籍萬杰
研究近幾年高考試題可以發(fā)現(xiàn),閱讀七選五考查的設(shè)空類型可歸納為“兩主題”“兩總結(jié)”和“一承啟”,即考查類型可以分為段落主題句、篇章主題句、段落總結(jié)句、篇章總結(jié)句和承上啟下句等五類。其中,承上啟下句和段落主題句是考查最多的類型。
一、解題步驟
1. 跳讀全文,把握結(jié)構(gòu)
通過快速跳讀文章,考生可以掌握全篇文脈,這樣才能從總體上對文章的結(jié)構(gòu)有一個大致的了解。
2. 瀏覽選項(xiàng),初判位置
通過快速瀏覽選項(xiàng),考生可以根據(jù)選項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn)和內(nèi)容大概確定哪個選項(xiàng)適合放在文章的什么位置。
3. 再讀文章,分類作答
考生這次需要細(xì)讀文章,根據(jù)空格處的位置判斷所填句子的類型,根據(jù)不同類型分別作答。
4. 復(fù)讀全文,檢查答案
在完成選項(xiàng)定位后,考生應(yīng)復(fù)讀全文,檢查文章內(nèi)容是否完整,語義是否連貫合理,各段落內(nèi)容是否緊扣主題,語篇結(jié)構(gòu)是否完整。同時,我們還應(yīng)注意對相近選項(xiàng)進(jìn)行對比分析,個別干擾項(xiàng)由于與正確選項(xiàng)的內(nèi)容相近,具有很強(qiáng)的干擾性。這時考生就需要認(rèn)真分析,仔細(xì)甄別,排除干擾。
二、解題方法
1. 段落主題句
說明文體裁的閱讀七選五常常會考查段落主題句。根據(jù)說明文體裁的特點(diǎn),如果空格位于第一段后面的段首,命題人通??疾榈木褪嵌温渲黝}句。
考生首先觀察其他段落主題句的句式特點(diǎn),確定可能正確的選項(xiàng)。如果符合段落主題句的選項(xiàng)不止一個,則通讀把握該段內(nèi)容,根據(jù)段落一致性原則,查找備選項(xiàng)和段落中是否有原詞復(fù)現(xiàn)、同義詞復(fù)現(xiàn),從而推測出主題句。
【考例1】(2020 年全國卷I · 節(jié)選)
● 37 Do not follow the people who make you feel notgood-enough. Why do you follow them? Are you hoping thateventually you will feel empowered because your life is better thantheirs? Know that your life is your own; you are the only you inthis world.
A. Feeling upset again?
B. Where do you start?
C. Nothing is too small to celebrate.
D. Remember, you are only human.
E. Set an intention for self-acceptance.
F. Stop comparing yourself with others.
G. When does the comparison game start?
解析:第37 題位于文章第二段的段首,根據(jù)本篇是說明文這一特點(diǎn),空格處應(yīng)為段落主題句。觀察下面兩段的段首句,“Forgive yourself for mistakes that you have made.”和“Recognize all of your strengths.”都使用了祈使句形式,故第37 題應(yīng)該也是祈使句形式。七個選項(xiàng)中D 項(xiàng)、E 項(xiàng)和F項(xiàng)是備選項(xiàng)。通讀把握本段內(nèi)容可知,本段主要談?wù)摰氖遣灰退藢Ρ?,故F 項(xiàng)(停止與他人做比較)符合本段主題?!究祭?】(2019 年全國卷III · 節(jié)選)
Dos
● 37 Questions about subject content are generally welcomed.Before asking questions about the course design, read thesyllabus(教學(xué)大綱)and learning management system informationto be sure the answer isnt hiding in plain sight.
● Participate in discussion forums(論壇), blogs and otheropen-ended forums for dialogue. 38 Be sure to stay on topicand not offer irrelevant information. Make a point, and make it safefor others to do the same.
