伊帕熱·克力木江,古力巴哈·買買提力
[摘要]唇腭裂(Cleft lip and palate,CLP)患者高頻率地發(fā)生牙齒數(shù)目異常是正畸治療中的復(fù)雜因素之一,對(duì)于這類患者評(píng)估牙齒異常模式顯得尤為重要。本文對(duì)單側(cè)完全性唇腭裂(Unilateral cleft lip and palate,UCLP)患者恒牙的先天缺失發(fā)生率及性別、裂區(qū)與非裂區(qū)、上下頜差異做概述,為臨床醫(yī)生制定治療計(jì)劃提供幫助,有助于恢復(fù)及改善唇腭裂患者頜面部的功能與美觀。
[關(guān)鍵詞]唇腭裂;恒牙;錯(cuò)牙合畸形;發(fā)育異常;先天缺失
[中圖分類號(hào)]R782.2+2? ?[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼]A? ? [文章編號(hào)]1008-6455(2021)03-0175-03
Analysis of the Types of Permanent Teeth Congenital Missing in Patients with Unilateral Complete Cleft Lip and Palate
Yipare·KELIMUJIANG,Gulibaha·MAIMAITILI
(The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University,Urumqi 830028,Xinjiang,China)
Abstract: The high frequency of abnormal tooth number in cleft lip and palate (CLP) patients is one of the complex factors in orthodontic treatment,it is very important to evaluate the abnormal pattern of teeth for this kind of patients.In this paper, the incidence of congenital missing permanent teeth in patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) and the differences between gender, cleft and non cleft areas, upper and lower jaw were summarized, which can help clinicians to make treatment plans, and help to restore and improve the function and beauty of maxillofacial in patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate.
Key words:unilateral cleft lip and palate; permanent teeth; malocclusion; dental anomalies; hypodontia
唇腭裂是最常見的顱頜面畸形,它是由遺傳因素和環(huán)境因素共同作用所致的遺傳性疾病[1],也是人類先天畸形中最常見的一種,每出生的500~550個(gè)胎兒中就有1例唇腭裂患兒[2],一般分為綜合征性和非綜合征性,其中非綜合征性更為常見,約占唇腭裂的70%[3]。唇腭裂在全世界的發(fā)病率為1‰~3‰,我國(guó)的發(fā)病率為1.62‰[4]。唇腭裂常伴發(fā)口頜系統(tǒng)、語(yǔ)音及心理等方面的障礙,需進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)的序列治療[5]。唇腭裂患者牙齒發(fā)育異常的發(fā)生破壞了牙列的完整性和對(duì)稱性,引起患兒的口頜系統(tǒng)功能與頜骨發(fā)育異常,形成了CLP患者復(fù)雜多樣的口內(nèi)情況,增加了序列治療的復(fù)雜性和難度。先前學(xué)者研究唇腭裂患者牙齒發(fā)育異常將其概括為前牙區(qū)或全牙列區(qū),而評(píng)估不同類型唇腭裂的牙齒異常模式也同樣重要。
1? UCLP先天缺牙的發(fā)生率
Akcam等[6]報(bào)道96.7%的裂隙患者至少有一個(gè)牙齒異常,其中牙齒先天缺失是最常見的發(fā)育異常類型。Paranaiba[7]提出UCLP比BCLP更容易發(fā)生牙齒異常(P=0.00002),與其他類型相比更易發(fā)生牙缺失(P=0.002),這與Aizenbud D、Stahl F的研究結(jié)果一致[8-9]。Jiroutova O[10]等學(xué)者研究得出唇腭裂患者與普通人群相比,前者先天性牙齒缺失的發(fā)生率明顯高于后者。國(guó)內(nèi)吳華,續(xù)美如等[11-12]報(bào)道普通人群先天性牙齒缺失率為2.3%~11.3%,下頜第二前磨牙的缺失較常見[13],且單側(cè)牙齒缺失比雙側(cè)缺失更常見[14-15],而在嚴(yán)重的唇腭裂患者中雙側(cè)牙齒缺失的頻率是單側(cè)缺失的兩倍[16]。Cakan[17]得出PAX9、MSX1基因是唇腭裂患者牙齒缺失的相關(guān)基因,Slayton[18]提出TGFB3和MSX1基因與唇腭裂患者非裂側(cè)牙齒的缺失有關(guān)。牙齒先天缺失可能的原因有[19]:①牙板上皮細(xì)胞的缺失或增殖被抑制;②細(xì)胞間信號(hào)傳遞異常;③手術(shù)破壞牙胚;④牙齒發(fā)育和面突融合存在共同的調(diào)控基因。