區(qū)域風(fēng)景營(yíng)構(gòu)傳統(tǒng)

早在金代，北京初定為中都時(shí)，如何獲得巨大的水源（尤其是漕運(yùn)水源）是營(yíng)城和治水的關(guān)鍵，時(shí)人的做法極具智慧，即將西山玉泉山泉水引入海拔50 m甕山泊一帶蓄積為水庫(kù)，并挽而向南，人工開(kāi)鑿海拔52 m的海淀臺(tái)地，導(dǎo)西山水系穿海淀臺(tái)地引向東南，為長(zhǎng)河。到元代，高梁河水系成為都城命脈，由開(kāi)鑿的長(zhǎng)河和高梁河接引而成通惠河。廣源閘是節(jié)制長(zhǎng)河之水的關(guān)鍵，閘上游直通甕山泊，并沿著引水渠到昌平白浮泉，閘下游經(jīng)紫竹院、樂(lè)善園至西直門(mén)穿城而入，出東便門(mén)外的大通橋，經(jīng)通州八里橋與北運(yùn)河相連，構(gòu)成了引水貫都的大運(yùn)河北京段。古時(shí)漕運(yùn)似今天的高速公路，承載南北的物資轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)，城中積水潭（又稱什剎海）成為京杭大運(yùn)河的終點(diǎn)碼頭，逐漸形成大都最大的商業(yè)繁華區(qū)，桅桿林立，舳艫蔽水。明代積水潭轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)槌侵泄残燥L(fēng)景勝地，清初成為官宦公用的園囿并逐步恢復(fù)商業(yè)繁榮。積水潭前、后海相連處的銀錠橋是銜西山、扼近水的風(fēng)景佳構(gòu)，燕京小八景“銀錠觀山”所在，對(duì)觀的遠(yuǎn)山即為“西山晴雪”景，形成西山、積水潭和城中心碼頭商業(yè)區(qū)間的“山—水—城”互為因借之勢(shì)。經(jīng)大運(yùn)河北京段持久的風(fēng)景營(yíng)構(gòu)，沿岸風(fēng)光旖旎，上游甕山泊擴(kuò)建為昆明湖，下游營(yíng)造瓊島春蔭、太液秋風(fēng)、長(zhǎng)橋映月等諸多景致與勝跡。

通過(guò)人工對(duì)自然持久干預(yù)，在順應(yīng)自然的基礎(chǔ)上有效梳理，向著更有利于人居的方向引導(dǎo)與建構(gòu)，形成區(qū)域風(fēng)景系統(tǒng)。包括了自近郊延伸至城市的淺山體系、經(jīng)人工干預(yù)整理溝通城市內(nèi)外的水網(wǎng)河湖體系等，構(gòu)成了城市發(fā)展的生態(tài)本底。城市處于區(qū)域風(fēng)景系統(tǒng)之上，依循著自然山水進(jìn)行選址、分區(qū)營(yíng)建，營(yíng)造城內(nèi)園林和城外風(fēng)景，讓自然環(huán)境與人工環(huán)境相互適應(yīng)、耦合。區(qū)域風(fēng)景系統(tǒng)的演變深刻影響城市的形態(tài)、格局與發(fā)展；而城市的營(yíng)建與社會(huì)活動(dòng)又促進(jìn)區(qū)域風(fēng)景系統(tǒng)的不斷經(jīng)營(yíng)完善，達(dá)到動(dòng)態(tài)平衡而持久韌性地發(fā)展，經(jīng)過(guò)人工介入、人文滲透與自然系統(tǒng)相適應(yīng)而重塑，最終形成自然與人文交織、風(fēng)景與文化并存的人居環(huán)境。

可見(jiàn)，城市發(fā)展和自然環(huán)境不應(yīng)是針?shù)h相對(duì)，而應(yīng)是相互適應(yīng)、相互促進(jìn)。區(qū)域風(fēng)景系統(tǒng)體現(xiàn)了連接自然與人文的生態(tài)智慧，構(gòu)成了人居環(huán)境生態(tài)本底、風(fēng)貌特色和安全韌性3方面的支撐系統(tǒng)，也是詩(shī)意棲居的重要載體。研今必習(xí)古，中國(guó)人居環(huán)境營(yíng)建的時(shí)空發(fā)展脈絡(luò)極為豐富與復(fù)雜，對(duì)區(qū)域風(fēng)景系統(tǒng)營(yíng)構(gòu)傳統(tǒng)中展現(xiàn)的人與天調(diào)的智慧與精妙進(jìn)行解析，在因地制宜、師法自然的基礎(chǔ)上做好人居環(huán)境營(yíng)建的傳承，維護(hù)好區(qū)域風(fēng)景系統(tǒng)的格局，讓城市更生態(tài)、更具特色、更可持續(xù)意義重大。

