張如意 劉鑫 蔡飛
[摘要]目的 探討粉防己堿對(duì)鏈脲佐菌素(STZ)所致糖尿病小鼠海馬的保護(hù)機(jī)制。方法 將32只10~12周齡雄性C57小鼠隨機(jī)分為四組,每組各8只,分別為對(duì)照組、粉防己堿對(duì)照組、模型組、粉防己堿治療組。造模后,水迷宮實(shí)驗(yàn)檢測小鼠空間學(xué)習(xí)記憶能力;酶標(biāo)比色法檢測海馬組織勻漿中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和丙二醛(MDA)含量;酶聯(lián)免疫吸附測定(ELISA)檢測海馬組織勻漿中白介素-1β(IL-1β)、白介素-6(IL-6)與腫瘤壞死因子-α(TNF-α)含量;蛋白免疫印跡法檢測海馬組織中p-Smad2和p-Smad3蛋白表達(dá)。結(jié)果 與對(duì)照組比較,模型組小鼠空間學(xué)習(xí)記憶能力下降,水迷宮逃逸潛伏期長于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);模型組小鼠海馬組織勻漿中的SOD含量低于對(duì)照組,MDA含量高于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);模型組小鼠的IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α含量均高于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);模型組小鼠的p-Smad2、p-Smad3蛋白表達(dá)量均高于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);與模型組比較,粉防己堿治療組小鼠空間學(xué)習(xí)記憶能力增強(qiáng),水迷宮逃逸潛伏期短于模型組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);粉防己堿治療組小鼠海馬組織勻漿中的SOD含量高于模型組,MDA含量低于模型組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);粉防己堿治療組小鼠的IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α含量均低于模型組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);粉防己堿治療組小鼠的p-Smad2、p-Smad3蛋白表達(dá)量均低于模型組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。結(jié)論 粉防己堿具有拮抗STZ所致糖尿病小鼠海馬損傷的作用,其機(jī)制可能與抑制其氧化應(yīng)激及其下游Smad信號(hào)通路有關(guān)。
[關(guān)鍵詞]粉防己堿;鏈脲佐菌素;糖尿病模型;海馬
[中圖分類號(hào)] R972? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號(hào)] 1674-4721(2020)9(a)-0004-05
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the protective mechanism of Tetrandrine against hippocampus in Streptozocin (STZ) induced diabetic mice. Methods A total of 32 male C57 mice aged 10-12 weeks were randomly divided into four groups, 8 mice in each group, which were control group, Tetrandrine control group, model group and Tetrandrine treatment group. On the day after the establishment and administration of the diabetic model, the water maze test was used to detect the spatial learning and memory ability of the mice, the enzyme-labeled colorimetric method was used to detect the contents of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in the homogenate of hippocampus, the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect the contents of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in hippocampal tissue homogenate. Western blotting was used to detect p-Smad2 and p-Smad3 protein expression of hippocampal tissue. Results Compared with the control group, the spatial learning and memory ability of mice in the model group decreased, and the escape latency of water maze was longer than that in the control group, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). The SOD content in the hippocampal tissue homogenate of the model group was lower than that of the control group, and the MDA content was higher than that of the control group, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). The contents of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in the model group were higher than those in the control group, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). The protein expression levels of p-Smad2 and p-Smad3 in the model group were higher than those in the control group, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). Compared with the model group, the spatial learning and memory ability of mice in the Tetrandrine treatment group increased, and the escape latency of the water maze was shorter than that in the model group, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). The SOD content in the hippocampal tissue homogenate of the Tetrandrine treatment group was higher than that of the model group, and the MDA content was lower than that of the model group, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). The contents of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in the Tetrandrine treatment group were lower than those in the model group, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). The protein expression levels of p-Smad2 and p-Smad3 in the Tetrandrine treatment group were lower than those in the model group, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion Tetrandrine can antagonize hippocampal injury in STZ induced diabetic mice, and its mechanism may be related to inhibition of oxidative stress and its downstream Smad signaling pathway.
