吳靖
在英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)中,很多學(xué)生都對(duì)時(shí)態(tài)的學(xué)習(xí)表示很困惑,這些時(shí)態(tài)看似區(qū)別不大,但是每每在做題時(shí)總會(huì)混淆、犯錯(cuò)。初中英語(yǔ)對(duì)時(shí)態(tài)的學(xué)習(xí)涉及七種,但中考只考查六種。今天,我們就來(lái)總結(jié)這六種時(shí)態(tài)的區(qū)別和用法。
第一種,意義和用法較為簡(jiǎn)單的三種時(shí)態(tài),他們是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、一般過(guò)去時(shí)、一般將來(lái)時(shí)。
首先,一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)是由動(dòng)詞原形或動(dòng)詞第三人稱單數(shù)來(lái)承擔(dān)謂語(yǔ)部分,如:I like bananas.He doesnt like apples.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)指經(jīng)常性、習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),它可以表示:①事物或人物的特征,狀態(tài),如:The apple is red.②經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作,如:I walk to school every morning.③客觀事實(shí),如:The sun rises in the east.The earth runs around the sun.
一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)使用時(shí)的標(biāo)志有:usually,always,sometimes,often,every day,never等,如:My father always takes a walk after supper.
其次,一般過(guò)去時(shí)。一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的事情,后常跟隨表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),它是由動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)來(lái)承擔(dān)謂語(yǔ)部分,如:He wanted to be a scientist when he was five.They went shopping last weekend.
一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)的標(biāo)志有:yesterday,last week,last month,last year,two years ago,in the past等,如 It rained a lot yesterday.
第三,一般將來(lái)時(shí)。一般將來(lái)時(shí)表示將來(lái)某一時(shí)段的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),或?qū)?lái)某一時(shí)間內(nèi)經(jīng)常的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),常常和表示將來(lái)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。一般將來(lái)時(shí)的謂語(yǔ)由動(dòng)詞的幾種類型構(gòu)成:①will +動(dòng)詞原型,②be going to+動(dòng)詞原型;③be +Ving(表示位移的動(dòng)詞);④be to do sth.;⑤be about to,如:I will be a doctor in the future。She is going to Guangdong next year.
一般將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)的標(biāo)志有:tomorrow,the day after tomorrow,next week/year,in the future,soon,the day after tomorrow,this evening/afternoon/year,next year/month/week/summer,some day,in two weeks/days/years等,如:Tony is leaving to Beijing next year.
以上三種時(shí)態(tài)的區(qū)別就是發(fā)生時(shí)間的不同,用數(shù)軸來(lái)表示就是
第二種是大家容易混淆的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)和過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)。
二者都是由be Ving形式構(gòu)成,但be的時(shí)態(tài)決定了發(fā)生的時(shí)間。
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)(am/is/are Ving)表示現(xiàn)在或現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行或發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài),標(biāo)志性狀語(yǔ)有,look,listen,right now,while,now,these days,at the moment等,如:They are? playing basketball now.Listen! She is singing.
過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)(was/were Ving)表示在過(guò)去某一時(shí)態(tài)或某一段時(shí)間內(nèi)進(jìn)行或發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,常與過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)(last night,last Saturday,at this time yesterday,或者與when,while,as引導(dǎo)的過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。)連用,如:When the teacher came into the classroom,the boy was eating sugar.Tom was sleeping at this time yesterday.
綜合以上,一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)除動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)不一樣以外,主要區(qū)別在于一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)描述的特征,表示經(jīng)常性習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作,而現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。如:
I eat apples three times a week.
I am eating apples now.
而一般過(guò)去時(shí)和過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的區(qū)別在于一般過(guò)去時(shí)只簡(jiǎn)單表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去,而過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)間段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。二者在考察時(shí),經(jīng)常由上下文或標(biāo)志性時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)來(lái)決定,如:
She had swimming classes last Saturday.
She was having swimming classes at this time yesterday.
第三種,現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)。由have/has +動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞來(lái)承擔(dān)謂語(yǔ),表示到說(shuō)話時(shí)為止(或到現(xiàn)在為止)已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成(不一定結(jié)束)的動(dòng)作和狀態(tài)。在學(xué)習(xí)時(shí),有很多同學(xué)經(jīng)常將現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)相混淆,二者雖都發(fā)生在過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間,但最大的區(qū)別是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去開(kāi)始的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的影響,或表示過(guò)去開(kāi)始到現(xiàn)在一直延續(xù)的動(dòng)作,經(jīng)常搭配的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有:already,yet,since +時(shí)間點(diǎn),for +時(shí)間段,just,ever,never,before,so far,by now,many times,如:I have been to Beijing three times.She has kept the dog for 10 years.
以上為中學(xué)英語(yǔ)考試大綱考察的六種時(shí)態(tài),雖然長(zhǎng)相相似,但一定要牢記時(shí)態(tài)都是動(dòng)詞來(lái)承擔(dān),在掌握了時(shí)態(tài)的區(qū)別和標(biāo)志的技巧之后,加以練習(xí),相信學(xué)生們?cè)谥锌紩r(shí)態(tài)考察中不會(huì)再輕易失分。