浙江
英語學(xué)科核心素養(yǎng)主要包括語言能力、文化意識(shí)、思維品質(zhì)和學(xué)習(xí)能力。在培養(yǎng)學(xué)生核心素養(yǎng)的過程中,教師應(yīng)突破教材的局限,借助多種材料,培養(yǎng)學(xué)生對(duì)英語語言的鑒賞、模仿與創(chuàng)造的能力,開拓學(xué)生思維,引導(dǎo)學(xué)生對(duì)比不同文化并形成開放包容的胸懷,幫助學(xué)生形成適合自身發(fā)展的英語學(xué)習(xí)策略。
外刊包括英語媒體新聞、英語報(bào)刊及英語雜志等,其語言的豐富性、邏輯的嚴(yán)密性、話題的時(shí)效性使外刊成為教材教學(xué)的有益補(bǔ)充。尤其是在高三復(fù)習(xí)階段,在高三學(xué)生已有一定詞匯以及話題儲(chǔ)備的前提下,開展外刊閱讀能夠避免機(jī)械、低效的題海戰(zhàn)術(shù),實(shí)現(xiàn)目標(biāo)語輸入與輸出的交互,在復(fù)習(xí)備考的同時(shí)切實(shí)培養(yǎng)學(xué)生英語學(xué)科核心素養(yǎng)。
為有效開展外刊閱讀,所選外刊文章的主題要緊密圍繞“人與自我、人與社會(huì)、人與自然”,呈現(xiàn)自然、環(huán)境、社會(huì)、科技、文學(xué)、藝術(shù)、歷史等不同類別,體現(xiàn)主題意義探究對(duì)于核心素養(yǎng)發(fā)展的引領(lǐng);其次,所選外刊文章的語篇要完整、文體要明確,不建議選取片斷以及非正式文體的文章,以此體現(xiàn)新《課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》對(duì)語篇的重視,并進(jìn)一步接軌概要寫作等高考題型;另外,為了符合最近發(fā)展區(qū)理論,所選外刊文章的難度應(yīng)高于教材文本的難度、等同于或略高于高考難度;最后,所選外刊文章的篇幅不宜過長(zhǎng),一般以300至500詞為宜。
本文從提升語言能力、培養(yǎng)思維品質(zhì)、構(gòu)建文化意識(shí)、深化學(xué)習(xí)能力四個(gè)維度出發(fā),探討了外刊閱讀對(duì)于高三備考及培養(yǎng)核心素養(yǎng)的價(jià)值。
語言能力指在社會(huì)情境中,以聽、說、讀、寫、看等方式理解和表達(dá)意義、意圖及情感態(tài)度的能力。提升語言能力包括語言知識(shí)的學(xué)習(xí)和語言技能的發(fā)展。
外刊的言語表達(dá)較之教材更為地道、豐富,教師應(yīng)對(duì)其進(jìn)行二次開發(fā),借此拓展學(xué)生對(duì)于英語語言的認(rèn)知深度和廣度。
例如,2019年5月《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人》中有一篇關(guān)于抗生素生產(chǎn)商的困境的文章,其中有片段如下:
At the same time,growing awareness that overuse accelerates development of bacterial resistance to the drugs has led to“antibiotics stewardship”,the practice of using the newest antibiotics only for infections untreatable with older ones.
針對(duì)該段落中“awareness”“accelerate”“bacterial”“resistance”等高級(jí)詞匯,教師可以查閱牛津詞典等權(quán)威工具,為學(xué)生提供這些詞匯的詞性、英英解釋、例句等內(nèi)容,搭建語言支架,如:
accelerate:v.To happen or to make sth.happen faster or earlier than expected.
eg.Exposure to the sun can accelerate the ageing process.
對(duì)于部分詞匯,教師更可以設(shè)置“漢譯英”練習(xí),在語境和實(shí)踐中加深學(xué)生的認(rèn)知。例如:
(1)她的健康狀況好像突然提前衰退了。(accelerate)
(2)這一策略旨在逐步削弱敵人的抵抗力。(resistance)
【參考譯文】
(1)The decline of her health seemed to suddenly accelerate.
(2)The strategy was designed to wear down the enemy’s resistance.