[Key words] Tetrandrine; Streptozocin; Diabetes model; Hippocampus
糖尿病認(rèn)知功能障礙現(xiàn)已成為當(dāng)今國內(nèi)外學(xué)者研究的重點(diǎn)領(lǐng)域。粉防己堿是從中藥防己科植物粉防己根中提取的雙芐基異喹啉類生物堿,為天然的鈣通道阻滯劑,已被廣泛應(yīng)用到中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病的防治中[1-4]。鏈脲佐菌素(Streptozocin,STZ)可誘導(dǎo)糖尿病認(rèn)知功能障礙的發(fā)生,粉防己堿可改善海馬神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞的損傷,提高糖尿病小鼠學(xué)習(xí)記憶能力[1-4],但其機(jī)制尚不明確。本實(shí)驗(yàn)采用STZ制備糖尿病小鼠認(rèn)知功能障礙模型,探討粉防己堿改善糖尿病小鼠海馬損傷的可能機(jī)制,為尋找改善糖尿病認(rèn)知功能障礙的新方法提供理論與實(shí)驗(yàn)依據(jù)。
1材料與方法
1.1材料
1.1.1實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物及分組
1.1.1.1實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物? 32只C57小鼠,10~12周齡,雄性,體重20~25 g,無特定病原體(SPF)級(jí),由湖北省實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物研究中心提供,動(dòng)物合格證號(hào):42000600033780。飼養(yǎng)于湖北中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物中心,動(dòng)物許可證號(hào):SCXK(鄂)2015-0018。動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)流程遵循湖北中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)有關(guān)實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物保護(hù)和使用指南,并經(jīng)實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn)。
1.1.1.2分組? 實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物適應(yīng)性喂養(yǎng)1周后隨機(jī)分為對(duì)照組、粉防己堿對(duì)照組、模型組以及粉防己堿治療組共四組,每組各8只。飼養(yǎng)條件控制溫度為20~25℃,規(guī)律照明,自由飲食。
1.1.2儀器與試劑
Morris水迷宮(中國醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院藥物研究所,DMS-2);酶標(biāo)儀(MD,SpectraMax M5);顯影儀(伯樂,ChemiDox XRS+);高速冷凍離心機(jī)(Sigma,3K-30Z);STZ(Sigma,V900890);粉防己堿(aladdin,T107322);超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)(碧云天,S0103);丙二醛(MDA)(碧云天,S0131);白介素-1β(IL-1β)(碧云天,P301);白介素-6(IL-6)(碧云天,P1326);TNF-α(南京建成,H052);p-Smad2(abclone,A0440);p-Smad3(abclone,A11471);Smad2(abclone,A7699);Smad3(abclone,A19115);β-actin(abclone,AC026);山羊抗鼠(abclone,AS003)。
1.2方法
1.2.1模型的建立及給藥
模型組和粉防己堿治療組小鼠造模期間腹腔注射給藥STZ共4周,隨機(jī)血糖>16.7 mmol/L并持續(xù)1周為造模成功。對(duì)照組與粉防己堿對(duì)照組小鼠造模期間腹腔注射生理鹽水。造模成功后,對(duì)照組和模型組小鼠灌胃生理鹽水,粉防己堿對(duì)照組和粉防己堿治療組小鼠灌胃粉防己堿,STZ給藥濃度為40 mg/kg,粉防己堿給藥濃度為15 mg/kg[5-6]。
1.2.2小鼠空間學(xué)習(xí)記憶能力測定
獲得性訓(xùn)練:將隱形逃逸平臺(tái)固定在水迷宮中,隨機(jī)抓取各組小鼠沿池壁3個(gè)定點(diǎn)依次頭朝水池壁平穩(wěn)放入,記錄各組小鼠在120 s內(nèi)尋找隱形平臺(tái)的時(shí)間(逃逸潛伏期)及運(yùn)動(dòng)軌跡。若超過120 s未找到隱形平臺(tái),則將該小鼠逃逸潛伏期記為120 s,訓(xùn)練時(shí)間為6 d。
探查實(shí)驗(yàn):Morris水迷宮獲得性訓(xùn)練實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)束后撤去隱形平臺(tái),將各組小鼠從第2個(gè)象限放入,記錄每只小鼠在120 s內(nèi)穿越隱形平臺(tái)的次數(shù)[7-13]。
1.2.3小鼠海馬組織中SOD、MDA含量檢測
取各組小鼠冷凍海馬組織,制備組織勻漿,3500 r/min(離心機(jī)半徑為13.5 cm)離心10 min,收集上清液,按試劑盒說明書檢測SOD、MDA含量[14-15]。
1.2.4小鼠海馬組織勻漿中IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α檢測
制備小鼠海馬組織勻漿上清液,將上清稀釋10倍后按說明書方法操作,酶聯(lián)免疫吸附測定(ELISA)法測定IL-1β、IL-6及TNF-α含量,酶標(biāo)儀測定450 mm處A值[16-18]。
1.2.5 Western bloting法檢測小鼠海馬組織中Smad2、Smad3、p-Smad2、p-Smad3蛋白表達(dá)量
