• <tr id="yyy80"></tr>
  • <sup id="yyy80"></sup>
  • <tfoot id="yyy80"><noscript id="yyy80"></noscript></tfoot>
  • 99热精品在线国产_美女午夜性视频免费_国产精品国产高清国产av_av欧美777_自拍偷自拍亚洲精品老妇_亚洲熟女精品中文字幕_www日本黄色视频网_国产精品野战在线观看 ?

    Beneficial effects of coffee in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a narrative review

    2020-07-21 09:37:56AlessioCalabrAnnaCaterinaProcopioFrancescoPrimeranoTizianaLarussaFrancescoLuzzaLauraDiRenzoAntoninoDeLorenzoPaolaGualtieriLudovicoAbenavoli
    Hepatoma Research 2020年10期

    Alessio Calabrò, Anna Caterina Procopio, Francesco Primerano, Tiziana Larussa, Francesco Luzza,Laura Di Renzo, Antonino De Lorenzo, Paola Gualtieri, Ludovico Abenavoli

    1Indipendent Nutritionist, Viale dei Bizantini 25, Catanzaro 88100, Italy.

    2Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, Catanzaro 88100, Italy.

    3Indipendent Biomedical Engineer, Viale degli Aurunci 9, 88060 Montepaone, Catanzaro 88100, Italy.

    4Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome 00133, Italy.

    Abstract Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common liver diseases and is related to unhealthy lifestyle habits, characterized by a diet rich in sugars and fats leading to excessive calorie intake, and lack of exercise. In recent years, there is a growing incidence of this pathology, raising the attention of hepatologists,endocrinologists, diabetologists, and nutritionists. In this context, the alimentary regimen adopted by patients with NAFLD has become an increasingly scrutinised parameter. Diet is now considered a crucial factor in the treatment of NAFLD since it has been observed that some functional foods play a beneficial role. These include coffeewhose health effects have already been amply demonstrated. Here we describe the beneficial effects of coffee consumption reported in the NAFLD literature.

    Keywords: Caffeine, steatosis, functional food, liver disease, antioxidant, chlorogenic-acid

    INTRODUCTION

    Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common liver pathology characterized by fat accumulation in the liver, following a sequence of steatosis, possible evolution in fibrosis, Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis(NASH), and finally in cirrhosis. Today liver diseases and in particular NAFLD, affects about 25% of the population worldwide, representing the main cause of chronic liver disease in industrialized countries[1-4].

    Figure 1. 2D chemical structures of caffeine (A), chlorogenic acid (B), ferulic acid (C)

    Lifestyle modifications such as maintaining a healthy diet and regular physical activityare key in reducing the onset of NAFLD[5-9]. In particular, it is most important to remove all dietary compounds that can promote NAFLD, for example fructose, saturated fatty acids, carbohydrates with a high glycemic index,and foods with a high sodium content[2,3]. Promotion of a balanced diet and loss of excess weight are also important in the context of this clinical condition. The reduction of at least 5% body weight is effective in reducing hepatic fat accumulation[10,11].

    In recent years, the Mediterranean diet has also been accredited as a therapeutic standard in the treatment of NAFLD[12-17]. Different studies have showed how functional foods can positively influence our health[5,18-22].

    Among the functional foods, we find coffee the most promising; a drink appreciated and consumed all over the world[23]. Different beneficial effects have been related to moderate and regular consumption of coffee.In particular, the intake of this drink has proven effective in reducing the risk of type IIdiabetes mellitus,gastrointestinal disorders, Parkinson disease, cardiovascular problems, and gallbladder stones[24-28].

    The present review aims to describe the beneficial effects of coffee consumption in patients with NAFLD.

    CHEMICAL COMPONENTS OF COFFEE

    Coffee, one of the most consumed beverages in the world, is composed of a large number of substances and polyphenols that contribute to making coffee a real functional food thanks to their beneficial activities.Among the main polyphenols in coffee, chlorogenic acid and ferulic acid [Figure 1] have shown promising antioxidative properties.

    The most representative and known compound of coffee is undoubtedly caffeine [Figure 1], an alkaloid naturally present in leaves, seeds, and fruits of coffee, tea, cocoa, cola, and guarana plants. Caffeineis absorbed in the stomach and first portion of the intestine within 10 min after ingestion, reaching a maximum concentration in the bloodstream after 45-60 min. Once absorbed by the body, caffeine is metabolized in the liver where it is converted into three dimethylxanthines: paraxanthine, theobromine,theophylline which contribute to enhancing its effects[29].

    In recent years, natural compounds have been the subject of several studies in order to identify their beneficial activities, and in this regard promising antifibrotic effects have been attributed to caffeine [Figure 2].

