十七房
鄧小平同志在1984年作出指示:“把全世界的‘寧波幫’都動員起來,建設(shè)寧波?!边@句話內(nèi)涵深邃,意義重大,也可以作為提煉“寧波幫”精神的一個重要依據(jù)。
“寧波幫”為何能夠歷久不衰,生生不息?這種精神可以概括為8個字:誠信、務(wù)實、開放、創(chuàng)新。
誠信——“寧波幫”的優(yōu)良傳統(tǒng)
古人談?wù)撜\信,側(cè)重于己之“慎獨”與待人之“信用”。誠是對自己,信是對別人。內(nèi)心之誠發(fā)于外便是信;對自己能誠,對別人自然能信,兩者相輔相成。而當(dāng)西潮東卷、門戶開放、中國社會開始由小農(nóng)經(jīng)濟向市場經(jīng)濟急劇轉(zhuǎn)型之際,作為“五口通商”口岸之一的寧波,人們又與時俱進,將誠信從傳統(tǒng)社會的單純道義轉(zhuǎn)向近代社會道義和功利的雙重推動,將誠信從農(nóng)本社會的情感依據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)向商業(yè)社會的理性依據(jù),講求誠信待人與誠信立業(yè)并重。
“寧波幫”商人早就意識到誠信的至關(guān)重要性,知道商業(yè)道德具有實際的利益基礎(chǔ),不但于人有利而且于己有益,所以他們視信譽重于效益,誠信是他們最為看重的品格。寧波錢莊業(yè),正是由于良好的信用,被工商界譽為“信用碼頭”“多單碼頭”,稱雄于金融界。又據(jù)潘子豪的《中國錢莊概要》稱,晚清至民國的民間郵機構(gòu)民信局,“為寧波之專業(yè),資本甚大,信用亦佳,凡一經(jīng)民信局保險之信札,內(nèi)中銀錢匯票,倘有遺失等情,一概由該局賠償”。所以“民信局為寧波人獨占”,業(yè)務(wù)遍及海內(nèi)外。而西服業(yè)中的紅幫裁縫,也始終以誠信作為立業(yè)之本,寧可拒絕十次,絕不食言一次,寧可賠本道歉,也絕不讓一件次劣商品出門。即使在生活觀念、行為方式越來越遠離傳統(tǒng)的當(dāng)代國際社會中,許多寧波人仍然堅持誠信立業(yè)。世界船王包玉剛,無疑是當(dāng)代“寧波幫”乃至全體寧波人的典范,他曾明確表示:“在商業(yè)道德這上頭,還是老傳統(tǒng)好。要有信譽,要有信用才行,這里面關(guān)系很大?!?/p>
現(xiàn)代市場經(jīng)濟本身,是立足于道德文化與契約文化的基礎(chǔ)之上的。社會主義市場經(jīng)濟的誠信建設(shè),是前無古人的事業(yè),沒有現(xiàn)成的模式。如何加強當(dāng)代中國的誠信體系?答案應(yīng)該是制度建設(shè)和教育引導(dǎo)雙管齊下,他律與自律相結(jié)合,硬約束和軟約束相統(tǒng)一。用于他律、硬約束的制度建設(shè),重在建立健全的社會信用制度。而用于自律、軟約束的教育引導(dǎo),則顯而易見,前文所述的誠信觀念毫無疑問值得提倡,歷史已經(jīng)證明是行之有效的。
務(wù)實——“寧波幫”的精神品格
寧波人民具有講求實效的風(fēng)格。寧波人歷來注重實效,崇尚多做少說,注重選擇的所行性,目標進程中追求實效,折射出腳踏實地的人格定位?!皩幉◣汀睂崢I(yè)家特別注重實干。他們不尚空談,不坐而論道,崇尚埋頭苦干、踏踏實實。無論是近代的葉澄衷、虞洽卿、方液仙,還是當(dāng)代的包玉剛、陳廷驊、應(yīng)昌期,都是一步一個腳印地埋頭苦干而成為巨商。強烈的講求實效意識使他們清醒地認識到,改善自己的處境最終還得靠自己實干,空喊口號無濟于事。正是講求實效的信念行為,使“寧波幫”商人較早地沖出封閉,不死守故土,利用濱海交通便利的優(yōu)勢向外域求得發(fā)展,在各地盡領(lǐng)風(fēng)騷。尤其在上海更有影響,在助力近代上海經(jīng)濟的貿(mào)易、航運、金融業(yè)中獨占鰲頭。