在詞匯“精講、精練”的基礎(chǔ)上,教師可以引導(dǎo)學(xué)生對(duì)外刊文章中的長(zhǎng)難句進(jìn)行句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析。在分析的過程中,教師應(yīng)引導(dǎo)學(xué)生以“SV”“SVC”“SVO”“SVOO”“SVOC”的英語基本句子結(jié)構(gòu)作為分析工具,刪繁就簡(jiǎn),提煉長(zhǎng)難句中的關(guān)鍵成分。例如上述有關(guān)抗生素的外刊文章片段只有一句話,但這一句話包含了35詞,學(xué)生應(yīng)在教師的指導(dǎo)下分析這35詞在句子中都發(fā)揮了什么作用:
句子主干:Growing awareness (S) has led to (V) “antibiotics stewardship” (O).
同位語從句:that overuse accelerates development of bacterial resistance to the drugs
同位語成分:the practice of using the newest antibiotics only for infections untreatable with older ones
時(shí)間狀語:at the same time
語言的使用是在社會(huì)情境中發(fā)生的,不可能脫離情境。在學(xué)生準(zhǔn)確理解外刊文章語言之后,教師可以對(duì)外刊文章進(jìn)行二次開發(fā),將其改編為符合高考命題規(guī)律的語法填空,讓學(xué)生在情境中輸出,借此提升其語言能力。在改編時(shí),針對(duì)外刊文章中超綱詞匯較多的情況,教師既可以在“詞匯精講”的過程中就這些詞匯進(jìn)行掃盲,也可以在改編時(shí)直接提供相關(guān)術(shù)語的中文解釋,并用學(xué)生熟悉的詞匯替換余下部分,從而回避超綱詞匯。例如,按照后一種超綱詞匯處理方法,有關(guān)抗生素的這篇外刊文章可以設(shè)計(jì)成如下的語法填空試題:
Getting hold of penicillin in 1943 was a lottery in America.The “miracle drug” ___1___ (discover) 15 years earlier but production capacity was limited,and most went to the war effort.What remained was restricted,and ___2___ single injection cost at least $40.By 1949 ___3___ (good) manufacturing methods allowed the price ___4___ (fall) to 20 cents.The use of penicillin exploded.Antibiotics subsequently became a main part of modern medicine.Massive volumes offset low profit.Finding new molecules (微粒) is getting harder,___5___ means higher development costs.At the same time,growing ___6__(aware) that overuse accelerates development of bacterial resistance to the drugs has led to “antibiotics stewardship (管理)”,the practice of using the newest antibiotics only for infections untreatable with older ones.Volumes,in other words,are often ___7___ (disappoint).___8___ returns from antibiotics down,big pharmaceutical companies have abandoned ___9___ for more rewarding drugs.In the past ten years,___10___ the world began to panic about the rise of resistant superbugs (超級(jí)細(xì)菌),governments and charities provided early-stage financing.
【參考答案】
1.had been discovered 2.a 3.better
4.to fall 5.which 6.awareness
7.disappointing 8.With 9.them
10.as
思維品質(zhì)主要體現(xiàn)了學(xué)生的心智發(fā)展特征以及心智發(fā)展水平,其發(fā)展有助于提升學(xué)生分析問題、解決問題的能力。在英語學(xué)科核心素養(yǎng)中,學(xué)生的思維品質(zhì)強(qiáng)調(diào)思維的邏輯性、批判性和創(chuàng)新性三方面,包含觀察與比較、分析與推斷、歸納與構(gòu)建、批判與創(chuàng)新等思維活動(dòng)。
外刊中的新聞多為針對(duì)某一重大事件的報(bào)道,其需要在有限的篇幅內(nèi)將事件報(bào)道清楚,邏輯嚴(yán)密;為足夠吸引讀者,新聞的話題也需要有一定的討論性、批判性;同時(shí),部分新聞未表達(dá)作者觀點(diǎn),這就為讀者創(chuàng)新留下了空間。因此,在指導(dǎo)學(xué)生開展以新聞為主體的外刊閱讀時(shí),教師應(yīng)將隱藏于語言內(nèi)部的邏輯性、批判性、創(chuàng)新性通過合適的方式外顯出來。閱讀理解就是一種符合學(xué)生思維培養(yǎng)要求的形式,《考試說明》指出,學(xué)生在進(jìn)行閱讀理解時(shí)應(yīng)做到以下幾點(diǎn):
(1)理解主旨要義
(2)理解文中具體信息
(3)根據(jù)上下文推斷單詞和短語的含義
(4)根據(jù)所讀內(nèi)容作出判斷和推理
(5)理解文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu)
(6)理解作者的意圖、觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度
上述的六點(diǎn)要求都是體現(xiàn)思維品質(zhì)的具體活動(dòng),這就要求教師根據(jù)外刊文章內(nèi)容設(shè)計(jì)多種類型的閱讀理解試題,以活動(dòng)體現(xiàn)思維、訓(xùn)練思維、提升思維。
例如,2019年3月VOA中有一篇關(guān)于美國(guó)緊急停飛波音737 Max的文章:
【原文】
American President Donald Trump on Wednesday said the United States would ground all Boeing 737 Max 8 and Max 9 planes “effective immediately.”