    Figure 2. Beneficial effects of coffee on the liver

    In particular, caffeine showed promising antifibrotic effect resulting from a series of biochemical processes initiated by liver cell stimulation causing induction of intracellular F-actin and cAMP expression, inhibition of focal adhesion kinase, inhibition of α-smooth muscle actin (α-sma), and up-regulation of the PPAR-α receptor (Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha) with action on fat deposits, as shown in Figure 2[30,31]. Quanet al.[32]showed that caffeine is able to reduce the gene expression of the transcription factors Sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c and 2 (SREBP1c and SREBP2) in HepG2 cells which are involved in the synthesis of triglycerides and cholesterol in the liver. This down-regulation represents a particularly promising finding as it can facilitate the reduction ofhepatic lipid accumulation typically associated with NAFLD. In addition, caffeine also causes the reduction of 3-hydroxy 3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase and low density lipoprotein receptor in a dose dependent manner.

    Furthermore, Helalet al.[33]conducted a study in animal models in order to demonstrate that the use of caffeine can improve liver damage induced by a high-fat diet (HFD). The rats were divided into four groups and treated for 16 weeks as follows: control group; HFD Group; HFD group and 20 mg of caffeine; HFD group and 30 mg of caffeine. HFD-induced liver injury was determined by evaluating the alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), albumin, bilirubin, triglycerides and cholesterol. Results indicated that caffeine treatment reduced elevated serum levels of ALT, AST, bilirubin and hepatic mRNA expression of fatty acid synthase and acetyl CoA carboxylase.

    Chlorogenic acid (CGA) is a phenolic compound that is obtained from the combination of caffeic acid and (L)-quinic acid. It belongs to the family of polyphenols, substances with powerful antioxidant actions.It is well known that the polyphenols present in coffee as chlorogenic acid increase the production of antioxidants agents[34]. Moreover, caffeine increases peroxiredoxin-1 which has positive effects on ROS,reducing oxidative stress at the level of hepatocytes[34].

    The synergistic effect of polyphenols and caffeine on hepatocytes also decreases insulin resistance, while polyphenols contained in caffeine exerts an antifibrotic effect on the liver, an action that has been widely highlighted in studies carried out on obese rats[35]. It is present in high concentrations in green coffee and in other typical foods of the Mediterranean diet[36,37]. Coffee roasting produces a compound that takes the name of hydroxy-hydroquinone, which however reduces its bioavailability. It is estimated that one liter of coffee provides between 500 and 800 mg of CGA[38].

    Ferulic acid (FA) is a phenolic acid found in coffee, in some cereals such as oats, wheat and rice, in artichokes and in some types of fruit. FA is a derivative of trans-cinnamic acid and is able to interfere with the expression and activity of cytotoxic enzymes such as nitric oxide synthase, caspases and the cyclooxygenase-2. Ferulic acid has been proposed as treatment for neurodegenerative, cardiovascular and diabetic disorders.

    Furthermore, it must be emphasized that the interest in this compound has increased due to its potential therapeutic effects to reduce the deposition of triglycerides and cholesterol inhepatocytes, anti-microbial,anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumor properties[39,40].

    COFFEE AND NAFLD

    Among the several studies that analyzed the activities of coffee in NAFLD, Hosseinabadiet al.[41]evaluated the effects of green coffee extract (GCE) on the lipid profile and adiponectin levels in patients with NAFLD.The randomized double-blind study was conducted on 48 patients aged between 20 and 60 years with a body mass index (BMI) between 25-35 kg/m2. In this study the patients were divided into two groups, one group has been treated with 400 mg/die GCE and the other with placebo. The liver enzymes, lipid profile,adiponectin concentration, and degree of hepatic steatosis were analyzed at the beginning and at the end of the trial. The results showed that GCE supplementation significantly reduced BMI (MD: -0.57; 95%CI:-0.84 to -0.29;P< 0.001). Moreover the study also showed an increase in HDL levels (MD: 7.06; 95%CI: 0.25 to 13.87;P< 0.05) and a reduction in serum blood triglyceride levels (MD: -37.91; 95%CI: -72.03 to -3.80;P= 0.03) and total cholesterol (MD: -13.33; 95%CI: -26.04 to -0.61;P< 0.05) compared to the control group[Table 1].

    Graeteret al.[42]have assessed the impact of caffeine consumption on liver fat concentration and ALT values in a total population sample of 1,452 subjects, including 789 women, and 663 men with an average age of 42.3 years. After completing an informative questionnaire on personal data and lifestylewith particular focus on coffee consumption, the liver health of all patients were examined using ultrasound. Univariate logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between caffeine consumption and hepatic steatosis.From the results, a significant association emerged between hepatic steatosis and the male gender (P<0.0001), the same significance was also detected for advanced age subjects (P< 0.0001) and the high body-mass index (BMI;P< 0.0001). However, no association was identified between caffeine consumption and liver fat levels, nor between caffeine consumption and high levels of ALT concentrations.