A. Thats what they are for.
B. Turn to an online instructor for help.
C. If more information is needed, they will ask.
D. Remember that online professors get a lot of emails.
E. Below are some common dos and donts for onlinelearners.
F. Everyone has taken a not-so-great class at one time oranother.
G. Ask questions, but make sure they are good, thoughtfulquestions.
解析:第37 題位于段首,根據(jù)本篇是說明文這一特點(diǎn),空格處應(yīng)為段落主題句。下一段的段落主題句“Participate indiscussion forums(論壇),blogs and other open-ended forumsfor dialogue.”是祈使句形式,故第37 題也應(yīng)該使用祈使句,選項(xiàng)中符合這一特點(diǎn)的是B 項(xiàng)、D 項(xiàng)和G 項(xiàng)。通讀把握本段內(nèi)容可知,空格后面解釋了什么樣的問題是好問題,與G項(xiàng)呼應(yīng)。
第38題選A項(xiàng)。學(xué)生要參加研討論壇,加入博客討論和其他開放式的對話論壇,因?yàn)檫@些討論形式就是為學(xué)生設(shè)計(jì)的。
2. 篇章主題句
說明文通常采用“開門見山”的寫作手法,其首段通常是主題段,首段的末句一般是全文的主題所在,說明本文將探討哪些內(nèi)容或?qū)δ骋粏栴}、現(xiàn)象給出一些解決辦法,然后會在下文中以提綱或要點(diǎn)的形式呈現(xiàn)。如果首段的末句設(shè)空,則優(yōu)先考慮是篇章主題句。考生需要查找選項(xiàng)中是否有統(tǒng)領(lǐng)全文的主題句,如“Below are some helpful suggestionson; Here are some points/suggestions/steps; Four ways/stepsto”等。
【考例3】(2018 年6 月浙江卷· 節(jié)選)
Moving into a new home in a new neighborhood is an excitingexperience. Of course, you want to make sure that you becomean accepted and valuable part of your new neighborhood. The easiestway to accomplish this is to make sure you conduct yourself asa good neighbor should. 31
A. In general, keep an eye on their property while they are gone.
B. A good neighbor is also one who likes to help out in smallways.
C. Being a good neighbor is more or less about consideratebehavior.
D. Sometimes neighbors may go to the supermarket togetherto do shopping.
E. Should you come across waste paper thrown out of a passingcar, pick it up.
F. People tend to take pride in keeping everything in theirstreet fresh and inviting.
G. Here are a few tips to help you win over everyone in theneighborhood quickly.
解析:快速瀏覽全文可知,這是一篇說明文。第31 題設(shè)題在首段的末句,極有可能是篇章主題句。通讀把握文章結(jié)構(gòu)可知,文章第一段談?wù)摰氖侨绾慰焖俚厝谌胄碌纳鐓^(qū),下面接下來的幾段分別提供了幾個有效的竅門。因此,第一段的最后一句是篇章主題句,G 項(xiàng)“Here are a few tips tohelp you win over everyone in the neighborhood quickly”能夠統(tǒng)領(lǐng)全文。
3. 段落總結(jié)句
如果設(shè)空位于段末,則設(shè)題可分為兩種情況。一種是承接邏輯類,考查設(shè)空處與前文的順承邏輯關(guān)系,解題時可以參照承上啟下句的解題辦法。另一類則可能是段落總結(jié)句,是對整段話的總結(jié)和概括??忌⒁膺x項(xiàng)中是否有表示結(jié)論、概括性的語句,注意查找表示結(jié)果、結(jié)論、總結(jié)的信號詞, 如therefore,as a result,thus,to sum up,toconclude,in short,in a word 等詞語。另外,選項(xiàng)中也可能發(fā)現(xiàn)與主題句呼應(yīng)的關(guān)鍵詞。
【考例4】(2020 年全國卷I · 節(jié)選)
● Recognize all of your strengths. Write them down in ajournal. Begin to train your brain to look at strength before weakness.List all of your accomplishments and achievements. You havea job, earned your degree, and you got out of bed today. 39
A. Feeling upset again?
B. Where do you start?
C. Nothing is too small to celebrate.
D. Remember, you are only human.
E. Set an intention for self-acceptance.
F. Stop comparing yourself with others.
G. When does the comparison game start?
解析:本題位于段末,優(yōu)先考慮可能是段落總結(jié)句。本段的主題句“Recognize all of your strengths”意思是“認(rèn)識到你所有的優(yōu)點(diǎn)”,后面告訴我們要把所有的成就列舉出來,比如你有了一份工作,拿到了學(xué)位,今天你擺脫了困境等。這些小事都是你取得的成就,都值得慶祝,即沒有什么事是因?yàn)樘《恢档脩c祝的,故選C 項(xiàng)。
4. 篇章總結(jié)句
如果說明文的最后一段不是與前面幾段并列的要點(diǎn),而是對整篇文章的總結(jié),則該段是篇章總結(jié)段。如果在段末設(shè)空,則極有可能是篇章總結(jié)句??忌檎疫x項(xiàng)中是否有能“呼應(yīng)前文主題,并且總結(jié)概括,得出結(jié)論”的句子。七選五閱讀文章大部分沒有總結(jié)段,近十年來只有2012 年全國新課標(biāo)卷考查了這一類型,但是也應(yīng)引起考生注意。如果考生沒有篇章總結(jié)的意識,而只是在最后一段考慮順承關(guān)系,則會局限自己的思維,浪費(fèi)了很多時間而找不到解題依據(jù)。
【考例5】(2012 年全國新課標(biāo)卷· 節(jié)選)
These steps arent magic, but they do work. And if you canstay positive as you make your way through a tough time, youllhelp yourself feel better even faster. 75
