何超
高考語法填空題分為有提示詞和無提示詞兩種。有提示詞的空,通常可以通過詞性轉(zhuǎn)換和詞形變化得出答案,一般每年考查7道題。下面是近5年高考英語全國卷語法填空題中有提示詞題的統(tǒng)計(jì)表:
由上表可以看出,有提示詞可歸納為兩大類別和九個考點(diǎn),即兩類九點(diǎn)。
下面以這5年的高考真題,來談?wù)勊悸伏c(diǎn)撥,以期對考生有所幫助。
一、詞性轉(zhuǎn)換
(一)名詞
命題方式:是給出形容詞或動詞,要求考生將其變成名詞形式,名詞前面可能有形容詞、冠詞或物主代詞修飾。
思路點(diǎn)撥:
1. 作主語,或在及物動詞或介詞后作賓語,用名詞。
[例1](2020新高考Ⅰ卷) Historical????? 44???? (accurate)is important but so is entertainment.
簡析:作主語,用名詞,故填accuracy。該名詞受形容詞historical修飾。
[例2](2018全國Ⅱ卷)This switch has decreased??? 66
(pollute)in the countrys major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people.
簡析:在及物動詞decrease后作賓語,用名詞,故填pollution。
[例3](2020全國Ⅲ卷)Filled with?????? 64???? (curious),the artist packed his bags and left.
簡析:在介詞with后作賓語,用名詞,故填curiosity。
[例4](2020年全國Ⅰ卷)The far side of the moon is of particular ??????64???? (interesting)to scientists because it has a lot of deep craters ...
解析:在介詞of后作賓語,用名詞,名詞前有形容詞particular修飾,即“介詞+形容詞+名詞”,故填interest。此處,of particular interest = particularly interesting。
2. 在形容詞性物主代詞或冠詞后還沒有名詞時,應(yīng)填名詞。
[例5](2017全國Ⅲ卷)She is determined to carry on with her?????? 66???? (educate).
解析:在形容詞性物主代詞(her)后還沒有名詞,要用名詞,故填education。her education作介詞with的賓語。
[例6](2016年全國Ⅲ卷)Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius influenced the?????? 68???? (develop) of chopsticks.
解析:在冠詞(the)后還沒有名詞,應(yīng)用名詞,故填development。the decelopment作及物動詞influenced的賓語。
[例7](2020全國Ⅱ卷)Chinese New Year is a????? 61
(celebrate)marking the end of the winter season and the beginning of spring.
簡析:在冠詞(a)后還沒有名詞,應(yīng)用名詞,故填celebration,后面的making ... 是現(xiàn)在分詞短語作定語。a celebration作表語。
(二)副詞
命題方式:是給出形容詞,要求考生將其變成副詞形式。
思路點(diǎn)撥:修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語或整個句子要用副詞。
[例1](2020全國Ⅲ卷) As the small boat moved???? 68
(gentle)along the river he was left speechless by the mountains being silently reflected in the water.
簡析:修飾動詞moved應(yīng)用副詞形式,故填gently。
[例2](2019年全國Ⅰ卷)It is difficult to figure out a global population of polar bears as much of the range has been
62???? (poor)studied.
簡析:修飾謂語動詞studied,用副詞,故填poorly。
[例3](2020全國Ⅰ卷)Landing on the moons far side is
62???? (extreme)challenging.
簡析:修飾形容詞challenging(有挑戰(zhàn)性的)應(yīng)用副詞,故填extremely。
[例4](2020全國Ⅱ卷)????? 66???? (certain) during the holiday period, this plant is a must.
簡析:修飾全句,應(yīng)用副詞,故填Certainly。
(三)形容詞
命題方式:是給出名詞,要求考生將其變成形容詞形式。
思路點(diǎn)撥:在名詞前作定語,或在連系動詞后作表語,要用形容詞。
[例2](2020新高考Ⅰ卷)In the 18th and 19th centuries,
36???? (wealth) people travelled and collected plants, historical objects and works of art.
簡析:在名詞people前作定語,應(yīng)用形容詞,故填wealthy。
[例1](2019全國Ⅱ卷)We are so proud of her. Its
70???? (wonder).
簡析:在連系動詞be后作表語,要用形容詞,故填wonderful。
(四)動詞
命題方式:是給出名詞,要求考生將其變成動詞形式。
思路點(diǎn)撥:在句中作謂語,或在不定式符號to后,用動詞。到目前為止,只考了1次,要求在不定式符號to后用動詞原形。
(2018全國Ⅰ卷)To avoid knee pain, you can run on soft surfaces, do exercises to?????? 68???? (strength)your leg muscles (肌肉), avoid hills and get good running shoes.
