JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS (No.6.2020) Contents

China’sDiplomacy

3 National Security and the Construction of Chinese Immigrants’ Identity

Abstract: The topic of immigrant and national security mainly refers to the threat posed by immigrants to the host country in terms of politics, economy, and cultural affairs. Such threat may exist indeed or be imaginary. It involves immigrants’ sense of identity with the host country, especially the political and cultural identification of immigrants with the country of residence. It is also concerned with whether the host country recognizes and accepts the immigrant group or treats them as a threat and excludes them. From the perspective of national security, this study is devoted to explaining the construction and evolution of Chinese immigrants’ identity with the country of residence. It is not only a natural process of history but also the result of the ethnic and racial policies adopted by the host country for the purpose of national security as well as the response and adaptation of immigrants for their own safety. As of the present, the political and cultural identification of Chinese immigrants with the country of residence has been formed. However, due to the ideological difference between China and some Western countries, the topic concerning Chinese immigrants and the national security of the host country is still raised on some occasions, damaging the relationship between China and the host country and affecting the survival and development of Chinese immigrants in the host country. Although this undercurrent that threatens the social security of Chinese people only occurs in some regions and countries, the governments, media agencies and academic circles of relevant countries must stay highly alert to it and prevent the historical countercurrent from occurring again in the Chinese immigrant community.

Keywords: National Security, Chinese Immigrants, Identity

AbouttheAuthor: Wu Qianjin is Research Fellow at the Institute of International Relations, Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences.

WuQianjin

20 E-commerce Diplomacy: Concept Definition and China’s Practice

Abstract: E-commerce diplomacy first originated in developed countries in the middle and late 1990s and quickly spread to countries around the world. It refers to the diplomatic action taken by a country to promote cross-border e-commerce business and relevant cooperation. E-commerce diplomacy has some basic features, such as diversification of players, multiple dimensions of issues, strong rule orientation, and geopolitical relations. In recent years, due to the rapid development of the e-commerce economy both at home and abroad, the construction of international rules entering a critical period and the strong soft power released by the cross-border e-commerce, China’s e-commerce diplomacy has played an increasingly more active role. It is a foreign practice which is promoted and coordinated by multiple players: state leaders declare the determination to pursue development and implement top-level design; the Ministry of Commerce initiates the “Silk Road E-commerce” cooperation, and actively establishes international trade rules amid the negotiation with the WTO and various free trade zone agreements; the General Administration of Customs strengthens cooperation in customs clearance supervision; local governments carry out foreign intercourse with local characteristics; enterprises participate in various forms of people to people diplomacy. These players mainly focus on policy communication, rule construction, and international business development. In the face of the ever-changing domestic and international situation, China’s e-commerce diplomacy needs to focus on the main challenge presented by trade barriers, put forward specific and feasible rules and proposals, enhance the planning and implementation capabilities of international cooperation, stay alert to political smears against China’s cross-border e-commerce, as well as pay close attention to and tackle the complex impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the cross-border e-commerce industry.

Keywords: e-commerce diplomacy, cross-border e-commerce, Silk Road e-commerce, international trade rules, soft power

AbouttheAuthors: Zhang Rui is Research Fellow at the Institute of Economics and Technology, Global Energy Interconnection Development and Cooperation Organization; Qian Linliang is Associate Professor at the Department of Sociology of the School of Humanities, Southeast University.

ZhangRuiandQianLinliang

RegionalStudies

41 The Goal Conflict and Middle Way of European Strategy for Data

Abstract: As noted in a European Strategy for Data, equal priority should be given to improving data protection standards and facilitating international trade in the digital age. While ensuring a high level of data protection, the EU’s model also resorts to a middle way by enabling the cross-border transmission through multiple mechanisms, which can provide many countries with a rule-based plan which aims to coordinate multiple goals in conflict through dynamic balance. The development of the global digital economy requires the support of data openness and flow, and also needs a clearer data governance rule environment. Therefore, the EU’s data strategy will have a profound impact.

Keywords: EU, data strategy, privacy protection, cross-border flow

AbouttheAuthor: Wang Zhongmei is Research Fellow of Shanghai Institutes for International Studies.

WangZhongmei

62 From Multiculturalism to Cultural Diversity——Reanalysis of the Plight of Multiculturalism in Germany

Abstract: This paper chooses multiculturalism as the research object, and is devoted to explaining the plight and relevant cause of multiculturalism in Germany and discussing the evolution of multiculturalism theory amid the plight. In chronological order, the plight of multiculturalism in Germany can be roughly divided into two stages: “a multicultural society in fact and a non-immigrant country in name” and “a dispute over two integration modes for multiculturalism and dominant culture”. The plight of multiculturalism in Germany is not only because relevant theories are not complete, but also because the “pluralism” of multiculturalism touches on the issue of German identity, which was once dominated by “monism”. In addition, there are also other causes, including the conflict between the Islamic world and the Western society and the disagreement between the left-wing party and right-wing party in Germany. Amid various disputes and difficult practices, multiculturalism in Germany has gradually changed from unlimited multiculturalism to multiculturalism with monism at its core, such as “multiculturalism based on constitutional values” and “democratic multiculturalism”, which will be eventually replaced by cultural diversity.

Keywords: Multiculturalism, constitutional values, cultural diversity, parallel society, German identity

AbouttheAuthors: Zhang Ying is Associate Professor at German Department of the Foreign Studies College, Northeastern University; Fu Zhiyuan is Lecturer at German Department of School of International Studies, Zhengzhou University.