    Table 1. Studies on coffee in liver diseases

    Bambhaet al.[43]have analyzed the effects of coffee intake in 782 NAFLD patients (n= 295 men) with an average age of 48 ± 12 years and an average BMI of 33.5 kg/m2with low levels of insulin resistance. Coffee intake was measured by cups per day (cpd), and was represented as follows: 0 cpd,n= 230; < 1 cpd,n= 219;1- < 2 cpd,n= 116; ≥ 2 cpd,n= 217. During the study, IR was assessed using HOMA-IR and the association between coffee intake and NAFLD histological severity was modeled using multiple logistic regression. The study found that the effect of coffee on fibrosis varied with the degree of insulin resistance (IR) (interactionP= 0.001). Coffee consumers with less IR, defined as HOMA-IR < 4.3, had a lower probability of fibrosis(OR = 0.64; 95%CI: 0.46 to 0.88;P= 0.001). However, there was no protective effect of coffee on advanced fibrosis among individuals with higher HOMA-IR (OR = 1.06; 95%CI: 0.87 to 1.28;P= 0.6).

    In the study of Antyet al.[44]the influence of coffee and other caffeinated drinks on liver fibrosis of severely obese patients was assessed. A total of 195 patients with severe obesity, were enrolled for this trial and were given a specific questionnaire that analyzed the consumption of various types of coffee and other beverages containing caffeine and chocolate. The questionnaires showed that classic coffee and espresso were consumed in 30.8% and 50.2% of patients, respectively. According to logistic regression analysis, coffee consumption represents a protective factor for fibrosis [OR: 0.752 (0.578-0.9800);P= 0.035] in a model that included the level of AST[(OR: 1.04 (1.004-1.076);P= 0.029] and presence of NASH [OR: 2.41 (1.007-5.782);P= 0.048].

    Zelber-Sagiet al.[45], evaluated the association between coffee consumption and hepatic steatosis onset in a cohort of 347 patients, comparing them with a control group. Hepatic steatosis was quantified by ultrasound and SteatoTest and the degree of fibrosis was assessed by FibroTest. During recruitment, a questionnaire relating to coffee consumption was filled. The study found that neither the incidence nor the prevalence of steatosis was associated with coffee consumption. Moreover, coffee consumption was associated with a lower clinically significant percentage of fibrosis ≥ F2 (8.8%vs.16.3%;P= 0.038) and the multivariate logistic regression analysis related the high coffee consumption with a lower probability of fibrosis (probability ratio = 0.49, 95% confidence interval, 0.25-0.97;P= 0.041). In a retrospective study by Hodgeet al.[46], a total of 1,018 patients (441 women, 577 men) affected by NAFLD, Hepatitis C (HCV), and hepatitis B (HBV) were recruited for determining the effects of coffee and tea intake on liver stiffness (SE).Data showed that SE was higher in males than in females (P< 0.05). HBV patients had a lower SE than those with HCV and NAFLD. Those who drank 2 or more cups of coffee a day had a lower SE (P= 0.044).Tea consumption had no effect on SE (P= 0.9). The study showed that coffee consumption reduces the SE with a decrease of fibrosis and inflammation.

    Alferinket al.[47]recruited 2,424 participants (age 66.5 ± 7.4; 43% male)who were asked to fill in a questionnaire on eating habits and lifestyle. All patients were examined by liver elastography and ultrasonography to evaluate liver stiffness and the degree of liver steatosis. Coffee and tea consumption were classified into: no intake (0), moderate (> 0-3) or frequent intake ≥ 3) (cups/day). Fibrosis was defined as a measure of SE. During course of the study, univariate linear and logistic regression analyzes were performed to examine the association between coffee, herbal /green/black tea consumption and SE. For the regression models, multivariable adjustments were made taking into consideration age, sex,BMI, insulin resistance, steatosis, serum ALT, alcohol intake, smoking, use of cream in coffee, use of sugar in tea or coffee and physical activity. The results showed that the SE was inversely related to a higher consumption of coffee (7.8%, 6.9% and 4.1% for non consumption, moderate and frequent respectively;P= 0.006). In general, frequent coffee consumption was inversely related to SE but not to steatosis. More indepth analysis and studies are needed to validate the underlying mechanisms. The daily consumption of three or more cups of coffee was linked to the presence of a low SE, regardless of many other lifestyle and environmental factors.