簡析:不定式符號to后接動詞原形表示做運(yùn)動的目的,且根據(jù)后面的賓語your leg muscles可知,此處也應(yīng)用動詞形式,故填strengthen。
二、詞形變化
(一)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式
命題方式:是給出名詞的單數(shù)形式,要求考生將其變成復(fù)數(shù)形式。
思路點(diǎn)撥:空格要填的詞在句中作主語或賓語時,應(yīng)當(dāng)用名詞,而括號中所給詞本身就是名詞,且為單數(shù)形式,很可能就是填其復(fù)數(shù)形式。到底用不用復(fù)數(shù),主要有兩條依據(jù):
1. 根據(jù)主謂一致判斷。
謂語動詞是復(fù)數(shù),可知作主語的名詞也應(yīng)是復(fù)數(shù)。
[例1](2016全國Ⅱ卷)Recent?????? 66???? (study)show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks regularly.
簡析:本句的謂語動詞是show,且為復(fù)數(shù),說明形容詞Recent后的study是名詞,在句中作主語;根據(jù)主謂一致原則,study也應(yīng)當(dāng)用復(fù)數(shù)形式,故填studies。
2. 根據(jù)修飾詞語判斷。
當(dāng)可數(shù)名詞前有表示大于1的few, some, two all, a number of等時,該名詞要用復(fù)數(shù)。
[例2](2018全國Ⅰ卷)Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 that showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all?????? 67???? (cause).
簡析:作介語from的賓語,要用名詞;而cause本身就是名詞,且為單數(shù)形式,很可能是要求變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)形式;由前面的all可知,cause的確應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)形式,故填causes。
(二)謂語動詞
命題方式:是給出動詞,要求考生根據(jù)時態(tài)、語態(tài)或主謂一致等,用其正確的形式填空。
思路點(diǎn)撥:根據(jù)主語與謂語動詞是主動還是被動關(guān)系,判斷語態(tài);根據(jù)主語的單復(fù)數(shù),判斷謂語動詞的數(shù);根據(jù)時間狀語、上下文時間、并列關(guān)系等,判斷時態(tài)。
1. 時態(tài)。
主要有三條依據(jù)。
(1)根據(jù)時間狀語判斷。
[例1](2018全國Ⅱ卷)Since 2011, the country????? 61
(grow)more corn than rice.
簡析:根據(jù)時間狀語since 2011可知,應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài),故填has grown。
[例2](2019全國Ⅱ卷)I love coming here and seeing my family and all the friends I?????? 66???? (make) over the years.
簡析:根據(jù)時間狀語over the years可知,應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài),故填have made。
[例3](2020全國Ⅰ卷)The unmanned Change-4 probe(探測器)—the name was inspired by an ancient Chinese moon goddess—????? 61???? (touch)down last week in the South Pole-Aitken basin.
簡析:根據(jù)時間狀語last week可知,應(yīng)用一般過去時態(tài),故填touched。
(2)根據(jù)上下文一致判斷。
[例4](2020全國Ⅰ卷)“This really excites scientists,” Carle Pieters, a scientist at Brown University, says,“because it
67???? (mean) we have the chance to obtain information about how the moon is constructed.”
簡析:由空格前面的引號內(nèi)的前句(上文)的謂語動詞excites(一般現(xiàn)在時)和空格后面的從句的謂語動詞have和is (一般現(xiàn)在時)可知,mean也應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時,才上下文時態(tài)一致,主語it是第三人稱單數(shù),故填means。
(3)根據(jù)并列一致來判斷。
有并列連詞and或or時,分清誰跟誰并列,并列關(guān)系的兩個動詞,其時態(tài)形式應(yīng)一致。如:
[例5](2020全國Ⅲ卷)When he asked the villagers on the banks of the river where he could find the legendary(傳奇的) artist, they smiled and????? 66???? (point)down the river.
簡析:空格前有and,根據(jù)并列一致原則,動詞point應(yīng)與同它并列的動詞的形式一致;與誰并列?顯然與smiled并列,smiled是一般過去時,所以point也用一般過去時,故填pointed。
2. 語態(tài)。
[例1](2019全國Ⅲ卷)On the last day of our week-long stay, we?????? 69??? (invite) to attend a private concert on a beautiful farm on the North Shore under the stars, listening to musicians and meeting interesting locals.
