“六步法”巧解高考語法填空題

楊春吉

高考語法填空題是近似完形填空的一種題型。它分為“盲填”單詞題和詞性轉(zhuǎn)換題兩類?？碱}涉及詞匯、語法、文章結(jié)構(gòu)詞用法等，深度考查考生的詞匯靈活運(yùn)用能力、語法知識(shí)的綜合運(yùn)用能力及篇章結(jié)構(gòu)的理解與還原能力?？忌粽莆找韵隆傲椒ā保纯沙晒忸}，有效提高得分率。

一、謹(jǐn)慎定位考點(diǎn)

語法填空題大部分題目容易確定考點(diǎn)，突破也簡單，所以我們要攻克的是考點(diǎn)不易確定的少數(shù)題目，這也是考生能考高分的訣竅。對(duì)于該類考題，考生要根據(jù)設(shè)題處已經(jīng)具備的其他信息，以 “理解上下文句意”為主，慎重確定設(shè)題者的意圖及考查內(nèi)容，精準(zhǔn)定位考點(diǎn)。一旦鎖定考點(diǎn)，考生不但可以快速將思維和注意力集中到所考查的內(nèi)容上，重點(diǎn)分析，針對(duì)性突破考點(diǎn)，而且可以事半功倍，減少失誤。

【例題】

1.However， two weeks later， her aunt called again， ______ （say） that they were not coming to her wedding party， because she had to take a business trip to China.

2.It was at mid-night _____my father woke me up to watch the World Cup together.

3. Dont only stand there， boys！ Please find some seats for ______ （you）.

【答案與解析】

1.saying。該題難點(diǎn)在于定位設(shè)題處是并列動(dòng)作還是伴隨狀語。分析句意、句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，called 是主體動(dòng)作，say僅是個(gè)伴隨動(dòng)作，且邏輯主語一致，所以該題考查的是現(xiàn)在分詞詞組作伴隨狀語的用法，故應(yīng)填saying。

2.that。該題考查的是強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)的用法，強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間狀語at mid-night。此題很容易誤填when。試比較：It was mid-night when my father woke me up to watch the World Cup together. 這題考生又很容易誤認(rèn)為是強(qiáng)調(diào)句而誤填that。實(shí)際上，it在此指“時(shí)間”，when引導(dǎo)的是個(gè)時(shí)間狀語從句。突破這類題的關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)在介詞“at”上，有“at”，即為時(shí)間狀語;無“at”，即是時(shí)間詞組作表語。

3.yourselves。該題把設(shè)題處定位為考查反身代詞用法并不難，難在不少考生把答案寫作yourself，而不是yourselves。究其原因，考生對(duì)關(guān)鍵詞boys理解不到位。該題的意思是“……男孩子們?yōu)樽约赫易弧保虼?，?yīng)填yourselves才合理。

二、針對(duì)性定點(diǎn)突破

考生要遵循“考什么就分析什么”“見招拆招”的基本解題原則，針對(duì)性定點(diǎn)突破考題?？忌_定考點(diǎn)后，由考點(diǎn)進(jìn)行發(fā)散思維式理解和深入分析，減少冗余信息的干擾。深入分析考點(diǎn)的實(shí)質(zhì)，層層剝筍，使考點(diǎn)顯露原形，精準(zhǔn)突破。

【例題】

1. He dreamed of becoming a writer since he was teenager. But it isnt easy to get a book of mine ______ （publish）.

2. The boss of the company is trying to create an easy atmosphere _____ his employees enjoy their work.

3. Last month my uncle called me and he said he ______ （visit） me with his family soon.

【答案與解析】

1.published。該題考查的是“get+賓語+done”結(jié)構(gòu)。賓語book與done 是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，published作賓語補(bǔ)足語。

2.where。atmosphere是表示地點(diǎn)含義的抽象名詞，邏輯上在其后的定語從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語。命題者采用部分不易識(shí)別的、具有地點(diǎn)含義的名詞作先行詞，常見的有point，atmosphere，situation，case，spot，race，business，state，position，phrase，paragraph，stage，scene等。該類名詞表示事物發(fā)展到某種程度、地步或處于某一環(huán)境、狀態(tài)，具有地點(diǎn)或位置的意思，其后常跟where引導(dǎo)的定語從句。這類題目加大了先行詞的定位及甄別難度，致使部分考生頻繁出錯(cuò)?？忌忸}時(shí)要仔細(xì)體會(huì)，小心應(yīng)對(duì)。

