貴強(qiáng) 袁曉東 南炳江
摘要 ? ?本文基于最新氣象觀測(cè)和氣候統(tǒng)計(jì)資料,分析了會(huì)寧地區(qū)高原蘋(píng)果生長(zhǎng)的適宜性氣候條件和主要?dú)庀鬄?zāi)害因子,探討了氣候變化對(duì)會(huì)寧高原蘋(píng)果種植的適宜性影響和相應(yīng)對(duì)策。研究表明,會(huì)寧高原蘋(píng)果種植區(qū)獨(dú)特的地理位置和適宜的氣候條件能夠滿足高原優(yōu)質(zhì)蘋(píng)果生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育需求,影響會(huì)寧高原蘋(píng)果種植的氣象災(zāi)害因子主要有冰雹、倒春寒(花期凍害)和干旱;氣候變化對(duì)高原蘋(píng)果種植適宜性的影響是全方位的,建議基于氣象災(zāi)害風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理,合理利用氣候資源,因時(shí)因地制宜進(jìn)行“適宜性種植”。
關(guān)鍵詞 ? ?高原蘋(píng)果;氣候適宜性;氣候變化;氣象災(zāi)害;對(duì)策;甘肅會(huì)寧
中圖分類(lèi)號(hào) ? ?S661.1 ? ? ? ?文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼 ? ?A
文章編號(hào) ? 1007-5739(2020)15-0100-02 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 開(kāi)放科學(xué)(資源服務(wù))標(biāo)識(shí)碼(OSID)
Abstract ? ?In this paper, based on the latest meteorological observations data and climate statistics, the suitable climatic conditions and main meteorological disaster factors for apple growth were analyzed in Huining area, the effects of climate change on the suitability of apple planting in Huining plateau and corresponding countermeasures were discussed. It was found that the unique geographical location and suitable climatic conditions in the apple growing area of Huining plateau could meet the growth and development needs of high quality apple growing in plateau. The main meteorological disaster factors affecting apple planting in Huining plateau were hail, late spring cold (frostbite in flowering period) and drought. The influence of climate change on the suitability of apple planting in plateau is all-around. It is suggested that based on meteorological disaster risk management, reasonable utilization of climate resources should be made, and suitable planting should be carried out according to local conditions.
Key words ? ?plateau apple; climatic suitability; climate change; meteorological disaster; countermeasure; Huining Gansu
氣候變化將直接引起氣候要素變化,進(jìn)而影響農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)。蘋(píng)果作為典型的溫帶落葉果樹(shù),氣候條件更是蘋(píng)果地帶性適生分布和品質(zhì)優(yōu)劣的前提和基礎(chǔ)[1]。會(huì)寧位于三大高原交接地帶,屬中溫帶半干旱氣候區(qū),地處蘋(píng)果最佳種植地帶北緯35.72°,海拔高、土層深厚、土壤肥沃、雨熱同期、地域光照時(shí)間長(zhǎng)、晝夜溫差大、無(wú)工業(yè)污染,具有種植綠色無(wú)污染優(yōu)質(zhì)蘋(píng)果(特別是高寒性果木蘋(píng)果)得天獨(dú)厚的地理氣候條件。目前,高原蘋(píng)果是革命老區(qū)會(huì)寧的一項(xiàng)重要產(chǎn)業(yè)精準(zhǔn)扶貧策略,科學(xué)合理發(fā)展高原蘋(píng)果種植應(yīng)充分探討種植區(qū)光、熱、水等氣候資源,同時(shí)也要考慮氣候變化帶來(lái)的影響。本文從會(huì)寧高原蘋(píng)果生長(zhǎng)適宜氣候條件出發(fā),結(jié)合影響高原蘋(píng)果生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育的氣象災(zāi)害因子和當(dāng)前產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展?fàn)顩r,探討氣候變化對(duì)會(huì)寧高原蘋(píng)果種植的適宜性影響,并在考慮氣象災(zāi)害風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理的前提下,提出一些針對(duì)性對(duì)策,以期為本地高原蘋(píng)果產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展提供決策依據(jù)。
1 ? ?會(huì)寧高原蘋(píng)果生長(zhǎng)適宜氣候條件分析
1.1 ? ?氣溫條件(熱量條件)
蘋(píng)果喜冷涼氣候,氣溫是蘋(píng)果生長(zhǎng)和繁殖的重要影響要素,不同氣溫特征將直接決定蘋(píng)果生產(chǎn)的數(shù)量和布局。只有在年平均氣溫和生長(zhǎng)季月平均氣溫都比較適合蘋(píng)果生長(zhǎng)的條件下,才會(huì)有利于蘋(píng)果產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)的提升。通常來(lái)說(shuō),適宜蘋(píng)果生長(zhǎng)的年平均氣溫為9~14 ℃,生長(zhǎng)季(4—10月)最適平均氣溫為12~18 ℃,芽萌動(dòng)溫度為8~10 ℃。熱量不足,則花芽分化不良,果實(shí)色澤差、小而酸。生長(zhǎng)后期,一定的晝夜溫差利于果實(shí)中干物質(zhì)的積累,是決定果實(shí)品質(zhì)的重要因素,溫帶蘋(píng)果5~7 ℃的晝夜溫差最為適宜[2]。