取各組小鼠冷凍海馬組織制備蛋白樣品,BCA蛋白濃度試劑盒檢測各組蛋白濃度。蛋白定量后調(diào)整其濃度為相同濃度。每泳道上樣20 μg,SDS-PAGE凝膠分離,PVDF膜進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)膜,5%脫脂奶粉溶液(1×TBST配制)封閉1.5 h。一抗4℃恒溫孵育過夜,二抗室溫孵育1.5 h,ECL發(fā)光試劑盒顯色,ImageJ軟件計(jì)算目的蛋白與內(nèi)參蛋白比值[19]。
1.3統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 23.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,計(jì)量資料用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,兩組間比較采用t檢驗(yàn),以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2結(jié)果
2.1小鼠一般狀態(tài)觀察
對(duì)照組及粉防己堿對(duì)照組小鼠體重增長迅速,反應(yīng)靈敏,毛發(fā)平伏有光澤。模型組小鼠體重增長緩慢,精神萎靡,反應(yīng)遲鈍,毛色無光澤,尿量顯著增加并帶有刺激性氣味。粉防己堿治療組小鼠一般狀態(tài)優(yōu)于模型組小鼠。
2.2粉防己堿對(duì)糖尿病小鼠空間學(xué)習(xí)記憶能力的影響
模型組小鼠尋找隱形平臺(tái)的逃逸潛伏期長于對(duì)照組,穿越原始平臺(tái)次數(shù)少于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);粉防己堿治療組小鼠逃逸潛伏期短于模型組,穿越原始平臺(tái)位置次數(shù)多于模型組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);粉防己堿對(duì)照組小鼠的逃逸潛伏期及穿越原始平臺(tái)次數(shù)與對(duì)照組比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)(圖1~2)。
2.3粉防己堿對(duì)糖尿病小鼠海馬組織SOD、MDA含量的影響
模型組小鼠海馬組織勻漿中的SOD含量低于對(duì)照組,MDA含量高于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);粉防己堿治療組小鼠海馬組織勻漿中的SOD含量高于模型組,MDA含量低于模型組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);粉防己堿對(duì)照組與對(duì)照組的SOD、MDA含量比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)(表1)。
2.4粉防己堿對(duì)糖尿病小鼠海馬區(qū)IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α含量的影響
模型組小鼠海馬勻漿中的IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α含量均高于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);粉防己堿治療組小鼠海馬區(qū)的IL-1β、IL-6以及TNF-α含量均低于模型組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);粉防己堿對(duì)照組與對(duì)照組的IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α含量比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)(表2)。
2.5粉防己堿對(duì)糖尿病小鼠海馬區(qū)Smad2、Smad3、p-Smad2、p-Smad3蛋白表達(dá)量的影響
四組的Smad2、Smad3蛋白表達(dá)量比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);模型組小鼠海馬區(qū)的p-Smad2、p-Smad3蛋白表達(dá)量均高于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);粉防己堿治療組小鼠海馬區(qū)的p-Smad2、p-Smad3蛋白表達(dá)量均低于模型組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)(圖3)。
3討論
粉防己堿廣泛應(yīng)用于炎癥、糖尿病、神經(jīng)退行性疾病等病癥的治療中。氧化應(yīng)激損傷與炎癥則是認(rèn)知功能障礙的主要誘因?qū)W說[20],SOD是氧化還原系統(tǒng)中重要的抗氧化酶,能有效抑制氧化應(yīng)激;MDA水平的高低反映了機(jī)體脂質(zhì)氧化程度,是評(píng)價(jià)細(xì)胞受氧化損傷程度重要指標(biāo)。糖尿病認(rèn)知功能障礙導(dǎo)致的氧化應(yīng)激反應(yīng)可以通過誘導(dǎo)炎癥因子釋放,從而造成細(xì)胞的損傷,其中TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6是炎癥認(rèn)知功能障礙的的血清學(xué)標(biāo)志之一。Smad蛋白家族可通過調(diào)控星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞的生物學(xué)行為促進(jìn)糖尿病認(rèn)知功能障礙的發(fā)展,p-Smad2、p-Smad3蛋白是其中較為關(guān)鍵的蛋白。
本研究結(jié)果提示,粉防己堿能夠改善糖尿病小鼠海馬損傷,抑制炎癥因子表達(dá),拮抗STZ誘導(dǎo)的糖尿病認(rèn)知功能障礙,其機(jī)制可能與粉防己堿拮抗海馬神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞的氧化應(yīng)激損傷與炎癥的發(fā)生及調(diào)節(jié)Smad信號(hào)通路密切相關(guān),由于以單一途徑為靶點(diǎn)的實(shí)驗(yàn)研究結(jié)果有限,因此粉防己堿治療糖尿病認(rèn)知功能障礙的具體機(jī)制有待進(jìn)一步研究。
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(收稿日期:2020-04-01)