能否帶來實實在在的利益,能否切實地改善自己的生活,成為“寧波幫”商人取舍的重要依據(jù)。這一價值取向,使得他們在改革開放中的成就和貢獻,同鄧小平所倡導(dǎo)的“三個有利于”標準形成了高度契合。只要有實實在在的利益,“寧波幫”商人可以忍辱負重,干別人不愿干的“賤業(yè)”;可以背井離鄉(xiāng),風(fēng)餐露宿,四海為家。“寧波幫”商人重視學(xué)習(xí)別人的先進經(jīng)驗,但并不盲從;對于自己選擇的經(jīng)實踐證明確實符合本地實際、能帶來實效的發(fā)展路子,他們會毫不動搖地走自己的路。這種著眼于實效的選擇,使寧波在經(jīng)濟社會發(fā)展過程中,避免了盲從他人的一窩蜂現(xiàn)象,形成了符合寧波實際的發(fā)展模式。針對吸引外資是姓“資”姓“社”的爭論,他們不予理會,只要有利可圖,就扎扎實實地干下去,在對外開放中,突出吸引外資這個重點,形成多層次、全方位利用外資的格局,吸引外資始終位居全省首位。只要能帶來效益,國有企業(yè)可以大膽借鑒民營企業(yè)的某些管理模式;反過來,民營企業(yè)同樣積極移植國有企業(yè)重視思想政治工作的傳統(tǒng)。
務(wù)實又鑄就了寧波人辦事低調(diào)、不事張揚的品格。這是寧波人求生存圖發(fā)展的一種思維選擇。在不同的歷史時代都有不同的行為反映。近代的“寧波幫”商人辦事低調(diào)。嚴信厚、葉澄衷、項松茂、方液仙等人在取得成就后,都從不張揚。面對成就,不妄自尊大,不斷超越自我,一個目標接著一個目標,踏踏實實干下去。
開放——“寧波幫”的寬闊胸襟
對“寧波幫”而言,“開放”具有特定的內(nèi)涵,即對外開放,博納兼容,具有大海般的胸襟,這不但是歷史上的寧波人努力在做的,也昭示了當(dāng)代“寧波幫”的精神追求與必備的精神境界。對外開放,就是在經(jīng)濟上特別是商貿(mào)上向市外、省外乃至海外開放,接軌世界市場,融入全球經(jīng)濟一體化發(fā)展進程;在文化上也要“走出去、請進來”。博納兼容,就是要摒棄狹隘的小市民心態(tài),具備海納百川般的文化性格,虛懷若谷,博采眾長,善于借“他山之石”,樂于接納“八面來風(fēng)”,為我所用。此外,對于“寧波幫”而言,“開放”還具有多方面的意蘊與價值。
開放,是寧波商幫走天下的不懈追求。從古到今,寧波商人的足跡遍及五湖四海,積極參與國際性貿(mào)易。古代的“寧波幫”———“明州商幫”早就敢于北上日本、高麗,南下東南亞、阿拉伯海,馳騁國際商貿(mào)舞臺;近代“寧波幫”敢于參與激烈的海內(nèi)外商貿(mào)競爭,他們中的一些人善于學(xué)習(xí)并掌握西洋人的先進經(jīng)營管理技能,造就了香港、上海、天津等城市的許多產(chǎn)業(yè)“亮點”;現(xiàn)代“寧波幫”則更善于走南闖北、開拓新領(lǐng)域,創(chuàng)造了許多奇跡。除了向外開拓、開放,寧波商人還善于向內(nèi)開放,向內(nèi)地開放寧波口岸,讓各地借“寧波之船”出海闖世界。
孫中山先生1916年視察寧波時說:“寧波人對于工商業(yè)之經(jīng)營,經(jīng)驗豐富,凡吾國各埠,莫不有甬人事業(yè),即歐洲各國,亦多甬人足跡,其能力與影響之大,固可首屈一指也?!彼€認為“寧波風(fēng)氣之開在各省之先”,稱贊了寧波人的開拓性、開放性。當(dāng)代寧波人在努力落實鄧小平關(guān)于“把全世界的‘寧波幫’都動員起來,建設(shè)寧波”偉大號召的同時,提出歡迎“幫寧波人士”也來建設(shè)寧波,也同樣體現(xiàn)了一種開放性思路。
創(chuàng)新——“寧波幫”的力量源泉
“寧波幫”創(chuàng)新精神的靈魂深藏在“敢為天下先”的文化心態(tài)之中,并成為“寧波幫”商人勇往直前的內(nèi)在驅(qū)動力。這種創(chuàng)新精神早在浙東文化的學(xué)術(shù)思辨中就能找到強烈的印證。明代的王陽明敢于在禁錮人們精神的“理學(xué)”一統(tǒng)天下的思想格局內(nèi),公然倡導(dǎo)“致良知”學(xué)說,鼓動人們沖破既定的思想牢籠,去爭取自我心靈的解放,在中國思想文化的發(fā)展史上掀開了光輝的篇章。黃宗羲以振聾發(fā)聵的聲音,提出了前所未有的社會改革與民主啟蒙的進步觀念,歷史性地突破了儒家理論的傳統(tǒng)框架,讓百姓在黑暗的封建年代里看到未來社會的曙光。這種創(chuàng)新精神在近、現(xiàn)代的寧波商幫的發(fā)展史上,也不難找見。寧波人朱葆三、虞洽卿等破天荒地籌建起新型航運公司,并于20世紀30年代率先成為國內(nèi)最大的民營航運企業(yè)。其他如寧波商人葉澄衷,人稱“五金大王”。還有“火柴大王”“肥皂大王”等寧波商人抱著“敢為天下先”的觀念,紛紛成為各自行業(yè)的“巨子”與“領(lǐng)頭羊”。而自改革開放以來,寧波人在社會發(fā)展與經(jīng)濟建設(shè)中勇當(dāng)“弄潮兒”,在資源缺乏、能源不足的客觀條件下,已獲得年人均GDP超20000美元的發(fā)展水平,不能不讓人深感“敢為天下先”的創(chuàng)新精神在其中所起的巨大作用。