    CONCLUSION

    Although the protective role of coffee in NAFLD is still controversial, several studies have shown that coffee consumption in patients with NAFLD can be protective against liver steatosis, progression of fibrosis and liver damage[48]. The antioxidant capacity of coffee has been demonstrated in animal models of fatty liver, in which caffeine intake improves insulin resistance and reduces the production of inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, the weight of the animals and the intrahepatic levels of glucose were reduced with coffee consumption. However, not all the studies were concordant on the protective effect of coffee against NAFLD: controversial results may be due to the heterogeneity of the patients analyzed, the different protocols of research, and the different methods of collecting data. Furthermore, it should be emphasized that the content of caffeine and the different compounds typical of coffee can be influenced by the type of coffee examined, the type of roasting, the volume of water used, and the type of grinding: all these elements should therefore be standardized to avoid variations in the concentration of the most active compounds.

    In conclusion, the overall trend emerging from the literature review suggests that regular coffee consumption might be a protective factor against the evolution of NAFLD complications, especially liver fibrosis. Additional studies should be carried out to further characterize the correlation between coffee and NAFLD. Many studies are still controversial by designs, methods, amount of caffeine or type of coffee used,measurements, different population investigated but research in this area should also focus on assessing the potential in taking this drink, quantifying the methods and number of intakes that generate an effective advantage. Pending further research, we can suggest that moderate consumption of 2-3 cups of coffee a day in patients with NAFLD should be encouraged.

    DECLARATIONS

    Authors’ contributions

    Wrote, reviewed and edited the manuscript: Calabrò A, Procopio AC, Gualtieri P Provided the tables: Calabrò A, Procopio AC, Gualtieri P

    Reviewed and approved the final manuscript as submitted: Primerano F, Larussa T, Luzza F Read and approved the final manuscript: Di Renzo L, De Lorenzo A, Abenavoli L

    Conceptualized and designed the review: Abenavoli L

    Availability of data and materials

    Not applicable.

    Financial support and sponsorship

    None.

    Conflicts of interest

    All authors declared that there are no conflicts of interest.

    Ethical approval and consent to participate

    Not applicable.

    Consent for publication

    Not applicable.

    Copyright

    ?The Authors(s) 2020.

