;調(diào)節(jié)性T淋巴細(xì)胞;高危;多發(fā)性骨髓瘤;化療;療效;復(fù)發(fā)
[中圖分類號] R733.3? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號] 1673-9701(2021)16-0032-05
Significance of CD4+ CD25+ FOXP3+ Treg cells in predicting recurrence and therapeutic effect in treatment of high-risk multiple myeloma
WANG Xiaoli? ?JIANG Yu? ?ZENG Yuxiao? ?LIU Yonghua? ?ZHANG Qiaolei
Department of Hematology,Lishui People′s Hospital in Zhejiang Province, Lishui? ?323000, China
[Abstract] Objective To explore the significance of CD4+ CD25+ FOXP3+ regulatory T lymphocytes (Treg) in predicting recurrence and therapeutic effect in the treatment of high-risk multiple myeloma. Methods A total of 126 patients with high-risk multiple myeloma admitted to our hospital from March 2018 to March 2019 were selected as the case group, and 100 healthy patients who received physical examination in our hospital during the same period were selected as the control group. The proportions of CD4+ CD25+ FOXP3+ Treg cells in the peripheral blood were compared between the case group and the control group,and among patients with different chemotherapy effect and recurrence conditions. Spearman correlation was used to analyze the correlation between the proportion of CD4+ CD25+ FOXP3+ Treg cells and the recurrence. Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was used to analyze the value of the proportion of CD4+ CD25+ FOXP3+ Treg cells in predicting recurrence. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to analyze the progression-free survival during follow-up of patients with different proportions of CD4+ CD25+ FOXP3+ Treg cells. Results The proportion of CD4+ CD25+ FOXP3+ Treg cells in the case group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P<0.001). The proportion of CD4+ CD25+ FOXP3+ Treg cells in chemotherapy-ineffective patients was significantly higher than that in chemotherapy-effective patients(P<0.001). The proportion of CD4+ CD25+ FOXP3+ Treg cells in patients with recurrence was significantly higher than that of patients without recurrence(P<0.001). The proportion of CD4+ CD25+ FOXP3+ Treg cells was positively correlated with patient recurrence(P<0.05). The AUC of the proportion of CD4+ CD25+ FOXP3+ Treg cells in predicting recurrence was 0.809 (95%CI: 0.759-0.856), with sensitivity of 62.80%, specificity of 95.80%, accuracy of 89.30%, and cutoff value of 3.66%. The patients with CD4+ CD25+ FOXP3+ Treg cell ratio >3.66% had a significantly lower progression-free survival rate during follow-up than those with CD4+ CD25+ FOXP3+ Treg cell ratio <3.66%(P<0.05). Conclusion The proportion of CD4+ CD25+ FOXP3+ Treg cells has an increasing trend in the peripheral blood of patients with high-risk multiple myeloma. The detection of its level has a certain predictive value for recurrence after chemotherapy,which is helpful for clinical prediction of chemotherapy effect, monitoring of early recurrence and prognostic judgment.
