保衛(wèi)中國同盟總部舊址為世界反法西斯戰(zhàn)爭作出重要貢獻(xiàn)

□ 文 圖/本刊記者 楊艷

位于重慶兩路口附近、距離市文化宮中門260米處的保衛(wèi)中國同盟總部舊址，又名“重慶宋慶齡舊居”。走進(jìn)大門，首先映入眼簾的是院中一尊潔白的宋慶齡塑像，手中捧著一束百合花，周圍擺放著鮮花。

宋慶齡是偉大的愛國主義、民主主義、國際主義和共產(chǎn)主義戰(zhàn)士，是20世紀(jì)舉世聞名的偉大女性。在近70年的革命生涯中，宋慶齡堅(jiān)強(qiáng)不屈，矢志不移，英勇奮斗，始終堅(jiān)定地和中國人民、中國共產(chǎn)黨站在一起，為中國人民的解放事業(yè)，為婦女兒童的衛(wèi)生保健和文化教育福利事業(yè)，為祖國統(tǒng)一以及保衛(wèi)世界和平、促進(jìn)人類的進(jìn)步事業(yè)殫精竭力，鞠躬盡瘁，作出了不可磨滅的貢獻(xiàn)。

Located near Lianglukou of Chongqing, the site of China Defense League, also known as "Former Residence of Soong Ching-ling", is 260 meters away from the middle entrance of Chongqing Cultural Palace. A white statue of Soong Chingling standing in the courtyard, holding a bouquet of lilies in her hand, surrounded by flowers, leaps to your eyes once you step in.

保衛(wèi)中國同盟總部舊址又名“重慶宋慶齡舊居”。

Soong Ching-ling (Mme. Sun Yat-sen) was an outstanding woman in China’s history, and the world’s, in the 20th century. She herself was, first and foremost, a revolutionary patriot of China, though international in her culture and contacts. Strength, faithfulness to principle, and high courage combined in her to a rare degree. Deeply branded with patriotism, her life was teemed with love and respect for her own country and people as its innermost core. Long experience of nearly 70-year revolutionary career gave her the firm belief that in China the core force for progress was the Chinese Communist Party. This was a conviction she acted on, through thick and thin, over many decades. Her patriotism was democratic, from youth to old age, as she fought for the right and duty of women and children as full equals in all fields, including health care and education, of the nation’s advance. Her contributions to the reunification of the nation as well as to the defense of world peace and the promotion of human progress were indelible.

該建筑由德國留學(xué)回國的工程師楊能深于1936年所建，反映了民國時(shí)期的建筑風(fēng)貌，具有較高的建筑觀景價(jià)值。占地面積1200平方米，總建筑面積為760平方米，有圍墻與周邊房屋、道路相隔。主樓曾為宋慶齡舊居及保衛(wèi)中國同盟總部用房，坐西向東，依山而建，是一幢二樓一底磚木結(jié)構(gòu)的德式建筑風(fēng)格小樓。主樓色調(diào)為黃灰色相間，建筑面積500平方米，面闊20米，進(jìn)深9米，通高15米。后樓為工作人員用房，房后另有一個(gè)躲避日軍飛機(jī)轟炸的防空洞?，F(xiàn)設(shè)在此處的“重慶宋慶齡舊居陳列館”，設(shè)有宋慶齡與保衛(wèi)中國同盟文物資料陳列展覽和復(fù)原陳列，包括保衛(wèi)中國同盟總部辦公室、琴房、盥洗室，宋慶齡辦公室、臥室、會客室等。