    av在线蜜桃| 久久精品熟女亚洲av麻豆精品 | 麻豆一二三区av精品| 中文亚洲av片在线观看爽| 亚洲国产精品sss在线观看| 床上黄色一级片| 禁无遮挡网站| 国产综合懂色| 久久精品国产亚洲av涩爱| 日韩一本色道免费dvd| 国产精品人妻久久久影院| av国产久精品久网站免费入址| 又爽又黄无遮挡网站| 久久精品熟女亚洲av麻豆精品 | 午夜日本视频在线| 成年女人永久免费观看视频| 99热6这里只有精品| 中文字幕久久专区| 久久久久久久久久久免费av| 精品一区二区免费观看| 国语对白做爰xxxⅹ性视频网站| 精品99又大又爽又粗少妇毛片| 国产午夜精品论理片| 亚洲精品久久久久久婷婷小说 | 观看免费一级毛片| 日本免费在线观看一区| 菩萨蛮人人尽说江南好唐韦庄 | 久久亚洲国产成人精品v| 久久久久久九九精品二区国产| 爱豆传媒免费全集在线观看| av女优亚洲男人天堂| 99热这里只有是精品50| 国内少妇人妻偷人精品xxx网站| 亚洲国产欧美在线一区| 日本欧美国产在线视频| 国产伦精品一区二区三区四那| 身体一侧抽搐| 久久久久久久午夜电影| 少妇熟女欧美另类| 日韩国内少妇激情av| 亚洲精品,欧美精品| 日韩强制内射视频| 免费在线观看成人毛片| 国产伦在线观看视频一区| 久久久午夜欧美精品| 欧美一区二区国产精品久久精品| 国产精品国产三级国产专区5o | 亚洲婷婷狠狠爱综合网| 又黄又爽又刺激的免费视频.| 亚洲av二区三区四区| 在线观看一区二区三区| 亚洲精品影视一区二区三区av| 一卡2卡三卡四卡精品乱码亚洲| 国产午夜精品论理片| 亚洲欧美精品专区久久| 91久久精品国产一区二区三区| 日韩 亚洲 欧美在线| 日韩一区二区视频免费看| 大香蕉久久网| 91久久精品电影网| 欧美日韩精品成人综合77777| 国产亚洲5aaaaa淫片| a级毛色黄片| 在线免费观看不下载黄p国产| 亚洲av免费高清在线观看| 麻豆乱淫一区二区| 久久精品久久久久久久性| 成人鲁丝片一二三区免费| 男人狂女人下面高潮的视频| 亚洲av电影不卡..在线观看| 91精品国产九色| 天堂影院成人在线观看| 99久久成人亚洲精品观看| 一边亲一边摸免费视频| 偷拍熟女少妇极品色| 国产69精品久久久久777片| av在线亚洲专区| av播播在线观看一区| 天美传媒精品一区二区| 直男gayav资源| 黄色日韩在线| 国产精品,欧美在线| 男插女下体视频免费在线播放| 国产色爽女视频免费观看| 久久精品91蜜桃| 中文精品一卡2卡3卡4更新| 国产精品嫩草影院av在线观看| 又黄又爽又刺激的免费视频.| 国产极品精品免费视频能看的| 国产成人精品婷婷| 日韩一区二区三区影片| 伊人久久精品亚洲午夜| 搡女人真爽免费视频火全软件| 国产精品久久视频播放| 可以在线观看毛片的网站| 中文字幕av成人在线电影| 久久久久久大精品| 99热全是精品| 精品少妇黑人巨大在线播放 | 天堂影院成人在线观看| 中文字幕av成人在线电影| 我的老师免费观看完整版| 国产一区亚洲一区在线观看| 中文乱码字字幕精品一区二区三区 | 欧美成人一区二区免费高清观看| 国产精品麻豆人妻色哟哟久久 | 长腿黑丝高跟| 成年免费大片在线观看| 人人妻人人澡人人爽人人夜夜 | 一级毛片电影观看 | 国产免费一级a男人的天堂| 亚洲国产欧美人成| 中文字幕亚洲精品专区| 日本-黄色视频高清免费观看| 亚洲国产欧美在线一区| 少妇人妻精品综合一区二区| 国产精品.久久久| 日本wwww免费看| av国产久精品久网站免费入址| 国产成人a区在线观看| 午夜福利网站1000一区二区三区| 听说在线观看完整版免费高清| 日本黄色片子视频| 人体艺术视频欧美日本| 亚洲av福利一区| 亚洲人与动物交配视频| www.av在线官网国产| 色综合亚洲欧美另类图片| 国产在视频线精品| 亚洲国产日韩欧美精品在线观看| 日本午夜av视频| 嫩草影院入口| 秋霞伦理黄片| 男女下面进入的视频免费午夜| 一区二区三区乱码不卡18| 中文字幕久久专区| 国产一区二区在线观看日韩| 久久久久网色| 九草在线视频观看| 99在线人妻在线中文字幕| 热99re8久久精品国产| 搞女人的毛片| 亚洲18禁久久av| 欧美xxxx性猛交bbbb| 国产探花极品一区二区| 爱豆传媒免费全集在线观看| 干丝袜人妻中文字幕| 国产精品.