A. Ask for a helping hand to get you through the tough situation.
B. Notice your friends feelings and find a way to help them.
C. Different people feel stress in different ways.
D. Ah, it feels so good when the stress is gone.
E. You need to figure out what the problem is.
F. And dont forget about your friends.
G. Then, find a way to calm down.
解析:該段是文章的最后一段,設(shè)空位于篇尾,并且最后一段是對全文的總結(jié),應(yīng)該是篇章總結(jié)句。文章介紹了克服壓力的四個步驟:獲取支持、避免自責(zé)、解決問題和保持積極情緒。最后一段說,這些措施并不是萬能的,但是的確會起作用。如果你在渡過困難的過程中保持積極樂觀的態(tài)度,你就能夠更快地幫助自己感覺更好。最后一句是對全文的總結(jié):解除壓力后的感覺真棒!因此選擇D 項(xiàng)“Ah, itfeels so good when the stress is gone.”
5. 承上啟下句
承上啟下句是考查最多的一類。命題者對該類型題目通常在文章或段落的中間設(shè)題,有時也在段落的最后設(shè)題。這類型所考查設(shè)空的句子通常在語境和邏輯兩方面與上下文有密切的關(guān)系。
解題方法:①注意特殊疑問詞。如果選項(xiàng)中或空格前出現(xiàn)特殊疑問詞,一定要把這句話仔細(xì)讀幾遍,因?yàn)閷τ诓煌厥庖蓡栐~的回答方式是不一樣的,比如對why 的回答,后面要有because 等表示原因的詞,對when 的回答,后面要有表示時間的狀語,對where 的回答,后面要有表示地點(diǎn)的名詞,對how 的回答,后面要有方式狀語等。②注意表示轉(zhuǎn)折、遞進(jìn)、因果、讓步、順承、舉例等邏輯關(guān)系的連詞或副詞。因?yàn)檫@些連詞或副詞可以表現(xiàn)句與句之間的關(guān)系,通過不同的連詞或副詞我們可以推出句與句之間不同的關(guān)系。③注意查找是否有一些關(guān)鍵詞的重復(fù)。關(guān)注空格前后的名詞、動詞等實(shí)詞,然后在選項(xiàng)中查找它們的近義詞、反義詞、同義詞、同類詞等。④注意空格后面句子中的代詞和限定詞。代詞可以指代前面句子中的一個名詞或者整個句子,通過代詞我們就能夠找到它所指代的對象。限定詞所修飾的名詞意味著特指,根據(jù)這個名詞就可以找到含有該名詞的相應(yīng)選項(xiàng)。
【考例6】(2020 年全國卷II · 節(jié)選)
In Asia, messaging platforms are growing rapidly, with usersin the hundreds of millions, both at work and play. 36 . Its beenreported that 76 percent of employees in some western countriesare using emojis at work.
A. Message with emojis feel more conversational
B. Even a formal email can seem cold and unfriendly
C. Sending smiling faces to colleagues may seem strange
D. The popularity of these platforms is spreading globally
E. Giving employees the tools enables them to communicatehonestly
F. Studies show that friendlier communication leads to ahappier workplace
G. An easy way to bring all work generations together is witha chat platform
解析:該題位于段中,應(yīng)為承上啟下句。根據(jù)前句“InAsia, messaging platforms are growing rapidly, with users in thehundreds of millions, both at work and play.(在亞洲,即時通訊平臺正在迅速發(fā)展,無論是工作還是娛樂,都有數(shù)億用戶)”和后句“Its been reported that 76 percent of employees insome western countries are using emojis at work.(據(jù)報(bào)道,在一些西方國家,76% 的員工在工作中使用表情符號)”可知,前后句都說明了即時通信平臺的受歡迎程度。所以D項(xiàng)“Thepopularity of these platforms is spreading globally.( 這些平臺的受歡迎程度正在全球蔓延)”符合題意,故選D 項(xiàng)。
最后需要提醒廣大考生,以上五種類型在高考試題中通常不會一次全部出現(xiàn),考查較多的是段落主題句和承上啟下句??忌诖痤}時首先快速瀏覽全文和選項(xiàng),做到心中有數(shù),然后再根據(jù)不同類型按照以上解題策略分別作答。最后,復(fù)讀全文,檢查答案。這就是英語閱讀七選五的五種考查類型的解題策略。