1937年11月，國民政府遷至重慶。1939年該建筑被國民政府外交部租用，一度用作接待外國客人。

1938年，宋慶齡在香港邀請中外著名人士籌組保衛(wèi)中國同盟。同年6月正式成立，宋慶齡任主席，宋子文任會長，吸收了國內(nèi)外各黨派、各階層人士參加，廣泛聯(lián)系國際友人和海外華僑，向世界介紹中國抗戰(zhàn)的英勇事跡，致力于募集抗戰(zhàn)資金和物資、戰(zhàn)時(shí)醫(yī)療救濟(jì)和兒童福利工作，先后介紹馬海德、斯諾、白求恩、柯棣華等到敵后抗日根據(jù)地工作，建立了國際和平醫(yī)院等醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)，是一個(gè)極為廣泛的統(tǒng)戰(zhàn)組織。

1941年12月太平洋戰(zhàn)爭爆發(fā)后，宋慶齡在廖承志等中共人員的幫助下從香港來到重慶，立即著手重建保衛(wèi)中國同盟。1942年8月，保衛(wèi)中國同盟中央委員會（簡稱：保盟）在重慶重新建立，總部機(jī)構(gòu)和辦公室也設(shè)于此，宋慶齡仍然擔(dān)任主席。保盟以援助中國共產(chǎn)黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的抗日部隊(duì)為主要目標(biāo)，出版了《保衛(wèi)中國同盟新聞通訊》，廣泛動(dòng)員和爭取海外華僑與世界各國人民支持中國的抗日戰(zhàn)爭。

重慶宋慶齡舊居陳列館設(shè)有宋慶齡與保衛(wèi)中國同盟文物資料陳列展覽。

The building, first built in 1936 by Yang Nengshen, an engineer who returned from Germany after finishing his architecture and planning studies, gives expression to the style of the Republican period, with a high value of architectural setup. Covering an area of 1,200 square meters including a floor area of 760 square meters, it is secluded from the surrounding houses and roads by a fence. The main building was once the former residence of Soong Ching-Ling and the headquarters of China Defense League. The brick-wood structure, in German style, accommodates two floors and a basement, facing the east and backed a hill. The main building painted with yellow and gray claims a floor area of 500 square meters, 20 meters wide, 9 meters deep, 15 meters high. The rear building was used for the staff only, behind which there is another air-raid shelter to avoid the bombing by Japanese warplanes. Now it is also the seat of "Former Residence of Soong Ching-Ling in Chongqing" to put her and the League’s cultural relics on display, including the League’s office, piano room, and washroom as well as Soong Ching-ling’s office, bedroom, and drawing.

In November 1937, the National Government moved to Chongqing, and in 1939 the building was rented by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the National Government and was used for a time to receive foreign guests.

In 1938, Soong Ching-ling invited celebrities from home and abroad to organize the China Defense League in Hong Kong. Its establishment in June of the very year, with Soong Ching-ling as its chairwoman and Soong Tseven as its president, engaged people from all parties and walks of life at home and abroad. Its broad contacts with international friends and overseas Chinese, introduction of bravery and courage of Chinese people in the fight against Japanese aggression to the world, devotion to raising supplies in cash and kind for the common endeavor, and mobilizing wartime medical relief and children's welfare work paid off. Such international friends as Ma Haide (George Hatem), Edgar Snow, Dr. Norman Bethune, and Dwarkanath Kotnis went to the anti-Japanese aggression strongholds for work through the league. It helped set up the International Peace Hospital and other medical institutions. This was a united front organization with extremely extensive contacts.

1944年9月24日，宋慶齡會見同盟國中國戰(zhàn)區(qū)統(tǒng)帥部參謀長、美軍司令史迪威將軍。經(jīng)過宋慶齡的努力，史迪威同意用美國軍用飛機(jī)，幫助保盟將藥品及救濟(jì)物資運(yùn)往延安和解放區(qū)，并從他管轄的軍用倉庫里撥出一些藥品運(yùn)至延安。（資料圖片）

1942年至1944年，國際友人對保盟在重慶重建和開展工作給予大力支持和幫助。圖為1944年愛潑斯坦（前排右一）、王安娜（前排右二）等在重慶外國記者招待所合影。（資料圖片）

