潘寶軍 孫政 李國樓 牛兆河 王海波 劉波
[摘要]目的:探討部分游離胸大肌肌束填充乳頭技術(shù)在保留乳頭乳暈的乳房切除術(shù)后維持乳頭外觀的應(yīng)用價(jià)值。方法:回顧性收集2016年7月-2017年7月于濰坊市中醫(yī)院行保留乳頭乳暈的乳房切除術(shù)(Nipple sparing mastectomy,NSM)36例患者的病例資料,其中13例患者(實(shí)驗(yàn)組)使用部分游離胸大肌肌束填充乳頭技術(shù),對(duì)照組23例患者接受了傳統(tǒng)NSM。對(duì)比兩組術(shù)后1年乳頭突度維持率及乳頭寬度維持率;采用Harris評(píng)估標(biāo)準(zhǔn)評(píng)估術(shù)后兩組患者乳房美容效果;通過隨訪復(fù)發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移及不良事件發(fā)生情況比較手術(shù)安全性。結(jié)果:術(shù)后1年與術(shù)后即刻相比,實(shí)驗(yàn)組、對(duì)照組突度維持率分別為(91.75±2.12)%、(81.73±6.12)%;寬度維持率分別為(93.63±3.47)%、(90.12±4.41)%,實(shí)驗(yàn)組均顯著大于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P<0.001)。術(shù)后乳房美容評(píng)價(jià):實(shí)驗(yàn)組患者優(yōu)良率為92.31%(12/13),對(duì)照組優(yōu)良率為43.48%(10/23),組間比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。實(shí)驗(yàn)組無復(fù)發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移,無乳頭乳暈壞死,不良事件發(fā)生率15.38%(2/13);對(duì)照組無局部復(fù)發(fā),遠(yuǎn)處(肝臟)轉(zhuǎn)移1例,復(fù)發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移率4.35%(1/23),不良事件發(fā)生率13.04%(3/23);兩組患者術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移率及不良事件發(fā)生率比較差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。結(jié)論:對(duì)于NSM患者,部分游離胸大肌肌束填充乳頭技術(shù)可以簡(jiǎn)單有效維持乳頭體積。
[關(guān)鍵詞]乳頭乳暈復(fù)合體;乳房切除術(shù);乳腺癌;乳房重建;乳頭
[中圖分類號(hào)]R737.9? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼]A? ? [文章編號(hào)]1008-6455(2020)09-0071-03
The Application of Partial Free Pectoralis Major Muscle Bundle to Fill the Nipple in the Nipple Sparing Mastectomy
PAN Bao-jun1,2,SUN Zheng3,LI Guo-lou3,NIU Zhao-he4,WANG Hai-bo4,LIU Bo5
(1.Qingdao University,Qingdao 266071,Shandong,China;2.Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery,Changle People's Hospital,Weifang 262499,Shandong,China;3.Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery,Weifang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Weifang 261000,Shandong,China;4.Breast Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Center,Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University,Qingdao 266003,Shandong,China;5.Department of General Surgery,Xincheng Branch,Zaozhuang Municipal Hospital,Zaozhuang 277000,Shandong,China)
Abstract: Objective To observe the clinical value of partial free pectoralis major muscle bundle to fill the nipple in the Nipple Sparing Mastectomy. Methods? A total of 36 cases of breast cancer were retrospectively reviewed in theWeifang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine from July 2016 to July 2017. Of these patients, 13 cases underwent partial free pectoralis major muscle bundle to fill the nipple in the Nipple Sparing Mastectomy (the observation group), and the other 23 cases underwent Nipple Sparing Mastectomy (the control group). The projection and width of the nipple were measured at the time of surgery and at 1 year post surgery, respectively. The results of breast cosmetology were evaluated by Harris evaluation standard, and the safety of operation was compared by follow-up of recurrence, metastasis and adverse events. Results The mean maintenance of nipple projection values was (91.75±2.12)% and (81.73±6.12)% in the observation group and the control group, respectively, the difference was statistically significant(P<0.001). The mean maintenance of nipple widths was (93.63±3.47)% and (90.12±4.41)% in the observation group and the control group, respectively(P<0.001). The excellent and good rate was 92.31% (12/13) in the observation group and 43.48% (10/23) in the control group(P<0.05). In the observation group, there was no recurrence and metastasis, no nipple areola necrosis, the incidence of adverse events was 15.38% (2/13). In the control group, there was no local recurrence, distant (liver) metastasis was found in 1 case, the recurrence and metastasis rate was 4.35% (1/23), and the incidence of adverse events was 13.04% (3/23). There was no significant difference in the recurrence and metastasis rate and the incidence of adverse events between the two groups (P>0.05).? Conclusion The partial free pectoralis major muscle bundle to fill the nipple is a useful and easy method to expand and augment the volume of nipples in Nipple Sparing Mastectomy.