ZhangYingandFuZhiyuan

78 Security Cooperation and the Construction of a Central Asian Community with Mutual Benefits: A Study Based on the Symbiosis Theory

Abstract: The leaders of the five Central Asian countries met twice in 2018 and 2019, which means that a new trend of integration has emerged in Central Asia and the “reintegration” of Central Asia has been proposed again. Adopting the theory of symbiosis and seeking breakthrough in Central Asian security cooperation, this paper analyzes the prospect of the five Central Asian countries pursuing symbiosis from four perspectives: symbiotic environment, symbiotic condition, symbiotic model, and symbiotic issue. By taking advantage of the new regional situation created by Mirziyoyev’s diplomacy with neighboring countries and the appeal of the leaders of the five Central Asian countries for regional development, the Central Asian region can build a cross-border transportation network to achieve a community with mutual benefits.

Keywords: five Central Asian countries, symbiosis, security cooperation, community with mutual benefits

AbouttheAuthor: He Jinke is Ph.D. Candidate of the School of Advanced International and Area Studies, East China Normal University.

HeJinke

96 Studies on Transformation and Development of Japan’s Policy toward North Korean Nuclear Issue

Abstract: North Korean nuclear issue is the hot issue of Northeast Asia. As an important party with great concerns to North Korean nuclear issue, Japan has always strived to play an important role in this regard. There are a total of four stages of Japan’s Policy toward North Korean nuclear issue up to now, i.e., Sporadic Contacts (1945-1989), Limited Sanctions and Proactive Dialogues (1990-2000), Dynamic Sanctions and Dynamic Dialogues (2001-2008), Tough Sanctions and Partly Stagnate Dialogues (2009-2017). So far, although Japan, to some extent, has been involved into Korea Peninsula Energy Development Organization, the Six-Party Talks, DPRK’s demolishment of the nuclear facility cooling tower in Yongbyon and other aspects, it happened mainly before 2009. Japan’s Policy toward North Korean nuclear issue is subjected to many obstacles from the perspective of system, country and individual. Since 2018, DPRK actively dialogues with the outside world, but it rejected Japan. In order to prevent being isolated, Japan adjusts its Policy toward North Korean nuclear issue, such as adjusting geopolitical strategies, resetting the keynote of diplomatic strategies and transforming security system. Japan gradually “strives for dialogue” instead of “taking the initiative to put pressure”, with a view to having a say in North Korean nuclear issue and safeguarding its own national interests.

Keywords: Japan, DPRK, North Korean nuclear issue, sanctions, dialogues

AbouttheAuthor: Cheng Guilong is Lecturer at Center for Japan Studies, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, and Ph.D. candidate at the School of International Studies, Sichuan University.

ChengGuilong

MajorPowerRelations

112 US-Japan Maritime Power Cooperation under the Framework of “Indo-Pacific Strategy”

Abstract: The “Indo-Pacific Strategy” is a geopolitical strategy that the United States has adopted in recent years to maintain its hegemony. With a strong military color, the strategy involves various fields and covers a wide region. Under the framework of “Indo-Pacific Strategy”, the United States and Japan have strengthened maritime power cooperation in recent years. It not only affects the evolution and reshaping of the maritime power strategy in East Asia, but also causes a far-reaching impact on the global landscape of maritime power. The impact even spreads and penetrates to other areas. As an emerging major country committed to building a “maritime community with shared future” and a country that the “Indo-Pacific Strategy” targets, China should attach importance to such maritime power cooperation and take corresponding action.

Keywords: “Indo-Pacific Strategy”, US-Japan alliance, maritime power, maritime containment, cooperation mechanism

AbouttheAuthors: Yang Zhen is Deputy Director of the Center for Northeast Asian Studies, Shanghai University of Political Science and Law, Distinguished Research Fellow of the Center for South Asian Studies, Fudan University; Ding Yi is Assistant Research Fellow of the Shanghai Institute for Global Security and Governance, Shanghai University of Political Science and Law; Cai Liang is Research Fellow of the Center for Asia-Pacific Studies, Shanghai Institutes for International Studies.

YangZhen,DingYiandCaiLiang

GlobalGovernance

131 Idea, Mechanism and Capability: The Relationship between the United Nations and Global Development Governance and the Inspiration

Abstract: From the Millennium Development Goals to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, the idea, mechanism and model of global development governance have undergone continuous transformation, and the United Nations has played an increasingly more prominent role as a leader in guiding ideas, building mechanisms and enhancing capabilities. China should continue to strengthen cooperation in development governance with the United Nations as well as utilize the idea-leading advantage of the United Nations to promote China’s development initiatives and ideas, the authoritative mechanisms of the United Nations to enhance China’s development governance power, and the capability and technology advantage of the United Nations to improve China’s participation in governance development. The United Nations and its development agenda can be viewed as an important path for China to participate in global development governance in the new era and an also important carrier that reflects China’s unique role as a major power. China can push forward the integration of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the “Belt and Road” Initiative, build a global development community, and enhance its status and discourse power in the global governance system.

Keywords: United Nations, global development governance, 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, “Belt and Road” Initiative

AbouttheAuthor: Zou Zhiqiang is Associate Research Fellow of the Middle East Studies Institute, Shanghai International Studies University.

ZouZhiqiang

AcademicEvents

149 Call for Papers for the 12th Shanghai Youth Forum on Global Studies