“寧波幫”創(chuàng)新精神的思想基礎(chǔ)建立在“敢創(chuàng)業(yè)、不守攤”的理念之上。這在“寧波幫”創(chuàng)業(yè)的思想與經(jīng)歷中十分普遍。還是在20世紀初期,不少寧波商人就充分利用積累的資金去創(chuàng)辦新興實業(yè)。寧波商幫的一些重要代表人物起先多在家鄉(xiāng)小打小鬧,而一旦時機成熟他們就走出寧波,到上海及其他大城市尋求新的創(chuàng)業(yè)機遇。他們敢冒風(fēng)險、善于經(jīng)營,思想不保守,行為不守攤。像早年當(dāng)過普通職員、最終成為工商巨頭的虞洽卿,就把事業(yè)的重心推向上海,并獲得巨大成功。寧波商幫葉澄衷當(dāng)年在上海的火柴業(yè)已很有地位,但他還是聯(lián)合其他商人在漢口創(chuàng)辦起一家規(guī)模空前的火柴企業(yè),使自己的事業(yè)更上一個臺階。又如武漢的機電業(yè)、上海的五金業(yè)、天津的制衣業(yè)、東北的開墾業(yè)等有影響的實業(yè),幾乎都是闖蕩天下、敢于創(chuàng)業(yè)的寧波工商者所開其先河。這種敬業(yè)、創(chuàng)業(yè)精神在新的歷史條件下繼續(xù)發(fā)生著作用與影響。當(dāng)代寧波人堅持“敢創(chuàng)業(yè)、不守攤”的理念,寧波的眾多企業(yè)如塑料業(yè)、電器業(yè)、機械制造業(yè)、文具業(yè)、模具業(yè)以及“雅戈爾”“杉杉”等已走出寧波,在全國許多重要城市的經(jīng)濟活動中塑造著他們非同一般的出色形象,甚至在世界各地也擁有一定的市場地位,這也是“敢創(chuàng)業(yè)、不守攤”創(chuàng)新精神最有力的見證。
“寧波幫”創(chuàng)新精神還涌動著一股“求發(fā)展”的思想活力。應(yīng)當(dāng)說上述“敢創(chuàng)業(yè)、不守攤”也是一種“求發(fā)展”的重要表現(xiàn),然而“寧波幫”創(chuàng)新精神中的“求發(fā)展”還更多地反映于深層次的精神追求之上。在明、清時期,寧波之所以能出現(xiàn)諸如王陽明、黃宗羲這樣一流的思想大家,根本的原因是當(dāng)時的社會生活已出現(xiàn)商品經(jīng)濟的萌芽,因而在思想文化領(lǐng)域內(nèi)產(chǎn)生與之相適應(yīng)的進步思潮,這種“求發(fā)展”的時代意識促成了“浙東學(xué)派”帶有原創(chuàng)精神的學(xué)術(shù)觀念,也給近、現(xiàn)代寧波商幫的巨大成功提供了不可或缺的精神支柱。
當(dāng)下,為什么要傳承“寧波幫”精神?我們或許能從習(xí)近平總書記的這段話中找到答案:“我們?nèi)嫔罨母?,就要激發(fā)市場蘊藏的活力。市場活力來自于人,特別是來自于企業(yè)家,來自于企業(yè)家精神?!?/p>
三江口終將見證,擁有豐富精神財富的新一代“寧波幫”,將以更開闊的視野、更先進的理念,與城市共同書寫高質(zhì)量發(fā)展的新篇章。
(寧波市鎮(zhèn)海區(qū)委宣傳部為本欄目提供支持)
The Everlasting Spirit of Ningbo Bang
By Shiqifang
“Members of Ningbo Bang all over the world should be rallied to develop Ningbo,” stated China’s late leader Deng Xiaoping in 1984.