[Key words] CD4+ CD25+ FOXP3+; Regulatory T lymphocytes; High risk; Multiple myeloma; Chemotherapy; Therapeutic effect; Recurrence
多發(fā)性骨髓瘤是一種由漿細(xì)胞增殖異常所致的血液系統(tǒng)惡性腫瘤,目前以硼替佐米為主的化學(xué)藥物治療方案的臨床療效獲得肯定,但該病的復(fù)發(fā)仍是一大難題,特別相較于低?;颊?,高?;颊哳A(yù)后差異性明顯,其中腫瘤免疫逃逸扮演了重要角色[1-2]。CD4+ CD25+ FOXP3+ 調(diào)節(jié)性T細(xì)胞(Treg)作為腫瘤免疫逃逸的重要調(diào)控因素,在多發(fā)性骨髓瘤發(fā)病和病情進(jìn)展過程中發(fā)揮重要作用[3-4]。Treg細(xì)胞的增加可使機體抗腫瘤免疫系統(tǒng)受損,造成腫瘤免疫逃逸和腫瘤進(jìn)展?,F(xiàn)已發(fā)現(xiàn),在多發(fā)性骨髓瘤患者發(fā)病過程中腫瘤微環(huán)境Treg細(xì)胞比例異常增加,其增加程度因個體與疾病階段而異,且Treg細(xì)胞與多發(fā)性骨髓瘤更高的進(jìn)展風(fēng)險關(guān)系密切[5],這與即將要重點研究的高危多發(fā)性骨髓瘤患者方向一致。本研究分析了CD4+ CD25+ FOXP3+ Treg細(xì)胞在高危多發(fā)性骨髓瘤治療中預(yù)測復(fù)發(fā)的意義,希望為高危多發(fā)性骨髓瘤的臨床治療和預(yù)后指導(dǎo)提供依據(jù),現(xiàn)報道如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1一般資料
征得我院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會批準(zhǔn),選擇2018年3月至2019年3月我院收治的126例高危多發(fā)性骨髓瘤患者為病例組,同期在我院體檢健康者100例為對照組。病例組男87例,女39例;年齡30~75歲,平均(56.20±4.85)歲;體質(zhì)量指數(shù)(22.41±2.23)kg/m2;Durie-Salmon(D-S)分期:Ⅰ期3例,Ⅱ期16例,Ⅲ期107例;國際分期系統(tǒng)(ISS)分期:Ⅰ期14例,Ⅱ期67例,Ⅲ期45例。對照組男62例,女38例;年齡30~78歲,平均(55.29±5.07)歲;體質(zhì)量指數(shù)(22.17±2.92)kg/m2。兩組一般資料比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①多發(fā)性骨髓瘤根據(jù)《中國多發(fā)性骨髓瘤診治指南(2017年修訂版)》中相關(guān)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)確診[6];②mSMART3.0分期高危,即合并t(14,16)、1q21擴增、t(4,14)、17p缺失/突變、t(14,20)[7];③初診患者;④無其他血液系統(tǒng)疾病或其他惡性腫瘤;⑤自愿簽訂知情同意書。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①妊娠期或哺乳期婦女;②重要功能異常者,如心、肝、肺、腦等;③臨床資料不齊全、依從性差者;④入院前接受相關(guān)治療者;⑤合并精神系統(tǒng)疾病者;⑥隨訪期間失訪者。
1.2 方法
所有患者應(yīng)用硼替佐米(江蘇豪森藥業(yè)集團(tuán)有限公司,國藥準(zhǔn)字H20173307,規(guī)格:3.5 mg)聯(lián)合環(huán)磷酰胺(江蘇盛迪醫(yī)藥有限公司,國藥準(zhǔn)字H32020857,規(guī)格:0.2 g)、地塞米松(天津金耀集團(tuán)湖北天藥藥業(yè)股份有限公司,國藥準(zhǔn)字H14021151,規(guī)格:1 mL∶5 mg)(PCD方案)化療:第1、4、8、11天給予硼替佐米 1.3 mg/m2皮下注射,第1、8、15、22天給予環(huán)磷酰胺300 mg/m2口服,第1、2、4、5、8、9、11、12天給予地塞米松20 mg靜脈滴注。4周為1個療程,均治療2~8個療程。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo)及評價標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