The U.S.Federal Aviation Administration said in a statement that it “made the decision as a result of the data gathering process and new evidence collected at the site and analyzed today.”
The agency added,“This evidence,together with newly refined satellite data available to FAA this morning,led to this decision.”
The emergency order came after two crashes involving Boeing 737 Max 8 jets in recent months.The latest happened on Sunday,when Ethiopian Airlines Flight 302 crashed in clear weather ①six minutes after takeoff ② from Ethiopia’s capital,Addis Ababa.All 157 people on board died.
Last October,Indonesia’s Lion Air Flight 610 crashed into the ocean 13 minutes after taking off ③from the Indonesian capital,Jakarta.All 189 people on board died.④
By Wednesday,nearly 40 countries had already barred Boeing 737 Max planes from flying in their airspace.The FAA had faced criticism for permitting the jets to continue flying in the United States.
Trump said that“new information”had been found during the ongoing investigation into Sunday’s accident.He said the decision to ground the aircraft“didn’t have to be made,but we thought it was the right decision.”
Trump added that the decision was made with the help of U.S.air carriers,aircraft manufacturer Boeing and Canadian aviation officials.Canada announced it was grounding the Boeing 737 Max planes earlier in the day.
In a statement,the U.S.-based Boeing Company said it“continues to have full confidence in the safety of the 737 Max.” The company said it decided to recommend to the FAA the temporary suspension of operations of all Boeing 737 Max planes “out of an abundance of caution.”
The FAA says there are 74 such planes registered in the U.S.and 387 around the world.
The U.S.-based Southwest Airlines operates 34 Boeing 737 Max planes.The airline said as a result of the order,it has removed those planes from service.
為培養(yǎng)學(xué)生思維的邏輯性,提升學(xué)生分析與推斷的能力,教師可以設(shè)置根據(jù)上下文推斷生詞的詞義的問題。例如:
1.What does the underlined word“ground”in Paragraph 1 mean?
A.Disable.B.Land.C.Dig.D.Bury.
這類問題需要學(xué)生基于語篇所承載的知識(shí)進(jìn)行有效的分析、推斷。本題中劃線詞“ground”用作動(dòng)詞,意為“使停飛”,而非學(xué)生熟悉的名詞“地面”,屬于“熟詞生義”,需要學(xué)生通過閱讀上下文來推斷生詞含義。與總述作用的第一段相呼應(yīng)的最后一段總結(jié)道“The airline said as a result of the order,it has removed those planes from service.”,根據(jù)這一信息中的關(guān)鍵詞“removed those planes from service.”,學(xué)生可以推斷“ground”在文中類似于“disable(使停用,使無效)”。
為培養(yǎng)學(xué)生思維的整體性和概括性,提升學(xué)生歸納和建構(gòu)的能力,教師可以設(shè)置理解主旨和要義的問題。例如:
2.What happened to Boeing Company?
A.The government increased flights to meet the need.
B.It canceled several flights because of the safety problem.
C.People appealed to the government to change its schedule.
D.American president passed law to close Boeing.
這類問題需要學(xué)生關(guān)注首尾兩段以及每一段的topic sentence(關(guān)鍵句),根據(jù)所獲得的信息提取共同特征,以此形成新的簡(jiǎn)單概念。本題需要學(xué)生根據(jù)第一段“the United States would ground all Boeing 737 Max 8 and Max 9 planes”以及第四段“The emergency order came after two crashes involving Boeing 737 Max 8 jets in recent months.”等主題句內(nèi)容概括出得出“be canceled”“safety problem”等關(guān)鍵詞,從而選出正確選項(xiàng)B。
為培養(yǎng)學(xué)生思維的嚴(yán)密性,提升學(xué)生觀察與比較的能力,教師可以設(shè)置理解文中具體信息的問題。例如:
3.We can learn from Paragraph 4 and Paragraph 5 that_______.