全牙列的牙齒缺失順序是上頜側(cè)切牙,上頜第二前磨牙,上頜中切牙,下頜第二前磨牙[20]。前磨牙的缺失順序?yàn)樯项M第二前磨牙,下頜第二前磨牙,上頜第一前磨牙,下頜第一前磨牙[21]。多項(xiàng)研究表明世界各地不同地區(qū)的牙齒缺失與裂型之間的關(guān)系,發(fā)現(xiàn)不同地區(qū)的唇腭裂患者牙齒缺失患病率不同,說(shuō)明地區(qū)差異值得重視。De Stefani A等[22]報(bào)道意大利人群中唇裂患者牙缺失率約占29.5%~77.0%,遠(yuǎn)高于普通人的2.7%~11.3%。不同地區(qū)上頜側(cè)切牙缺失率占唇裂患者的比例不同[23-25]:日本報(bào)道56.9%,美國(guó)報(bào)道74.0%,匈牙利報(bào)道69.0%。阿依古麗· 吐爾地[26]等分析新疆80例唇腭裂患者得出UCLP裂側(cè)恒側(cè)切牙先天缺失的發(fā)生率為60.0%,高于正常側(cè)。
2? UCLP牙齒先天缺失的性別差異
普通人群中男女牙齒先天缺失的發(fā)生率無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異,女性略高于男性[27]。Baek and Kim [28]研究韓國(guó)UCLP患者發(fā)現(xiàn)在裂側(cè)上頜側(cè)切牙的缺失男性大于女性,而在非裂隙側(cè)女性的上頜第二前磨牙缺失較男性頻繁。而另一些學(xué)者表明UCLP患者牙齒先天缺失并沒有性別差異[18,29-30]。
3? UCLP牙齒先天缺失裂區(qū)與非裂區(qū)的比較
牙齒缺失通常發(fā)生在恒牙期,且一般在裂區(qū)[6,9,31],UCLP患者在裂側(cè)發(fā)生牙齒先天缺失占48.8%~75.9%[32-33],在非裂側(cè)為27.2%~48.8%[34-35],這說(shuō)明牙齒發(fā)育不全與裂隙之間可能有關(guān)聯(lián),牙齒畸形的發(fā)生率由裂隙的類型和位置決定。缺牙與裂隙嚴(yán)重程度之間存在正相關(guān)關(guān)系,隨著裂隙嚴(yán)重程度增加,牙齒缺失的頻率增加[36-37]。曾有學(xué)者報(bào)道[25]UCLP患者牙齒缺失與裂側(cè)無(wú)關(guān)聯(lián),而Derya[17]發(fā)現(xiàn)裂側(cè)不同側(cè)切牙的缺失也不同,右側(cè)裂UCLP組右側(cè)切牙缺失率高(P=0.0001),而左側(cè)裂UCLP組左側(cè)切牙缺失率高(P=0.002)。唇腭裂患者上頜側(cè)切牙的缺失在裂側(cè)較非裂側(cè)更頻繁,有回顧性研究報(bào)道[38-39],UCLP患者裂側(cè)和非裂側(cè)側(cè)切牙缺失率分別為48.8%~58.7%和2.2%~10.9%。在非裂側(cè)上下頜第二前磨牙的缺失最為常見[40-41]。Bartzela[31]發(fā)現(xiàn)并解釋了UCLP患者第二前磨牙的缺失左側(cè)多于右側(cè),可能因?yàn)樽髠?cè)裂的UCLP患者很多[42-43],但這無(wú)法解釋下頜左側(cè)第二前磨牙的缺失較右側(cè)多。Ranta R[20]提出側(cè)切牙和第二前磨牙的先天缺失病因不太相同,牙齒形成階段的手術(shù)干預(yù)可能導(dǎo)致裂區(qū)側(cè)切牙缺失,而非裂區(qū)的第二前磨牙的缺失最有可能與遺傳因素或基因調(diào)控有關(guān)。Lekkas[44]研究未手術(shù)的唇腭裂成年患者在非裂側(cè)未發(fā)現(xiàn)牙齒缺失,這一結(jié)果表明牙齒缺失可能與腭裂閉合的手術(shù)過程有關(guān),該手術(shù)可能會(huì)破壞非裂側(cè)第二前磨牙牙胚的形成。
4? UCLP牙齒先天缺失上下頜的比較
Shapira Y研究[45]得出有18%唇腭裂患者缺失第二前磨牙,遠(yuǎn)高于普通的1.4%~1.6%(上頜)和2.9%~3.2%(下頜)[44,46]。由于裂側(cè)的上頜多伴有先天缺牙[20],這種嚴(yán)重的錯(cuò)牙合畸形使裂側(cè)上下頜牙齒的咀嚼效能降低,從而影響頜骨的發(fā)育。上頜側(cè)切牙的缺失多發(fā)生在左側(cè),而第二前磨牙的缺失常發(fā)生在右側(cè)[47]。下頜左側(cè)第二前磨牙的缺失率是右側(cè)的3倍[48],在UCLP患者中下頜第二前磨牙的缺失常呈現(xiàn)對(duì)稱性[39,49-50]。Hermus[50]發(fā)現(xiàn)上頜85%的患者缺失側(cè)切牙和/或第二前磨牙,下頜90%的患者缺失第二前磨牙或中切牙/側(cè)切牙,對(duì)稱的牙齒缺失占18.8%(上頜)和51.0%(下頜),還指出當(dāng)唇腭裂患者有第三磨牙的缺失,其他牙齒的缺失頻率增加兩倍。
5? 小結(jié)
先天缺牙的個(gè)體往往存在牙間隙,需通過正畸牙齒移動(dòng)或種植來(lái)關(guān)閉,正畸醫(yī)生應(yīng)在治療早期考慮到正畸治療中的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),診斷缺失牙和余留牙的數(shù)目與位置,制定綜合序列治療方案,恢復(fù)唇腭裂患者的口頜功能并改善其身心健康。
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[收稿日期]2020-04-10
本文引用格式:伊帕熱·克力木江,古力巴哈·買買提力.單側(cè)完全性唇腭裂患者恒牙先天缺失類型分析[J].中國(guó)美容醫(yī)學(xué),2021,30(3):175-177.