Key words: nipple-areola complex; mastectomy; breast cancer; breast reconstruction; nipple
隨著乳腺重建技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展,越來越多的乳腺癌患者可以在術(shù)后保持形體的完整。傳統(tǒng)根治術(shù)導(dǎo)致乳頭乳暈復(fù)合體(Nipple-areolar complex,NAC)的缺失,會(huì)造成患者無法接受的乳房外形[1-2],因此在乳房重建手術(shù)時(shí)需要對(duì)NAC進(jìn)行重建。但是根據(jù)文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,有36%的乳房重建患者對(duì)乳頭重建的效果不滿意。Freeman于1962年首先提出了保留乳頭乳暈的乳房切除術(shù)(Nipple sparing mastectomy,NSM)的理念[3],NSM為無法保乳手術(shù)患者提供了另一種選擇,但并不意味著NSM可以完全替代保乳手術(shù)。NSM往往被推薦在乳房較小、預(yù)期保乳手術(shù)無法獲得安全切緣或良好的美容效果等保乳手術(shù)預(yù)期效果不佳的患者中施行?;谀[瘤安全性的考慮,大多數(shù)NSM只保留乳頭的表皮和真皮[4],Wan-Sze Pek等報(bào)道,NSM術(shù)后乳頭非壞死性萎縮高達(dá)53.3%[5],影響術(shù)后整體美觀。為了克服這些局限,提出利用部分游離胸大肌肌束在保留NSM中填充乳頭,維持乳頭術(shù)后外觀。筆者自2016年設(shè)計(jì)了該項(xiàng)技術(shù),并將其應(yīng)用于臨床當(dāng)中。
1? 資料和方法
1.1 臨床資料:2016年7月-2017年7月,36例接受NSM的患者,其中13例患者(實(shí)驗(yàn)組)使用部分游離胸大肌肌束填充乳頭技術(shù),而23例患者(對(duì)照組)接受了NSM。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①單發(fā)腫瘤,最大直徑3cm,與表面皮膚、胸肌無粘連;②腫瘤邊緣與乳暈的距離≥3cm;③磁共振成像示無癌浸潤征象,乳頭無內(nèi)陷、溢液、溢血,乳頭乳暈皮膚無變硬、水腫、潰瘍、糜爛等;④同側(cè)腋窩無明顯腫大、融合、固定的淋巴結(jié);⑤鉬靶、X線檢查無廣泛鈣化點(diǎn),腫瘤與乳頭乳暈間未見異常陰影連接。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①術(shù)前接受過放化療、免疫治療者;②既往有乳腺手術(shù)病史者;③保留的乳頭乳暈區(qū)皮下組織取樣冰凍病理陽性者;④發(fā)生遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移者;⑤乳頭內(nèi)陷、溢液、濕疹樣變,乳房皮膚橘皮樣變,腫瘤與胸大肌粘連者;⑥前哨淋巴結(jié)陽性者。兩組患者一般資料見表1。
1.2 手術(shù)方式
1.2.1 術(shù)前設(shè)計(jì):切口的選擇:腫瘤位于乳腺外上、內(nèi)上象限時(shí)選擇乳房外上象限放射狀切口;腫瘤位于乳腺外下、內(nèi)下象限時(shí)選擇下皺襞切口,前哨淋巴結(jié)活檢或行腋窩清掃則腋窩另取切口。所有患者先行前哨淋巴結(jié)活檢術(shù),對(duì)前哨淋巴結(jié)陽性者排除入組,并按診療規(guī)范行腋窩淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù)。
1.2.2 術(shù)中操作:保留乳頭乳暈的乳房切除術(shù):游離皮瓣范圍同一般改良根治術(shù),厚約0.5cm,主乳管切除后,組織剪修剪乳管斷端,只保留乳頭的表皮和真皮,保證NAC血供和減少殘留。術(shù)中送檢乳頭乳暈底部組織快速病理,確保切下的NAC基底部邊緣的病理學(xué)檢查結(jié)果為陰性,若陽性則放棄NSM手術(shù)。自胸大肌外側(cè)、肋骨止點(diǎn)游離胸大肌1束,填充至乳頭底部,4-0可吸收線固定。根據(jù)術(shù)前手術(shù)計(jì)劃,決定患者假體乳房重建方式。術(shù)后常規(guī)負(fù)壓引流,連續(xù)或間斷縫合,避免乳頭加壓壞死。見圖1。