Here, Ningbo Bang, known alternatively as the Ningbo Merchants Group, the Ningbo Commercial Group or simply the Ningbo Group, refers to a loose community of traders, merchants and businessmen (as well as their offspring) operating outside their native place in Ningbo throughout history and in modern times. Emerging during the Ming (1368-1644) dynasty and one of the biggest regional commercial groups in China during the late Qing (1616-1911) period, Ningbo Bangcurrently is numbered at hundreds of thousands.
What’s the secret behind the enduring vitality of Ningbo Bang? It is down to the group’s distinctive traits: integrity, pragmaticism, openness and innovativeness.
Ningbo Bang has been widely known for their integrity, and businessmen of the group have long been aware of the vital importance of good faith in business. Business ethics, as they well know, benefits not only the clients but also for themselves. Therefore, they value good faith over short-term interest. For instance, Ningbo’s qianzhuang (money shops or old-style banks) industry, is lauded as the “bastion of integrity”. According to A General History of Qianzhuang in China (Zhongguo Qianzhuang Gaiyao) by Pan Zihao, private postal and banking business during the late Qing and the Republican period, “was Ningbo’s exclusive, with large capitals and excellent credit; once insured by these organizations, any loss of deposit or money orders will be fully compensated”; indeed, such businesses were popular both at home and abroad. The hongbang (red band) tailors in Ningbo — so called because many were serving foreigners who were usually referred to as “redhaired people” — would rather decline an order than break a promise, and would rather lose money than allow an inferior product to go to the customers. Bao Yugang (1918-1991), aka Yue-Kong Pao, a shipping magnate, is undoubtedly a paragon of Ningbo Bang in the contemporary era. “In business ethics,” he once made it very clear, “we need to follow the old traditions. You should be trustworthy and credible.”