久久久| 国产欧美另类精品又又久久亚洲欧美| 色视频www国产| 亚洲色图av天堂| 99久久中文字幕三级久久日本| av女优亚洲男人天堂| 91狼人影院| 亚洲av成人精品一二三区| 久久国内精品自在自线图片| 不卡视频在线观看欧美| 亚洲熟妇中文字幕五十中出| 久久精品久久久久久久性| av福利片在线观看| 亚洲最大成人av| 女人被狂操c到高潮| 亚洲av二区三区四区| 久久精品影院6| 青春草国产在线视频| 国产精品.久久久| 国产精品一区二区三区四区久久| 蜜桃亚洲精品一区二区三区| 身体一侧抽搐| 卡戴珊不雅视频在线播放| 老师上课跳d突然被开到最大视频| ponron亚洲| 日本av手机在线免费观看| 亚洲精品一区蜜桃| 国产亚洲5aaaaa淫片| 91精品伊人久久大香线蕉| 一级爰片在线观看| 亚洲真实伦在线观看| 欧美成人a在线观看| 久久人妻av系列| 男人舔奶头视频| 女人十人毛片免费观看3o分钟| 十八禁国产超污无遮挡网站| 久久国产乱子免费精品| 成人性生交大片免费视频hd| 老司机影院毛片| 男女边吃奶边做爰视频| 高清在线视频一区二区三区 | 亚洲高清免费不卡视频| 亚洲国产成人一精品久久久| 欧美激情国产日韩精品一区| 两性午夜刺激爽爽歪歪视频在线观看| 免费av不卡在线播放| 国产一区二区在线观看日韩| 91久久精品国产一区二区三区| 男人的好看免费观看在线视频| 免费看日本二区| 日韩,欧美,国产一区二区三区 | 免费黄色在线免费观看| 九九爱精品视频在线观看| 免费av观看视频| 成人毛片60女人毛片免费| 少妇被粗大猛烈的视频| 男女下面进入的视频免费午夜| 国产精品爽爽va在线观看网站| 日韩亚洲欧美综合| 国产又黄又爽又无遮挡在线| 久久精品91蜜桃| 久久精品影院6| 一级av片app| 国产午夜福利久久久久久| 99九九线精品视频在线观看视频| 午夜精品一区二区三区免费看| 深夜a级毛片| 欧美成人一区二区免费高清观看| 亚洲成av人片在线播放无| 久久久久久久久大av| 99热6这里只有精品| 一级黄色大片毛片| 超碰av人人做人人爽久久| 真实男女啪啪啪动态图| 亚洲欧美日韩无卡精品| 午夜免费激情av| 国产伦一二天堂av在线观看| 国产成年人精品一区二区| 啦啦啦啦在线视频资源| 午夜福利高清视频| 欧美成人a在线观看| 久久久久久久久中文| 美女国产视频在线观看| 三级国产精品片| 熟女电影av网| 亚洲av熟女| 成人一区二区视频在线观看| av免费在线看不卡| 午夜精品国产一区二区电影 | 午夜免费男女啪啪视频观看| 五月玫瑰六月丁香| 亚洲国产精品国产精品| 日产精品乱码卡一卡2卡三| 午夜老司机福利剧场| 日日摸夜夜添夜夜添av毛片| 男女视频在线观看网站免费| 国产激情偷乱视频一区二区| 亚洲一级一片aⅴ在线观看| 久久精品久久久久久久性| 午夜福利在线观看免费完整高清在| 免费看美女性在线毛片视频| 精品久久久久久久人妻蜜臀av| 久久99热这里只有精品18| 亚洲欧美一区二区三区国产| 美女脱内裤让男人舔精品视频| 18禁在线播放成人免费| 少妇的逼水好多| 国产精品国产三级国产av玫瑰| 91精品国产九色| 成人毛片a级毛片在线播放| 一级二级三级毛片免费看| 国产精品麻豆人妻色哟哟久久 | 69av精品久久久久久| 精品久久久久久久人妻蜜臀av| 亚洲综合色惰| 免费黄网站久久成人精品| 欧美又色又爽又黄视频| 国产精品美女特级片免费视频播放器| av天堂中文字幕网| 在线观看美女被高潮喷水网站| 中文字幕久久专区| 日韩三级伦理在线观看| 精品久久久久久久久久久久久| 国产一区二区三区av在线| 国产淫片久久久久久久久| 亚洲av二区三区四区| 国产精品女同一区二区软件| 97超碰精品成人国产| 日韩三级伦理在线观看| 国产又黄又爽又无遮挡在线| 婷婷六月久久综合丁香| 欧美成人免费av一区二区三区| 欧美一区二区精品小视频在线| 18禁裸乳无遮挡免费网站照片| 伊人久久精品亚洲午夜| 观看美女的网站| 国产激情偷乱视频一区二区| 床上黄色一级片| 国产在视频线在精品| 美女大奶头视频| 欧美xxxx性猛交bbbb| 永久网站在线| 2021少妇久久久久久久久久久| 99久久九九国产精品国产免费| 亚洲最大成人av| 免费观看精品视频网站| 久久久久久久久久黄片| 老师上课跳d突然被开到最大视频| 3wmmmm亚洲av在线观看| 久久精品国产99精品国产亚洲性色| 午夜福利高清视频| 午夜爱爱视频在线播放| 亚洲国产高清在线一区二区三| 91久久精品国产一区二区成人| 中国美白少妇内射xxxbb| 变态另类丝袜制服| 久久久精品大字幕| 国产成年人精品一区二区| 色尼玛亚洲综合影院| 精华霜和精华液先用哪个| 