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo):乳頭突度和寬度的維持定義為術(shù)后1年內(nèi)乳頭突度和寬度相對(duì)于術(shù)后即刻乳頭突度和寬度的百分比。采用Harris評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),優(yōu):再造乳房與健側(cè)乳房大小基本相等,位置對(duì)稱,患者非常滿意;良:再造乳房與健側(cè)乳房大小位置相差不多,著裝后雙乳房無明顯差別,患者較滿意;一般:雙側(cè)乳房明顯不對(duì)稱,著裝后雙乳差別明顯,患者不滿意;差:再造乳房嚴(yán)重變形。安全性評(píng)估通過復(fù)發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移率及不良事件發(fā)生情況進(jìn)行。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析:采用SPSS 17.0軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,組間率的比較采用卡方檢驗(yàn)或Fisher確切概率法,等級(jí)資料采用非參數(shù)檢驗(yàn),P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2? 結(jié)果
2.1 兩組乳頭突度及寬度維持率比較:實(shí)驗(yàn)組、對(duì)照組兩組手術(shù)術(shù)后即刻平均乳頭突度分別為(1.45±0.072)cm
(1.31~1.56cm)和(1.30±0.068)cm(1.18~1.40cm);術(shù)后1年,實(shí)驗(yàn)組、對(duì)照組平均乳頭突度分別為(1.33±0.063)cm(1.23~1.46cm)和(1.06±0.070)cm(0.94~1.23cm)。實(shí)驗(yàn)組、對(duì)照組兩組術(shù)后即刻平均乳頭寬度分別為(1.01±0.055)cm(0.93~1.08cm)和(0.90±0.061)cm(0.74~1.02cm);術(shù)后1年時(shí),實(shí)驗(yàn)組、對(duì)照組兩組乳頭平均寬度分別為(0.99±0.063)cm(0.84~1.06cm)和(0.81±0.056)cm(0.71~0.93cm)。術(shù)后1年實(shí)驗(yàn)組、對(duì)照組突度維持率:突度維持率分別為(91.75±2.12)%(87.7%~94.2%)、(81.73±6.12)%(67.1%~92.7%);寬度維持率分別為(93.63±3.47)%(89.3%~98.1%)、(90.12±4.41)%(78.4%~96.7%),實(shí)驗(yàn)組均顯著大于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P<0.001)。所有病例均未發(fā)現(xiàn)感染、傷口裂開或真皮移植物擠出等即時(shí)或延遲的術(shù)后并發(fā)癥。
2.2 美容效果比較:實(shí)驗(yàn)組患者優(yōu)5例,良7例,一般1例,差0例,優(yōu)良率92.31%(12/13);對(duì)照組優(yōu)3例,良7例,一般10例,差3例,優(yōu)良率為43.48%(10/23);實(shí)驗(yàn)組乳腺美容優(yōu)良率顯著高于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.033)。兩組典型病例術(shù)后圖片資料見圖2~3。
2.3 兩組安全性比較:實(shí)驗(yàn)組無復(fù)發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移,無乳頭乳暈壞死,脂肪液化1例,皮瓣局部壞死1例,不良事件發(fā)生率15.38%(2/13);對(duì)照組無局部復(fù)發(fā),遠(yuǎn)處(肝臟)轉(zhuǎn)移1例,復(fù)發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移率4.35%(1/23),乳頭乳暈壞死1例,血清腫1例,創(chuàng)面滲液1例,不良事件發(fā)生率13.04%(3/23)。兩組患者術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移率及不良事件發(fā)生率比較差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。