(1)比較病例組和對照組不同化療療效、不同復(fù)發(fā)情況患者外周血CD4+ CD25+ FOXP3+ Treg細(xì)胞比例。①外周血CD4+ CD25+ FOXP3+ Treg細(xì)胞比例檢測:入院次日清晨,采集肘靜脈血2 mL,用乙二胺四乙酸(Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid,EDTA)抗凝,用人淋巴細(xì)胞分離液(杭州聯(lián)科生物技術(shù)股份有限公司)將外周血中的單個核細(xì)胞分離,再通過三色直接免疫熒光法將單個核細(xì)胞膜表面的CD4、CD25、FOXP3進(jìn)行標(biāo)記,所有操作嚴(yán)格按照試劑盒說明進(jìn)行,以CD4 T細(xì)胞設(shè)門,通過BD FACSCalibur流式細(xì)胞儀(上海實維實驗儀器技術(shù)有限公司)檢測外周血CD4+ CD25+ FOXP3+ Treg細(xì)胞比例。②療效判定標(biāo)準(zhǔn):通過國際骨髓瘤工作組(International working group on myeloma,IMWG)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)對療效進(jìn)行判定,療效等級包括病情進(jìn)展(PD)、疾病穩(wěn)定(SD)、部分緩解(PR)、十分好的部分緩解(VGPR)、完全緩解(CR)。有效=(CR+VGPR+PR)例數(shù)/總例數(shù)×100%,否則為無效[8]。CR:患者血尿免疫固定電泳陰性,無軟組織漿細(xì)胞瘤表現(xiàn),骨髓內(nèi)漿細(xì)胞≤5%;VGPR:患者血蛋白和尿蛋白電泳均無隱形,血清M蛋白下降≥90%;PR:患者24 h尿M蛋白下降90%或90%異常,24 h尿蛋白量<0.2 g,血清M尿蛋白量下降≥50%。若患者的血清M尿蛋白測量結(jié)果不可靠,可測量血清單克隆游離輕鏈和非血清單克隆游離輕鏈之間的距離,若兩者之間的距離縮小50%或>50%也判定為部分緩解;SD:不符合CR、VGPR、PR判定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的患者;PD:患者尿M蛋白、血清M蛋白增加≥25%。如果血、尿M蛋白不能檢測,則根據(jù)血清單克隆游離輕鏈和非血清單克隆游離輕鏈之間的距離進(jìn)行判斷,兩者之間距離的差值增加25%或超過25%即可判斷為病情進(jìn)展。(2)隨訪情況:隨訪時間18個月,統(tǒng)計復(fù)發(fā)比例及無進(jìn)展生存率。①用Spearman相關(guān)性分析CD4+ CD25+ FOXP3+ Treg細(xì)胞比例與患者復(fù)發(fā)的相關(guān)性。②用ROC分析CD4+ CD25+ FOXP3+ Treg細(xì)胞比例預(yù)測患者復(fù)發(fā)的價值。③進(jìn)行CD4+ CD25+ FOXP3+ Treg細(xì)胞比例不同患者隨訪期間無進(jìn)展生存的Kaplan-Meier分析。
1.4 統(tǒng)計學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 22.0統(tǒng)計學(xué)軟件對數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行分析。計量資料以(x±s)表示,采用獨立樣本t檢驗;計數(shù)資料以[n(%)] 表示,采用χ2檢驗;相關(guān)性分析用Spearman檢驗;生存分析采用Kaplan-Meier法;ROC分析CD4+ CD25+ FOXP3+ Treg細(xì)胞比例預(yù)測患者復(fù)發(fā)的價值。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 病例組和對照組CD4+ CD25+ FOXP3+ Treg細(xì)胞比例比較
病例組CD4+ CD25+ FOXP3+ Treg細(xì)胞比例遠(yuǎn)高于對照組,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.001)。見表1。
2.2 化療療效不同的患者CD4+ CD25+ FOXP3+ Treg細(xì)胞比例比較
126例患者的治療總有效率為87.30%(110/126),其中CR 59例,VGPR 27例,PR 24例?;煙o效患者CD4+ CD25+ FOXP3+ Treg細(xì)胞比例遠(yuǎn)高于化療有效患者,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.001)。見表2。
2.3 復(fù)發(fā)情況不同的患者CD4+ CD25+ FOXP3+ Treg細(xì)胞比例比較
126例患者化療后復(fù)發(fā)78例。復(fù)發(fā)患者CD4+ CD25+ FOXP3+ Treg細(xì)胞比例遠(yuǎn)高于未復(fù)發(fā)患者,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.001)。見表3。
2.4 Spearman相關(guān)性分析
CD4+ CD25+ FOXP3+ Treg細(xì)胞比例與患者復(fù)發(fā)呈正相關(guān)(r=0.515,P<0.001)。見圖1。
2.5 ROC曲線分析
CD4+ CD25+ FOXP3+ Treg細(xì)胞比例預(yù)測患者復(fù)發(fā)的AUC(95%CI:0.759~0.856)為0.809,敏感性為62.80%,特異性為95.80%,準(zhǔn)確性為89.30%,截斷值為3.66%。見圖2。
2.6 Kaplan-Meier生存曲線分析
CD4+ CD25+ FOXP3+ Treg細(xì)胞比例>3.66%組隨訪期間無進(jìn)展生存率顯著低于CD4+ CD25+ FOXP3+ Treg細(xì)胞比例<3.66%組[52.24%(35/67) vs. 76.27%(45/59)],差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(Log-rank χ2=7.296,P=0.007)。見圖3。
3 討論
