孫雯
汪曾祺贈(zèng)予擔(dān)任其《晚翠文談》終審的徐正綸先生的詩中曾提到:“桃柳杭州無恙否,當(dāng)年風(fēng)物尚如初?;⑴苋菪慢埦?,樓外樓中帶把魚。”
這個(gè)春天,是汪曾祺先生百年誕辰。
他曾寫過一首詩,其中有一句:寫作頗勤快,人間送小溫。
所以,他的文字是適合春日閱讀的。有生機(jī)卻不喧鬧,這就是小溫。
汪曾祺的一生,并未在杭州有過長(zhǎng)久的駐足。1946年秋,26歲的他到上海,經(jīng)友人介紹,在上海民辦致遠(yuǎn)中學(xué)當(dāng)教師,至1948年春離開,這兩年應(yīng)該是他離杭州最近的時(shí)光。
虎跑喝了一杯“好茶”
我寫文章的這幾天,正值龍井開摘,那么就從汪曾祺先生的一杯茶說起吧。
他說,自己曾在杭州喝過一杯好茶。那是1947年的春天,汪曾祺和幾位同事一起到杭州游玩。
那一杯“好茶”是在虎跑喝的龍井。汪曾祺在散文《尋常茶話》中寫道——
真正的獅峰龍井雨前新芽,每蕾皆一旗一槍,泡在玻璃杯里,茶葉皆直立不倒,載浮載沉,茶色頗淡,但入口香濃,直透臟腑,真是好茶!只是太貴了。一杯茶,一塊大洋,比吃一頓飯還貴。獅峰茶名不虛傳,但不得虎跑水不可能有這樣的味道。我自此方知道,喝茶,水是至關(guān)重要的。
如果不說西湖美景,這趟杭州之行讓汪曾祺難忘的除了這杯龍井茶,還有樓外樓的“醋魚帶把”,這是一道名菜。
所謂“帶把”,是把活草魚的脊肉剔下來,快刀切為薄片,其薄如紙,澆上好秋油,生吃。魚肉發(fā)甜,鮮脆無比。我想這就是中國(guó)古代的“切膾”。
其實(shí),這道菜不單好吃,汪曾祺還認(rèn)為,它是與中國(guó)古代飲食文化中頻頻出現(xiàn)的“膾”最為切近。為此,他專門寫過一篇《切膾》。
中國(guó)的“切膾”始于何時(shí)?沒有答案。但是無論成書于戰(zhàn)國(guó)的《論語》、北魏賈思勰的《齊民要術(shù)》,還是唐代大詩人杜甫的詩歌,都提到過。
“切膾”之風(fēng),宋代風(fēng)行,并延續(xù)至元明??雌饋?,“切膾”在中國(guó)古代非常流行。但汪曾祺注意到,《金瓶梅》與《紅樓夢(mèng)》都沒有提到它。
“膾”是什么?從古人的文字中可以看出,它類似于今天的魚生、肉生。汪曾祺說,更多是指魚生,因?yàn)槟挼姆斌w字是“鲙”。
寫下《切膾》之時(shí),汪曾祺依然遺憾著——切膾今無實(shí)物可驗(yàn)。而近乎切膾的杭州樓外樓“醋魚帶把”,當(dāng)時(shí)也沒有了。
這兩樣杭州的春日好物,是永久停駐于汪曾祺內(nèi)心的。
1991年,汪曾祺贈(zèng)予擔(dān)任其《晚翠文談》終審的徐正綸先生的詩中,就提到它們——“桃柳杭州無恙否,當(dāng)年風(fēng)物尚如初?;⑴苋菪慢埦?,樓外樓中帶把魚?!?/p>
難忘知味觀的“炸響鈴”
想來,那時(shí)的上海游客與今天一樣,總會(huì)在周末選擇到杭州偷個(gè)小閑。
1948年春天,汪曾祺又來杭州了,又去吃了樓外樓。
這次春游,他在樓外樓喝了莼菜湯。在此之前,他沒有見過,更沒有吃過莼菜。而他的家鄉(xiāng)高郵,也幾乎沒有人知道莼菜為何物。
不過,從秦少游的《以莼姜法魚糟蟹寄子瞻》一詩,汪曾祺知道高郵原來是有莼菜的,大概還是頗有特色的地方土產(chǎn),居于高郵的秦少游,曾把它贈(zèng)予蘇東坡。
汪曾祺點(diǎn)名過的杭州館子,還有知味觀。
這里有一道他最難忘的名菜“炸響鈴”,而且,他在《豆腐》一文中詳細(xì)介紹了這道菜的做法和口感——
豆腐皮(),瘦肉剁成細(xì)餡,加蔥花細(xì)姜末,入鹽,把肉餡包在豆腐皮內(nèi),成一卷,用刀剁成寸許長(zhǎng)的小段,下油鍋炸得餡熟皮酥,即可撈岀。油溫不可太高,太高豆皮易糊。這菜嚼起來發(fā)脆響,形略似鈴,故名響鈴。做法其實(shí)并不復(fù)雜。肉剁極碎,成泥狀(),平攤在豆腐皮上,折疊起來,如小錢包大,入油炸,亦佳。不入油炸,而以醬油冬菇湯煮,豆皮層中有汁甚美。
不知道今天的知味觀大廚是否還沿用這樣的做法??雌饋聿浑y,只是得注意火候,閑居的小伙伴不妨試試。
還得說說野菜。這也是汪曾祺文字中送來的“小溫”,與這個(gè)季節(jié),恰好合拍。
比如薺菜。
最好的吃法,是涼拌。
薺菜焯過,碎切,和香干細(xì)丁同拌,加姜米,澆以麻油醬醋,或用蝦米,或不用,均可。這道菜常摶成寶塔形,臨吃推倒,拌勻。和涼拌馬蘭頭的做法一樣。
不過,杭州的茶園和花圃間,似乎不大見肥嫩的薺菜,等你發(fā)現(xiàn)它時(shí),已經(jīng)抽了清瘦的薹,老了。
餐館可以吃到薺菜餛飩——和汪曾祺所見的江南吃法一樣。他說:薺菜可包春卷,包圓子()。江南人用薺菜包餛飩,稱為菜肉餛飩,亦稱“大餛飩”。
還有枸杞頭。也是涼拌。汪曾祺說:清香尤甚于薺菜。
我家陽臺(tái)上有一小株枸杞。三四年前從山東老家?guī)?,只要不是冬天,它總是茂盛地抽一波芽?jī)?,葉子隨風(fēng)呼啦啦地長(zhǎng)。無奈,它大概受不得杭州的陰濕,隨后就蔫掉了,而后再重復(fù)這個(gè)萌發(fā)與凋謝的過程。