3.would visit。根據(jù)上下文時(shí)態(tài)，初步斷定應(yīng)該用一般過去時(shí)，但根據(jù)句意“上個(gè)月，我叔叔電話告訴我，不久他就會(huì)和家人一起來看望我”，尤其是標(biāo)志詞soon的提示作用，即可斷定應(yīng)該用過去將來時(shí)。

三、合理理順句意

理順句意是解答語法填空題的“根本”和“核心”。一旦理順句意，答案就基本確定。錯(cuò)誤的答案勢必使得句意產(chǎn)生扭曲或誤導(dǎo)，不但不能真正表達(dá)作者的本意，而且還導(dǎo)致上下文句意不流暢、不合理?？忌绕湟⒁鈺r(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)類考題，這類題目僅僅是形式上的變化，對(duì)句意影響較小。

【例題】

1.One morning， he received a call from the publisher and _____ （tell） once again that there was no way his book was published.

2.Seeing that he was truly inspired. He suddenly realized that he shouldnt get _____ （courage） after experiencing failure.

3.As people became comfortable with the song， the wise man started to dance_____ it.

【答案與解析】

1.was told。由received 和and可推斷出，此處用tell的過去式無疑，但根據(jù)句意“今天早上，他收到了出版商的一個(gè)電話，再一次被告知他的那本書不可能出版了”判斷，此處應(yīng)該用一般過去時(shí)的被動(dòng)式。

2.discouraged。根據(jù)句意“看到此情景，令他備受鼓舞，他突然認(rèn)識(shí)到在經(jīng)歷失敗后，不應(yīng)該氣餒”，以及根據(jù)上下文語境推斷，應(yīng)該用discouraged。

3.to。根據(jù)設(shè)空處的設(shè)題特征應(yīng)該填一個(gè)介詞使dance和the sweet and soft song聯(lián)系起來。該題很容易誤用with，根據(jù)句意“當(dāng)人們沉浸在音樂的韻律中時(shí)，這位智者隨著優(yōu)美的樂曲翩翩起舞”可知，應(yīng)該用dance to。dance to意為“和著……的節(jié)拍跳舞”，后跟樂曲名詞;而dance with sb.才是“和某人跳舞”的意思。

四、特殊現(xiàn)象，區(qū)別對(duì)待

語法填空題有不少考題是針對(duì)“特殊語法現(xiàn)象”而設(shè)計(jì)的。原因在于“特殊語法現(xiàn)象”容易讓考生理解錯(cuò)誤，導(dǎo)致誤答。對(duì)于該類考題：

（一）考生要結(jié)合上下文意，精準(zhǔn)體會(huì)、判斷，慎重區(qū)分是否是“特殊語法現(xiàn)象”。

（二）考生要特別注意英語行文中“特殊語法現(xiàn)象”的標(biāo)志詞提示作用。

（三）考生在理清結(jié)構(gòu)詞或特殊現(xiàn)象后，根據(jù)“特殊語法現(xiàn)象”的使用規(guī)律對(duì)應(yīng)解答，精準(zhǔn)突破。

【例題】

1.Today， there are already robots ______ （work） in factories and hospitals， helping us do many jobs.

2.The teacher， as well as the students ______ fond of using the computer to finish the work they have to do.

3.Each person in the village had made great preparations， thinking about ______ questions he or she might ask the wise man.

4.Li Chen is the only one of the students who _____ （go） to attend the sports meeting.