国产精品国产三级国产专区5o | 亚洲av不卡在线观看| 只有这里有精品99| 久99久视频精品免费| 欧美三级亚洲精品| 亚洲高清免费不卡视频| av天堂中文字幕网| av国产久精品久网站免费入址| 看免费成人av毛片| 91在线精品国自产拍蜜月| kizo精华| 成人漫画全彩无遮挡| 国产激情偷乱视频一区二区| 久久久久久久午夜电影| 亚洲人成网站在线观看播放| 色哟哟·www| 成人美女网站在线观看视频| 久久久久久久久大av| 欧美高清性xxxxhd video| 日本色播在线视频| 国产精品久久久久久久久免| www日本黄色视频网| 韩国高清视频一区二区三区| 午夜日本视频在线| 韩国av在线不卡| 男女啪啪激烈高潮av片| 简卡轻食公司| 日韩欧美 国产精品| 国产精品嫩草影院av在线观看| 熟女电影av网| 2021少妇久久久久久久久久久| 欧美区成人在线视频| 精品久久久久久久末码| 色网站视频免费| 久久6这里有精品| 伊人久久精品亚洲午夜| 女人十人毛片免费观看3o分钟| 久久久久久久久久成人| 99九九线精品视频在线观看视频| 国产伦一二天堂av在线观看| 日本av手机在线免费观看| 国产伦一二天堂av在线观看| 精品免费久久久久久久清纯| 黄色一级大片看看| 99国产精品一区二区蜜桃av| 亚洲av二区三区四区| 国产免费视频播放在线视频 | 久久精品夜夜夜夜夜久久蜜豆| 一级av片app| 亚洲成人精品中文字幕电影| 国产精品久久久久久久久免| 在线观看一区二区三区| 国产精品永久免费网站| 九九久久精品国产亚洲av麻豆| 99热这里只有精品一区| www.色视频.com| 九九爱精品视频在线观看| 日韩精品有码人妻一区| 亚洲国产精品国产精品| 97超视频在线观看视频| 一级爰片在线观看| 九色成人免费人妻av| 一级毛片aaaaaa免费看小| 亚洲av成人av| av专区在线播放| 日本猛色少妇xxxxx猛交久久| 欧美97在线视频| 五月玫瑰六月丁香| 免费一级毛片在线播放高清视频| 国产视频首页在线观看| 国产午夜精品论理片| 我要搜黄色片| 伦理电影大哥的女人| 丝袜美腿在线中文| 亚洲成人av在线免费| 好男人视频免费观看在线| 免费av不卡在线播放| 欧美成人一区二区免费高清观看| 免费观看在线日韩| 亚洲欧美清纯卡通| 成人毛片60女人毛片免费| 亚洲国产色片| 蜜臀久久99精品久久宅男| 国产乱来视频区| 国产午夜精品久久久久久一区二区三区| 麻豆乱淫一区二区| 97人妻精品一区二区三区麻豆| 嘟嘟电影网在线观看| 少妇被粗大猛烈的视频| 国产在视频线在精品| 在线免费观看的www视频| 国产一区有黄有色的免费视频 | 超碰av人人做人人爽久久| 欧美激情国产日韩精品一区| 国产成人a∨麻豆精品| 黄色日韩在线| 亚洲av免费高清在线观看| 麻豆久久精品国产亚洲av| 国产真实乱freesex| 亚洲精品乱码久久久久久按摩| 国产中年淑女户外野战色| 又粗又爽又猛毛片免费看| 国产精品国产三级国产专区5o | 久久人妻av系列| 亚洲av成人av| 亚洲成av人片在线播放无| 在线观看美女被高潮喷水网站| 国产成人freesex在线| 卡戴珊不雅视频在线播放| 三级男女做爰猛烈吃奶摸视频| 亚洲va在线va天堂va国产| 日本黄大片高清| 成人av在线播放网站| 久久欧美精品欧美久久欧美| 国产单亲对白刺激| 在线观看一区二区三区| 国产色爽女视频免费观看| 99在线人妻在线中文字幕| 午夜免费男女啪啪视频观看| 狠狠狠狠99中文字幕| 看十八女毛片水多多多| 2021少妇久久久久久久久久久| 成人毛片60女人毛片免费| 三级毛片av免费| 村上凉子中文字幕在线| 久久久久久久国产电影| 熟女人妻精品中文字幕| 亚洲精品,欧美精品| 如何舔出高潮| 日韩大片免费观看网站 | 久久久成人免费电影| 日本一本二区三区精品| 天堂√8在线中文| 亚洲天堂国产精品一区在线| 国产成人精品婷婷| 色5月婷婷丁香| 亚洲av电影在线观看一区二区三区 | 免费黄色在线免费观看| 亚洲成人中文字幕在线播放| 尤物成人国产欧美一区二区三区| 高清av免费在线| 欧美日本视频| 一个人观看的视频www高清免费观看| 国产av码专区亚洲av| 亚洲国产精品成人久久小说| 日本与韩国留学比较| 中文字幕亚洲精品专区| 日韩三级伦理在线观看| 国产精品不卡视频一区二区| 日韩av在线大香蕉| 国产免费福利视频在线观看| 建设人人有责人人尽责人人享有的 | 日韩成人av中文字幕在线观看| 网址你懂的国产日韩在线| 一本久久精品| 