Pragmatism has been part of makeup of Ningbo people, who advocate doing rather than empty talking. Whether it can bring real benefits and improve their lives has become an important basis for Ningbo businessmen. And Ningbo Bang members are no exception. Ye Chengzhong (1840-1899), Fang Yexian (1893-1940) and Bao Yugang are just a few who worked step by step to their successes.
In fact, it is this pragmatic attitude that helped them make a difference in China’s “Reform and Opening-up”. As long as there are tangible interests, Ningbo businessmen can do anything that others are unwilling to take on: leaving home, living in the cold and staying any place that suits them. Ningbo Bang businessmen attach importance to learning advanced experience from others, while not blindly following any fashion or crowd. State-owned enterprises readily absorb the best practices from private enterprises, and vice versa.
Being pragmatic has also made Ningbo people a humble lot. In the face of achievements, they are never arrogant; one goal after another, they continue to surpass themselves, solid and steadfast.
A perennial pursuit of Ningbo Bang is openness. Over generations, Ningbo traders and merchants have travelled around the world for international trade. The historical Ningbo Bang — ?known as Mingzhou Shangbang or Mingzhou (the ancient name of Ningbo) Merchants Group — had long journeyed to Japan and Korea in the north, Southeast Asia and the Arabian Sea in the south, galloping on the international business stage. In modern times, Ningbo Bang engaged in fierce competition, especially with their Western counterparts, at home and abroad. Excelled at mastering advanced management skills from the West, they helped propel many national industries to the top in Hong Kong, Shanghai, Tianjin and other cities. The contemporary Ningbo Bang has gone a step further, opening up new fields and creating miracles in China and across the globe.
Visiting Ningbo in 1916, Sun Yat-sen (1866-1925) commented, “Ningbo people have rich experience in industrial and commercial management. In every port in our country, and even in Europe, there are businesses run by Ningbo people, whose capabilities and influence are second to none,” before heaping praise on Ningbo people’s pioneering spirit and openness. Answering Deng Xiaoping’s call, Ningbo people are working hard to develop the city, and now they are embracing anyone who is willing to join the cause.
Ultimately, the pioneering spirit of Ningbo Bang comes from its innovativeness, the driving force for these businessmen. This innovativeness in turn can be discovered in the philosophical thinking of the Zhedong (Eastern Zhejiang) School, when the Neo-Confucian master Wang Yangming (1472-1529) broke away from the dominant School of Principle (Li) during the Ming dynasty and publicly championed the idea of innate moral knowledge and when Huang Zongxi (1610-1695) called openly for radical social reforms and enlightened democracy in the early Qing period. Since China started its “Reform and Opening-up”, Ningbo people have been striving to “surf the waves” in social and economic development. Per capita GDP in Ningbo has surpassed USD 20,000 despite a lack of natural resources.
This innovativeness has translated into the rapid development of Ningbo Bang, as businessmen from Ningbo constantly seek development, and, unfazed by the risks of starting businesses and not content with the status quo, they never sit on what they have achieved or accumulated.
Why is there still the need to pass on the spirit of Ningbo Bang? The answer may be found in the words of the General Secretary of the Communist Party of China Xi Jinping, “To comprehensively deepen reform, we need to stimulate market vitality. Market vitality comes from the people, especially from business leaders and their entrepreneurship.”
Sanjiangkou, where the Lancang River, Yaojiang River and Fenghua River meet and where the heart of Ningbo lies, will bear witness to the new generations of Ningbo Bang, who, empowered by broader visions and more advanced ideas, will write a new chapter of high-quality development together with the city.