【答案與解析】

1.working。該題考查的是“There be +主語+v-ing（作定語）+其他”結(jié)構(gòu)。

2.is。根據(jù)“趨遠(yuǎn)一致”原則，當(dāng)as well as，besides，more than，rather than，but，along with，together with，with，beyond，except，in addition to，including，like等連接并列主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞必須與前者一致。

3.what。該題考查的是介詞賓語從句。what作定語，該句句意應(yīng)為“村子里的每個(gè)人都做好了充分準(zhǔn)備，思考他或她向這位智者問‘什么問題”才合理，故用what。

4.is。該題根據(jù)句意“李晨是這些學(xué)生中唯一一個(gè)去參加這次運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)的學(xué)生”可知，the only one是先行詞，故應(yīng)填is。

五、關(guān)注“脈絡(luò)詞”的運(yùn)用

有時(shí)，高考命題者是針對(duì)文章的“脈絡(luò)詞”（也稱結(jié)構(gòu)詞、關(guān)聯(lián)詞）來設(shè)計(jì)考題的。該類考題盡管數(shù)量較少，但也應(yīng)引起考生的重視?？忌诮忸}時(shí)要結(jié)合上下文，理解句與句之間是何種關(guān)聯(lián)，對(duì)應(yīng)選用“脈絡(luò)詞”。

【例題】

1.First of all， a doctor came up. He said that he had saved 9，999 patients during the epidemic. The king shook his head. ______ a poet came up. He said that his poems were no different from those of Li Bai and Du Fu. The king still shook his head again.

2.The disease began to spread slowly through some states. Because of peoples collective unconsciousness（集體無意識(shí)）， more and more people are inflected with it. Whats ____ （bad）， no government paid much attention to the disease.

【答案與解析】

1.Secondly。通過理解上下文結(jié)構(gòu)可知，此處應(yīng)填表示“層遞”關(guān)系的關(guān)聯(lián)詞。所以，應(yīng)填Secondly。

2.worse。根據(jù)文章上文The disease began to spread...; More and more people are infected with the disease可知，此處是“表達(dá)情況越來越嚴(yán)重的”插入語，應(yīng)該填worse。

六、全方位檢查，核實(shí)答案是否無誤

考生運(yùn)用上述技巧初步確定答案后，為了確保萬無一失，還需要進(jìn)行全方位核查，檢查自己預(yù)填的答案是否正確無誤?？忌饕獧z查單詞的大小寫是否存在錯(cuò)誤;單詞拼寫是否存在錯(cuò)誤（如：過去時(shí)或現(xiàn)在分詞是否需要雙寫最后一個(gè)字母，再加-ed或-ing;詞尾是否變y為i再加-es或-ed，等）;可數(shù)名詞的特殊復(fù)數(shù)形式（如：five men doctors，many sheep，hundreds of Chinese等）。最后規(guī)范書寫，確保得分。

【例題】

1.Although we might see the same faces every day， we _____ （prefer） hiding behind our newspapers to talking to people around.

2. On Double Eleventh of every year， tens of thousands of ______ （Chinese）， in addition to many foreigners， are addicted to shopping on the Internet now.

【答案與解析】

1.preferred。該題空處用動(dòng)詞的過去式容易理解，但別忽視了要雙寫r，再加-ed。

2.Chinese。在英語中，Chinese，Japanese，Swiss這三個(gè)名詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式相同。

【鞏固練習(xí)】

請(qǐng)運(yùn)用上述技巧解答下列語法填空題。

Nowadays， millions? ?1? lonely singles are now going online instead.? ?2? ?World Wide Web is quickly becoming the worlds most popular matchmaker（媒人）.

Singles are flocking（涌向） to the Internet? ?3? ?（main）because their busy lifestyles leave them little time to look for a significant other. Using dating sites（約會(huì)網(wǎng)址） is quick and convenient. Many singles say the regular dating scene has just? 4? （lead） them from one bad experience to? 5? and are ready to try something else. Dating sites also make? 6? easy to avoid someone? ?7? ?you are not interested in. In the real world，? ? 8? ， ignoring someone you dont like can be difficult.

Despite all the advantages， online dating also presents its own set of problems. People arent always those who they declare to be in their online? ?9? ?（describe）. Safety is another concern. You are just? 10? （like） to find a criminal online as you are Mr. Or Miss Right.

【答案】

1. of 2. The 3. mainly 4. lead 5. another 6. it 7. who /whom 8. however 9. description 10. likely