那天,見它的芽長(zhǎng)到正好,我就用汪曾祺的方法——把它涼拌了。味道還成。
他眼中清淡的宋朝飲食
汪曾祺生前,對(duì)吃的普及非常熱心。
比如,某次他排隊(duì)買牛肉,排在他前面的是一位中年女性,輪到她時(shí),她問賣牛肉的:“牛肉怎么做?”原來,這位南方知識(shí)女性家里從來不吃牛肉,但孩子們長(zhǎng)大了會(huì)到外地去,做母親的覺得應(yīng)該讓他們習(xí)慣習(xí)慣外面的味道。
于是,汪曾祺將她請(qǐng)到一邊,講了一通牛肉的做法——“從清燉、紅燒、咖喱牛肉,直到廣東的蠔油炒牛肉、四川的水煮牛肉、干煸牛肉絲……”
他把這段往事,留在了《吃食與文學(xué)》里。當(dāng)然,他也把無數(shù)菜式的做法的蘊(yùn)味留在了書中,讀到它,試著做一做,也是今人對(duì)他最好的懷念。
汪曾祺對(duì)于杭州美食的關(guān)注,不僅僅對(duì)于當(dāng)時(shí),還有對(duì)歷史的深讀。
他說,宋朝人——當(dāng)然包括南宋時(shí)的杭州人,飲食簡(jiǎn)單而清淡。
如何簡(jiǎn)單清淡?先說說皇帝吧?!坝缬卸ㄖ?,每一盞酒都要有歌舞雜技,似乎這是主要的,吃喝在其次。”御宴的菜式,在《東京夢(mèng)華錄》上有詳細(xì)記載,反正在汪曾祺眼里——如此而已。
而市面上流行的吃食,似乎比較便宜,且多是快餐,湯水是早早備好的,各種肉類也是提前煮好的,面食的種類則非常多,汪曾祺提到的餅就有——門油、菊花、寬焦、側(cè)厚、油鍋、髓餅、新樣滿麻……
這樣一來,方便極了。客人來訪,那就盛上來,切上來,端上來吧。
宋朝人的飲食生活應(yīng)該是相對(duì)比較克制的,汪曾祺在《宋朝人的吃喝》中寫到,他翻遍了《東京夢(mèng)華錄》《都城紀(jì)勝》《西湖老人繁盛錄》《武林舊事》,都沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)那時(shí)的人有吃海參、魚翅、燕窩的記錄,“這類的吃食要從明朝才開始”。
也許應(yīng)該這樣說,那時(shí)杭州人在飲食上的高級(jí),應(yīng)該體現(xiàn)在其他方面,比如,實(shí)行“分食制”,飯菜每人一份,講究又衛(wèi)生,而且多用銀餐具。
那么問題來了,即使飯菜簡(jiǎn)單,但餐具繁多,算起來,一頓飯也不便宜啊。
(圖片由人民文學(xué)出版社提供)
Wang Zengqi and Delicacies of Hangzhou
By Sun Wen
The year 2020 celebrates the 100th anniversary of the birthday of Wang Zengqi (1920-1997), a prominent essayist, short story writer, playwright, and gourmet. For many readers, Wang was an outstanding gourmet and food writer and whenever the name of Wang Zengqi is mentioned, his delightful obsession with food and his essays about food and food-related anecdotes first come to mind. In comparison, not so many people are aware that Wang was an outstanding essayist, short story writer, and playwright.
In his lifetime, he visited Hangzhou only twice. From 1946 to 1948 he taught at a middle school in Shanghai.
In the spring of 1947 he and some colleagues came to Hangzhou for sightseeing. In an essay about tea, he mentioned he sipped tea at Tiger Spring, a scenic spot near the West Lake. It is widely known that the water from Tiger Spring is the best water to brew a cup of Dragon Well tea. Thats probably why he acknowledged in the essay that it was the first time he became aware of the importance of spring water used to make a cup of tea. During his brief two visits, Louwailou was the restaurant he chose to satisfy his curiosity and passion for the famous Hangzhou cuisine.