A.Flight 302 crashed because of the bad weather
B.both Flight 302 and Flight 610 are Boeing 737 Max planes
C.all 157 people on Flight 610 died
D.two planes crashed after a long-time flight
這類問題需要學(xué)生根據(jù)選項(xiàng)回歸原文尋找對(duì)應(yīng)的細(xì)節(jié)信息,再將原文和選項(xiàng)進(jìn)行匹配、比較,切忌無中生有、張冠李戴。第四段、第五段主要介紹了緊急出臺(tái)波音737 Max停飛政策的原因,而這與之前兩起墜機(jī)事件有關(guān)。由此可知這兩段中出現(xiàn)Flight 302與Flight 610都是墜機(jī)的實(shí)例,都屬于波音737 Max,故B選項(xiàng)正確。而根據(jù)畫線信息①可知,A選項(xiàng)中的“bad weather”偏離原文。根據(jù)畫線信息④可知,F(xiàn)light 610的死亡人數(shù)為189,C選項(xiàng)屬于信息雜糅。根據(jù)畫線信息②③可知,兩架墜機(jī)距離起飛時(shí)間均不長(zhǎng),故D選項(xiàng)也不正確。此類問題能幫助學(xué)生綜合分析各種信息之間的內(nèi)在關(guān)聯(lián)和存在的各種矛盾,讓學(xué)生從錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜的信息中識(shí)別關(guān)鍵問題。
為培養(yǎng)學(xué)生思維的批判性,提升學(xué)生批判與創(chuàng)新的能力,教師可以設(shè)置理解作者的意圖、觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度的問題。例如:
4.What is the author’s attitude?
A.Indifferent.B.Supportive.
C.Suspicious.D.Objective.
這類問題需要學(xué)生針對(duì)所獲取的信息提出自己的看法,并通過簡(jiǎn)單的求證手段,判斷信息的真實(shí)性。本題涉及的關(guān)鍵信息不是明確表達(dá)出的,而是隱含于文字線索中,需要學(xué)生在理解文章總體內(nèi)容的基礎(chǔ)上,領(lǐng)會(huì)作者的言外之意。學(xué)生通過閱讀可知,作者在這篇時(shí)文中只是介紹美國(guó)緊急停飛波音737 Max的事件及其原因,并未發(fā)表個(gè)人看法,所以作者的態(tài)度是“objective(客觀的)”。
同時(shí),為重點(diǎn)培養(yǎng)學(xué)生思維的抽象性和概括性,結(jié)合浙江高考英語新題型“概要寫作”,教師可以在外刊閱讀的過程中穿插概要寫作訓(xùn)練。概要寫作提供一篇350詞以內(nèi)的短文,要求學(xué)生基于該短文寫出一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。概要寫作考查學(xué)生對(duì)原文要點(diǎn)的理解和呈現(xiàn)情況、應(yīng)用語法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯的準(zhǔn)確性、上下文的連貫性以及對(duì)各要點(diǎn)表達(dá)的獨(dú)立性情況。
例如,2019年7月《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人》中有一篇關(guān)于韓國(guó)人對(duì)智能手機(jī)依賴成癮的文章,詞數(shù)為267,結(jié)構(gòu)清晰,條理明確,適合開發(fā)為概要寫作的原材料。
【原文】
In South Korea smart-phone cases come with rings mounted on the back,to prevent clumsy owners from dropping them.This makes people look like they are literally married to their phones.In many of Seoul’s most popular coffee shops,couples on dates spend vastly more time looking at their screens than at each other.The ramifications go beyond the potentially dire consequences for romance.
Walk around the streets of Seoul or any other South Korean city,and there is a real risk of bumping into people whose eyes are glued to their smart-phone screens.Insurers estimate that around 370 traffic accidents annually are caused by pedestrians using smart-phones.That figure does not include those who bump into lamp posts and the like while perusing the latest cat videos.
The government initially tried to fight the“smombie” (a portmanteau of“smart-phone”and“zombie”) epidemic by distributing hundreds of stickers around cities imploring people to “be safe” and look up.This seems to have had little effect even though,in Seoul at least,it recently replaced the stickers with sturdier plastic boards.
Instead of appealing to people’s good sense,the authorities have therefore resorted to trying to save them from being run over.Early last year,they began to trial floor-level traffic lights in smombie hot spots in central Seoul.Since then,the experiment has been extended around and beyond the capital.For the moment,the government is retaining old-fashioned eye-level pedestrian lights as well.But in future,the way to look at a South Korean crossroads may be down.