3? 討論
NSM是一種允許在乳房切除術(shù)中保留皮膚和保留乳頭-乳暈復(fù)合體的乳腺外科手術(shù)方式。在乳房切除術(shù)中保留乳頭-乳暈復(fù)合體,患者的滿意度、身體形象和心理調(diào)整均有所改善[6-7]。乳頭乳暈是乳房的標(biāo)志[8],乳頭的突度、大小、顏色和形狀作為患者滿意度的決定性因素[9-10]。NSM常見的問題是不能維持長(zhǎng)久的乳頭突度。基于腫瘤安全性的考慮,大多數(shù)NSM只保留乳頭的表皮和真皮,致使術(shù)后乳頭廢用性萎縮(包括乳頭突度萎縮、乳頭寬度萎縮)發(fā)生率較高。然而,針對(duì)NSM術(shù)后乳頭萎縮臨床卻一直未有很好的解決方法。
在本研究中,部分游離的胸大肌肌束被用作內(nèi)支柱,以填充僅有表皮和真皮構(gòu)成乳頭腔。肌肉束提供了垂直和水平的固體結(jié)構(gòu),并立即加強(qiáng)了乳頭的形狀和高度。本組病例均無游離肌束相關(guān)或供區(qū)并發(fā)癥。本實(shí)驗(yàn)中實(shí)驗(yàn)組和對(duì)照組乳頭突度維持率分別為(91.75±2.12)%、(81.73±6.12)%,實(shí)驗(yàn)組、對(duì)照組兩組乳頭寬度維持率分別為(93.63±3.47)%、(90.12±4.41)%,組間比較差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.001)。數(shù)據(jù)表明兩組乳頭突起的損失大于乳頭寬度的損失。
一些研究建議乳頭重建時(shí),新乳頭周長(zhǎng)應(yīng)該設(shè)計(jì)成大于對(duì)側(cè)乳頭,以說明術(shù)后吸收[11-14]。在本研究中,利用肌束填充乳頭時(shí),使用了10%的過度校正設(shè)計(jì),并且該技術(shù)被證明在初始容積擴(kuò)張和乳頭容積維持期間是有效的。任何形式的乳房重建的局部皮瓣技術(shù),如果沒有添加內(nèi)部填充物,在乳頭重建后乳頭投影和寬度的損失是不可避免的[11,15-16]。因此,本研究結(jié)果提示,在保留乳頭乳暈的乳房切除術(shù)中,該技術(shù)對(duì)于維持乳頭突度和寬度是有效的。
本研究中使用部分游離胸大肌肌束填充乳頭,術(shù)后乳頭乳暈的成活率高,突度維持好,取得了滿意的美學(xué)效果。在隨訪中實(shí)驗(yàn)組未發(fā)生乳頭乳暈壞死事件,僅對(duì)照組有1例患者術(shù)后出現(xiàn)乳頭乳暈不完全壞死,乳頭變平。
目前尚沒有高級(jí)別的隨機(jī)對(duì)照臨床研究來證明NSM的腫瘤安全性,一項(xiàng)觀察性研究的meta分析[17]發(fā)現(xiàn),與改良根治術(shù)和保留皮膚的全乳切除術(shù)相比,NSM在總生存率、無病生存率和局部復(fù)發(fā)率上分別降低了平均風(fēng)險(xiǎn)3.4%(P=0.073)、9.6%(P=0.056)和0.4%(P=0.567),差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,提示NSM是安全的。本實(shí)驗(yàn)隨訪1年的結(jié)果顯示,兩組患者術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移率及不良事件發(fā)生率比較差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。證實(shí)了使用部分游離胸大肌肌束填充乳頭手術(shù)方式的腫瘤安全性及手術(shù)安全性。
作為一項(xiàng)小樣本的非隨機(jī)、回顧性研究,本研究沒有避免選擇偏差或混雜因素。為了證實(shí)本研究的良好和一致的結(jié)果,未來需要更大樣本量的前瞻性研究。
[參考文獻(xiàn)]
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[收稿日期]2020-01-03
本文引用格式:潘寶軍,孫政,李國樓,等.部分游離胸大肌肌束填充乳頭技術(shù)在保留乳頭乳暈的乳房切除術(shù)中的應(yīng)用[J].中國美容醫(yī)學(xué),2020,29(9):71-74.