Over years, he wrote essays about food in Jiangnan in general and about the dishes he had at Louwailou in particular. One delicacy that fascinated Wang was very thin slices of fresh raw fish at Louwailou Restaurant on the West Lake. As a gourmet and food historian, Wang once compared, in an essay, the raw fish slices he had at Louwailou with minced fish mentioned in history and ancient literary classics. The delicacy mentioned in ancient literature is long gone in history. Wang deduced the raw fish of Louwailou was very close to the lost delicacy. Unfortunately, the raw fish has long since vanished from the menu of Louwailou though, from texts of the past, foodies and food historians know exactly what the dish is.
Wang Zengqi knew quite a lot about the culinary preferences of the Northern Song Dynasty (960-1127) in general and the Southern Song (1127-1279) in particular. In an essay about the food and beverage of the Song Dynasty, he mentioned that some luxuries such as sea cucumber, shark fin and swallow nest which became popular in the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) were not seen in well known books written about the Song Dynasty. According to Wang, restaurants in the Song preferred simple food and convenient service. A lot of dishes were prepared in advance and they were easily served. Moreover, court banquets were also relatively simple, for at such banquets, entertainment was most important and food and beverage were only secondary. After examining historical records, Wang Zengqi dismissed the menu of such court banquets was just so so. That doesnt mean, however, that people in Hangzhou ate at a low level. Back then, local restaurants served customers individually just as in restaurants in western countries of today. In other words, eaters at restaurants in Hangzhou back then did not share food.
If one reads food essays written by Wang, one can easily run into detailed descriptions of delicacies popular in Jiangnan, namely, the south of the Yangtze River Delta. For those who love life and love food, Wang is a writer who makes life and food better.