久久欧美精品欧美久久欧美| 精品99又大又爽又粗少妇毛片| 99久久中文字幕三级久久日本| 秋霞伦理黄片| 国产高清有码在线观看视频| 国产熟女欧美一区二区| 非洲黑人性xxxx精品又粗又长| 日本午夜av视频| 乱码一卡2卡4卡精品| 麻豆国产97在线/欧美| 亚洲成av人片在线播放无| 99国产精品一区二区蜜桃av| 国产免费福利视频在线观看| 韩国高清视频一区二区三区| 99久久精品热视频| 成人欧美大片| av视频在线观看入口| 国产精品久久久久久久电影| 免费在线观看成人毛片| 日本wwww免费看| 大又大粗又爽又黄少妇毛片口| 青春草亚洲视频在线观看| 看免费成人av毛片| 久久久色成人| 国产精品福利在线免费观看| 国产在视频线在精品| 亚洲国产欧美人成| 大香蕉久久网| 亚洲国产色片| www日本黄色视频网| 十八禁国产超污无遮挡网站| 最近视频中文字幕2019在线8| 看十八女毛片水多多多| 能在线免费观看的黄片| 26uuu在线亚洲综合色| 男女那种视频在线观看| 亚洲最大成人av| 一个人看的www免费观看视频| 国产淫片久久久久久久久| 欧美日韩在线观看h| 亚洲天堂国产精品一区在线| 久久久精品欧美日韩精品| 网址你懂的国产日韩在线| 亚洲国产色片| 国产一区二区在线观看日韩| 精品国内亚洲2022精品成人| 国产黄片视频在线免费观看| 大话2 男鬼变身卡| 国产一级毛片在线| 亚洲av福利一区| 亚洲,欧美,日韩| 一区二区三区乱码不卡18| 婷婷色麻豆天堂久久 | 精品久久国产蜜桃| 色综合色国产| 水蜜桃什么品种好| 最新中文字幕久久久久| 免费人成在线观看视频色| 久久99热这里只频精品6学生 | 99久久无色码亚洲精品果冻| 午夜福利高清视频| 欧美成人午夜免费资源| a级毛片免费高清观看在线播放| 久久久久久久久久久免费av| 国产黄色视频一区二区在线观看 | 成人综合一区亚洲| 亚洲av电影在线观看一区二区三区 | 国产久久久一区二区三区| 亚洲国产欧美在线一区| 国产精品乱码一区二三区的特点| 久久久久九九精品影院| 黄片无遮挡物在线观看| 国产成人精品一,二区| 一个人免费在线观看电影| 亚洲欧美精品自产自拍| 亚洲欧美精品综合久久99| 亚洲国产欧洲综合997久久,| 亚洲最大成人中文| 国产精品久久久久久精品电影小说 | 日韩 亚洲 欧美在线| 免费播放大片免费观看视频在线观看 | 大话2 男鬼变身卡| 晚上一个人看的免费电影| 久久精品影院6| 岛国毛片在线播放| 水蜜桃什么品种好| 日韩制服骚丝袜av| 久久亚洲国产成人精品v| 男人的好看免费观看在线视频| 国产三级在线视频| 国产成人精品一,二区| 精品免费久久久久久久清纯| 国产女主播在线喷水免费视频网站 | 国产 一区 欧美 日韩| 深爱激情五月婷婷| 国产成人精品久久久久久| 91精品国产九色| 一边亲一边摸免费视频| 久久久久久久久久久免费av| 中文字幕精品亚洲无线码一区| 免费av毛片视频| 亚洲国产日韩欧美精品在线观看| 美女cb高潮喷水在线观看| 亚洲精品日韩av片在线观看| 国产探花在线观看一区二区| 亚洲aⅴ乱码一区二区在线播放| 中文字幕av成人在线电影| 国产av一区在线观看免费| 18禁在线播放成人免费| 日本黄大片高清| 国产91av在线免费观看| 国产亚洲最大av| 夜夜看夜夜爽夜夜摸| 国产v大片淫在线免费观看| 有码 亚洲区| 国产高清不卡午夜福利| 亚洲一区高清亚洲精品| 天堂√8在线中文| 一个人看的www免费观看视频| 99热全是精品| 国产一区亚洲一区在线观看| 大香蕉久久网| 99热全是精品| 日韩三级伦理在线观看| 国产毛片a区久久久久| 少妇人妻精品综合一区二区| 亚洲一级一片aⅴ在线观看| 伊人久久精品亚洲午夜| 国产成人aa在线观看| 高清日韩中文字幕在线| 天天一区二区日本电影三级| 最近的中文字幕免费完整| 高清日韩中文字幕在线| 天天一区二区日本电影三级| 最近2019中文字幕mv第一页| 久久久久久伊人网av| 日韩国内少妇激情av| 国产麻豆成人av免费视频| 国产成人免费观看mmmm| 国产探花极品一区二区| 最近2019中文字幕mv第一页| 美女黄网站色视频| 免费看光身美女| 最近的中文字幕免费完整| 一本—道久久a久久精品蜜桃钙片 精品乱码久久久久久99久播 | 久久精品国产亚洲网站| 亚洲18禁久久av| 国产精品一区二区在线观看99 | 老女人水多毛片| 日韩成人av中文字幕在线观看| 久久热精品热| 精品人妻一区二区三区麻豆| 日本av手机在线免费观看|