【參考范文】
People are deeply addicted to smart-phones in South Korea,which causes negative consequences in many aspects (要點(diǎn)1).Traffic accidents caused by passengers who use smart-phones in the streets are one of the problems (要點(diǎn)2).To solve it,the government gives out stickers to raise people’s awareness of looking up and being safe,but the effect is limited (要點(diǎn)3).However,measures like trialing floor-level traffic lights will be popularized to save smombie’s lives (要點(diǎn)4).(69 words)
文化意識(shí)是學(xué)生在全球化背景下對(duì)中外文化的理解和對(duì)優(yōu)秀文化的認(rèn)同,也是學(xué)生在全球化背景下所表現(xiàn)出的跨文化認(rèn)識(shí)、態(tài)度和行為取向。文化意識(shí)水平劃分需要從文化獲取、文化比較、文化理解、文化價(jià)值觀幾個(gè)方面去考慮。
例如,2019年1月《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人》中有一篇關(guān)于外籍家庭母語傳承的文章,涉及文化意識(shí)維度。
在閱讀這篇外刊文章時(shí),教師首先應(yīng)指導(dǎo)學(xué)生在明確的情境中根據(jù)提示找到文化信息,實(shí)現(xiàn)文化獲取。學(xué)生根據(jù)首段內(nèi)容“For expat parents,passing on their native languages can be a struggle.”可知,該篇外刊文章圍繞著“外籍父母(expat parents)”與“母語(native languages)”展開,闡述“外籍家庭傳承母語是一件難事”。同時(shí),學(xué)生應(yīng)超越課堂,在真實(shí)生活情境中獲取相關(guān)的文化信息,思考自己身邊是否存在外國(guó)人或者外省人,他們的子女在“異語言”環(huán)境中是否說過母語;教師更可以鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生利用課余時(shí)間詢問這些子女是否會(huì)說母語、是否想說母語,借此加深對(duì)這一文化主題的認(rèn)知。在成功獲取文化信息的基礎(chǔ)上,學(xué)生應(yīng)開展文化比較活動(dòng),比較本土家庭與外籍家庭對(duì)待“母語學(xué)習(xí)”以及“外語學(xué)習(xí)”的態(tài)度差異,并根據(jù)所積累的文化知識(shí)為這一差異提供可能解釋。在尊重和理解“外籍家庭”身份差異的前提下,教師可以組織學(xué)生思考“外籍家庭的子女是否有必要學(xué)習(xí)母語”這一話題,加深學(xué)生的文化理解。經(jīng)過分析、討論后,教師應(yīng)引導(dǎo)學(xué)生進(jìn)一步就“母語學(xué)習(xí)的重要性、如何平衡母語與外語學(xué)習(xí)”等話題展開討論,增強(qiáng)學(xué)生的中國(guó)文化自信,幫助學(xué)生樹立正確的文化價(jià)值觀。
學(xué)習(xí)能力主要指學(xué)生積極運(yùn)用和主動(dòng)調(diào)適英語學(xué)習(xí)策略,拓寬英語學(xué)習(xí)渠道,提高英語學(xué)習(xí)效率的意識(shí)和能力。
在開展外刊閱讀的過程中,教師應(yīng)不斷深化學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)能力。首先,教師可以提供涉及自然、文化、政治、科技等不同主題的外刊文章,提升學(xué)生的閱讀興趣,增強(qiáng)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)動(dòng)力;通過持續(xù)性的外刊閱讀,最終讓學(xué)生對(duì)英語學(xué)習(xí)形成廣泛而持久的興趣與愿望。其次,教師可以幫助學(xué)生在外刊閱讀前制訂閱讀計(jì)劃,明確“讀什么、怎么讀、如何呈現(xiàn)成果”等問題,實(shí)時(shí)優(yōu)化調(diào)整自己的學(xué)習(xí)計(jì)劃。此外,在外刊閱讀中,教師應(yīng)為學(xué)生提供必要的語言和思維支架,鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生在面對(duì)閱讀困難時(shí)主動(dòng)調(diào)控心態(tài)和情緒,回顧自己在哪些方面取得了成績(jī),哪些方面還存在問題,反思學(xué)習(xí)成效。最后,教師應(yīng)鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生利用多種方式開展外刊閱讀,例如形成外刊閱讀小組、開展外刊閱讀交流、進(jìn)行外刊閱讀匯報(bào)、撰寫外刊閱讀體會(huì)等,拓寬學(xué)習(xí)渠道。
在高考復(fù)習(xí)階段開發(fā)外刊作為學(xué)生的閱讀資源,能為教材復(fù)習(xí)提供有益補(bǔ)充和延伸,切實(shí)提升學(xué)生英語學(xué)科核心素養(yǎng)。同時(shí),外刊文章主題時(shí)代感強(qiáng)、語言地道生動(dòng),能讓學(xué)生跳出枯燥的題海,在充分體會(huì)英語學(xué)習(xí)的意義和價(jià)值的前提下,提高復(fù)習(xí)效率。