Treg細(xì)胞是免疫抑制CD4 T細(xì)胞的特殊亞群,占CD4+T細(xì)胞的5%~10%,其中最關(guān)鍵的亞型是CD4+ CD25+ FOXP3+ Treg細(xì)胞,在腫瘤免疫逃逸中有著重要作用[9-10]。Treg細(xì)胞是一類有著負(fù)調(diào)節(jié)功能的T細(xì)胞亞群,是機體免疫耐受維持的必要條件,根據(jù)其來源可分為天然型和誘導(dǎo)型[11-13]??乖碳D4+T細(xì)胞后,在轉(zhuǎn)化生長因子β(Transforming growth factor β,TGF-β)充分誘導(dǎo)下,可通過Janus激酶(Janus kinase,JAK)/信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)因子和轉(zhuǎn)錄活化因子5(Signal transduction factor and activator of transcription 5,STAT5)通路,促進(jìn)FOXP3分化為誘導(dǎo)型Treg,其表型為CD4+ CD25+ FOXP3+[14-15]。FOXP3為天然型Treg細(xì)胞的特征性轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,在天然型Treg細(xì)胞分化及發(fā)育中具有關(guān)鍵作用;且FOXP3的遺傳缺陷可造成Treg功能異常和免疫失調(diào),誘發(fā)惡性腫瘤[16-17]。CD4+ CD25+ FOXP3+ Treg細(xì)胞與惡性腫瘤的關(guān)系是近年來臨床的研究熱點。文獻(xiàn)指出[18],Treg可與靶細(xì)胞接觸,通過表達(dá)于細(xì)胞表面的TGF-β和細(xì)胞毒T淋巴細(xì)胞相關(guān)抗原4(Cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated antigen 4,CTLA-4)的作用,抑制白細(xì)胞介素-2受體α(Interleukin-2 receptor alpha,IL-2Rα)表達(dá),下調(diào)靶細(xì)胞增殖活性;此外,Treg還可通過分泌白細(xì)胞介素10(Interleukin 10,IL-10)和TGF-β等細(xì)胞因子,抑制T 細(xì)胞活化而起到免疫負(fù)調(diào)節(jié)的作用。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)[19],惡性腫瘤患者外周血(或骨髓)中CD4+ CD25+ FOXP3+ Treg細(xì)胞數(shù)量的增加與惡性腫瘤的發(fā)病及病情發(fā)展有著強烈的正相關(guān)關(guān)系,抑制Treg細(xì)胞功能有助于惡性腫瘤疾病的免疫治療。有研究顯示[20],Treg在多發(fā)性骨髓瘤患者外周血中異常積累,可下調(diào)抗腫瘤免疫效應(yīng)以促進(jìn)腫瘤生長,其作用機制包括分泌顆粒酶殺傷效應(yīng)細(xì)胞、調(diào)節(jié)樹突狀細(xì)胞影響Treg增殖、干擾效應(yīng)細(xì)胞的代謝功能等。
本研究結(jié)果顯示,病例組CD4+ CD25+ FOXP3+ Treg細(xì)胞比例遠(yuǎn)高于對照組(P<0.001),與既往研究一致[21],提示在多發(fā)性骨髓瘤患者外周血中Treg表達(dá)上升?;煙o效、復(fù)發(fā)患者CD4+ CD25+ FOXP3+ Treg細(xì)胞比例遠(yuǎn)高于化療有效、未復(fù)發(fā)患者(P<0.001),提示CD4+ CD25+ FOXP3+ Treg細(xì)胞比例與患者化療無效和復(fù)發(fā)呈正相關(guān),CD4+ CD25+ FOXP3+ Treg細(xì)胞檢測可能有助于臨床預(yù)測化療效果、監(jiān)測早期復(fù)發(fā),以提供更精準(zhǔn)的化療藥物治療方案。ROC分析顯示,CD4+ CD25+ FOXP3+ Treg細(xì)胞比例預(yù)測患者復(fù)發(fā)的AUC(95%CI:0.759~0.856)為0.809,敏感性為62.80%,特異性為95.80%,準(zhǔn)確性為89.30%,截斷值為3.66%,提示外周血CD4+ CD25+ FOXP3+ Treg細(xì)胞比例預(yù)測患者復(fù)發(fā)有一定價值,當(dāng)患者初診時外周血CD4+ CD25+ FOXP3+ Treg細(xì)胞比例大于3.66%,可提示其化療后復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險大,臨床應(yīng)予以重視和密切觀察,適當(dāng)調(diào)整干預(yù)方案,以降低治療難度。此外,Kaplan-Meier分析顯示,CD4+ CD25+ FOXP3+ Treg細(xì)胞比例>3.66%組隨訪期間無進(jìn)展生存率顯著低于CD4+ CD25+ FOXP3+ Treg細(xì)胞比例<3.66%組(P<0.05),提示監(jiān)測CD4+ CD25+ FOXP3+ Treg細(xì)胞水平對于高危多發(fā)性骨髓瘤患者預(yù)后判斷有一定積極意義,可為患者提供更精確的預(yù)后咨詢。
綜上所述,CD4+ CD25+ FOXP3+ Treg細(xì)胞比例在高危多發(fā)性骨髓瘤患者外周血中呈上升狀態(tài),其水平檢測對于化療后復(fù)發(fā)有一定預(yù)測價值,有助于臨床預(yù)測化療效果、監(jiān)測早期復(fù)發(fā)及預(yù)后判斷。但本研究納入病例數(shù)有限且隨訪時間較短,有待擴大樣本數(shù)及延長研究時間進(jìn)一步觀察加以證實。
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(收稿日期:2021-01-27)