1942年宋慶齡寓居于此后，不停地寫信發(fā)往國外，邀請保盟中央委員會成員史沫特萊、斯諾、艾黎等國際友人速來重慶。為支持宋慶齡的工作，周恩來將廖夢醒調(diào)來重慶，參與保盟工作。當(dāng)時(shí)，經(jīng)常到此辦公的只有宋慶齡、王安娜和廖夢醒3人。經(jīng)宋慶齡不懈努力，保盟沖破國民黨的重重封鎖，積極組織募捐，賑濟(jì)難民、傷兵和兒童，把大量資金、藥品、醫(yī)療器械、食品和其他救援物資通過各種渠道，源源不斷地運(yùn)往中共領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下的抗日根據(jù)地人民手中，還介紹和輸送了不少外國醫(yī)生到抗日根據(jù)地工作，為中國人民抗戰(zhàn)作出了卓越貢獻(xiàn)。

1945年9月6日，毛澤東曾蒞臨此處參加宋慶齡及保盟的招待晚宴。同年11月，宋慶齡離渝返滬，保盟也隨之遷往上海。

2000年9月，該建筑由重慶市人民政府公布為重慶市文物保護(hù)單位。2013年，保衛(wèi)中國同盟總部舊址由國務(wù)院公布為全國重點(diǎn)文物保護(hù)單位。2015年，該舊址被錄入全國抗戰(zhàn)遺址保護(hù)名錄。同時(shí)，重慶宋慶齡舊居陳列館是中國宋慶齡基金會“時(shí)代小先生計(jì)劃”教育示范基地、重慶市愛國主義教育基地和海峽兩岸交流基地、重慶市研學(xué)旅行示范基地。

After the outbreak of the Pacific War in December 1941, Soong Chingling, with the help of Liao Chengzhi and other Chinese Communists, came to Chongqing from Hong Kong and immediately set about reestablishing the League, which was re-established in Chongqing in August 1942 with its headquarters and offices here. Soong Qing-ling still served as its chairman. With the main goal of assisting the Chinese Communist Party-led anti-Japanese aggression forces, the League published the

China Defence League Newsletter

to mobilize and enlist the support of overseas Chinese and people from all over the world for China's war against Japanese aggression.

In 1942, after Soong Ching-ling lived here, she kept sending letters to foreign countries, inviting international friends such as Agnes Smedley, Edgar Snow, and Rewi Alley, members of the Central Committee of the League, to come to Chongqing quickly. In support of the work of Soong Ching-ling, Zhou Enlai transferred Liao Mengxing to Chongqing to participate in the work of the League. At that time, only Soong Ching-ling, Martens Annalizer, and Liao Mengxing quite often came to this office. Through the unremitting efforts of Soong Ching-ling, the League broke through the heavy blockade of the Kuomintang and actively organized fund-raising for the relief of refugees, wounded soldiers and children, and transported a large amount of money, medicine, medical equipment, food and other supplies to the people in the anti-Japanese aggression bases under the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party through various channels, and also introduced and sent many foreign doctors to work in the areas, making remarkable contributions to the Chinese people's war effort.

On September 6, 1945, Mao Zedong came here to attend a reception dinner hosted by Soong Ching-ling and the League. In November of the same year, Soong Ching-ling left Chongqing for Shanghai, and the League moved to Shanghai in tandem.

In September 2000, the building was made on the list of Chongqing’s Municipal People's Government for cultural site protection. In 2013, the site of the League was identified as one under national protection by the State Council. In 2015, the site was included in the National List of Anti-Japanese Aggression War Sites Protection. Meanwhile, the Exhibition Hall of Former Residence of Soong Ching-ling serves as an educational demonstration base of the China Soong Ching Ling Foundation's "Little Mr. Times Program", a base of Chongqing’s patriotic education, and a base of cross-strait exchange, and a demonstration base of Chongqing’s study tour.