將區(qū)域風(fēng)景系統(tǒng)提升到國(guó)土空間范疇，作為協(xié)調(diào)自然與人工的重要手段，能夠有效整合多層次、多功能的復(fù)雜關(guān)系，統(tǒng)籌生態(tài)空間、生產(chǎn)空間和生活空間，使城市浸潤(rùn)在自然山水之中，延續(xù)城郊一體的區(qū)域風(fēng)景系統(tǒng)的完整性，將更有利于實(shí)現(xiàn)持久繁榮發(fā)展。

主編：鄭曦教授

2020年10月28日

PREFACE

Regional Landscape Construction Tradition

As early as Jin (金) Dynasty when Beijing was first determined as its capital, how to ensure a large amount of water source (especially water source for grain transporting) meant a challenge for water control and also for urban construction.However, people at that time were so wise that they led the spring of Yuquan Hill in the Western Hill to Wengshan Lake like a reservoir with an altitude of 50 m and was led further southward. A Haidian plateau with an altitude of 52 m was also explored artificially to lead the water from the Western Hill to the southeast, which formed the Long River crossing the plateau. In Yuan Dynasty, the Gaoliang River network became the core of the city. It, together with the Long River, constituted Tonghui River.Guangyuan Gate was playing a pivotal role in controlling the water of the Long River and Wengshan Lake could be reached through the upstream of the gate. Along the diversion canal, the Baifu Spring in Changping could be reached as well. The downstream of the gate runs through the whole Beijing City via Zizhuyuan Park,Leshan Park and Xizhi Gate, runs out of the city to Datong Bridge in Dongbian Gate and then connects the North Canal through Bali Bridge in Tongzhou. The whole river constitutes the Beijing Section of the Grand Canal which introduces water to the capital.The canal used for transportation in ancient times seems like today’s highway responsible for transferring materials between the North and the South. Jishuitan Lake (also called Shichahai Lake) in the downtown became the end wharf of Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal, where the biggest commercial area in the city was formed,used to be scattered with lots of masts and ships nearly covering the whole lake. Then Jishuitan Lake became a public scenic spot in the city in Ming Dynasty and a public garden for of ficials at the early stage of Qing Dynasty and therefore the commercial activities there recovered successively. Yinding Bridge that connects Qianhai Lake and Houhai Lake of Jishuitan Lake is actually a marvelous scenic spot connecting the Western Hill and the water nearby and is also where “Mountain Viewing from Yinding Bridge”, one of the eight scenes in Yanjing (former Beijing) is located. The distant mountain on the opposite constitute the scene of “Sunny Western Hills after Snow”, which altogether forms the whole structure of“mountain-water-city” including the Western Hill, Jishuitan Lake and the commercial area of the downtown wharf. The landscape along the banks of Beijing Section of the Grand Canal became picturesque and attractive after the cultivation for a long period of time. Wengshan Lake in the upstream was then expanded into Kunming Lake while several beautiful scenes were designed in the downstream such as the scene of “Shady Spring of Qiongdao Island”, “Autumn Breeze of Taiye Lake”, “Moonlight Reflection in the Long Bridge”, etc.

Through people’s intervening with the specific purpose, nature could be sorted effectively on the premise of abiding by the law of nature and is guided and built by to better satisfy people’s dwelling demand. Finally, a regional landscape system is formed, including the shallow mountain system stretched into the city from suburb and the water network system connecting the inside and outside of the city, etc., all of which serve as the ecological basis of urban development. The city was developed based on regional landscape system and according to its natural landscape in all aspects, including its site selection, zoning development and the whole landscaping inside and outside the city, so as to better coordinate and integrate the natural and artificial environment. The evolution of regional landscape construction influences the spatial form, pattern and development of a city significantly. Also, city construction and social activities boost the continuous improvement of regional landscape system so as to strike the dynamic balance and lasting resilience. City is reshaped through artificial intervening, penetration of humanism spirit and adapting to natural system, finally forming a human living environment where nature develops with human and landscape coexists with culture.

Thus urban development and natural environment should not be on the opposite of each other, but should adapt to and promote each other. Regional landscape system reflects the ecological wisdom of integrating artificial intervention and the nature, constitutes three basic supporting systems, including the ecological background, the characteristic features and safety resilience of the living environment, which are also the important carrier of poetic dwelling. Studying current issues must be based on the past experience. The temporal-spatial development process for the construction of China’s human living environment is abundant and diverse. The analysis of the wisdom and subtlety of the harmonious relation between man and nature in the traditional regional landscape system construction is critical to inherit the construction tradition of human living environments, to maintain the regional landscape system and to make city more distinguished,eco-friendly and sustainable on the basis of the local conditions and nature.

The regional landscape system should be lifted up to the level of national land structure organization, being utilized to coordinate the artificial and natural elements, integrating the complex spaces with multilayers and multifunction, unifying ecological spaces,production spaces and living spaces, allowing the city embedded in its natural landscape. The extension of the integrated regional landscape system of the urban-suburb unity would contribute to the lasting prosperity.

Editor-in-Chief: Professor ZHENG Xi

October 28, 2020