簡析:主語we與謂語動詞invite之間是被動關(guān)系,要用被動語態(tài);又由時間狀語on the last day of our week-long stay可知,用一般過去時;主語we是復(fù)數(shù),故填were invited。
[例2](2020全國Ⅰ卷)“This really excites scientists,” Carle Pieters, a scientist at Brown University, says,“because it means we have the chance to obtain information about how the moon?????? 68???? (construct).”
簡析:單數(shù)主語the moon和謂語動詞之間是被動關(guān)系,用被動語態(tài);本句是對現(xiàn)在情況的客觀陳述,或根據(jù)上下文時態(tài)一致,可知用一般現(xiàn)在時,故填is constructed。
[例3](2020全國Ⅲ卷)The artist was sure he would
63???? (choose), but when he presented his masterpiece to the emperor's chief minister, the old man laughed.
簡析:句子主語he和謂語動詞choose之間是被動關(guān)系,用被動語態(tài);又因would后用動詞原形,故填be chosen。
3. 主謂一致。
[例1] (2020全國Ⅰ卷)“This really excites scientists,” Carle Pieters, a scientist at Brown University, says,“because it
67 ????(mean)we have the chance to obtain information about how the moon is constructed.”
簡析:本句是對現(xiàn)在情況的客觀陳述,且單數(shù)主語it和謂語動詞mean之間是主動關(guān)系,故填means。
[例2](2020全國Ⅱ卷)This is why decorating with plants, fruits and flowers?????? 62???? (carry)special significance.
簡析:動名詞短語decorating with plants, fruits and flowers作主語,視為單數(shù)形式,根據(jù)上下文時態(tài)一致原則可知用一般現(xiàn)在時,故填carries。
(三)非謂語動詞
命題方式:是給出動詞,要求考生將其變成正確的非謂語動詞形式。
思路點(diǎn)撥:根據(jù)情況用動詞不定式、動名詞或分詞形式。
1. 不定式。
高考考過的有5種情況。
(1)作目的狀語,用不定式。
[例1](2020全國Ⅰ卷)Chinese researchers hope to use the instruments on board Change-4?????? 66???? (find)and study areas of the South Pole-Aitken basin.
簡析:作目的狀語,用不定式,故填to find。
(2)在形容詞后作狀語,用不定式。
[例2](2020全國Ⅱ卷)They are easy????? 68???? (care) for and make great presents.
簡析:在作表語的形容詞后作狀語,用不定式,故填to care。
(3)在want, decide, refuse, plan等詞后,要用不定式。
[例3](2017全國Ⅲ卷)But Sarah, who has taken part in shows along with top models, wants?????? 65???? (prove)that she has brains as well as beauty.
簡析:由want to do sth(想做某事)可知,要用不定式,故填to prove。
[例4](2019全國Ⅱ卷)Picking up her“Lifetime Achievement”award, proud Irene declared she had no plans
65???? (retire) from her 36-year-old business.
簡析:句中plan是名詞,由plan to do sth(做某事的計(jì)劃)可知,填to retire。不定式作定語。
(4)在allow/ permit / advise / request /ask /want / tell /encourage sb to do sth(允許/要求/吩咐/鼓勵某人做事)等結(jié)構(gòu)中做補(bǔ)足語,要用不定式。
(2018全國Ⅲ卷) Once his message was delivered, he allowed me ___________(stay)and watch.
簡析:由allow sb to do sth可知,要用不定式,故填to stay。
(5)在it takes some time to do sth等固定句式中,用不定式。
[例5](2019全國Ⅲ卷)On our way to the house, it was raining so hard that we couldnt help wondering how long it would take????? 62???? (get)there.
簡析:由It takes+時間+to do sth.(做某事花費(fèi)多少時間)可知,用動詞不定式,故填to get。
2. 動名詞。
高考考過的有3種情況。
(1)在avoid, finish, enjoy, suggest, advise, permit等動詞后作賓語,用動名詞。
[例1](2018全國Ⅲ卷)I quickly lower myself, ducking my head to avoid?????? 64??? (look) directly into his eyes so he doesnt feel challenged.
簡析:由avoid doing(避免做某事)可知,用動名詞,故填looking。
(2)在介詞后,且?guī)в袪钫Z或賓語時,要用動名詞。
[例2](2019全國Ⅰ卷) Scientists have responded by
67???? (note) that hungry bears may be congregating(聚集)around human settlements, leading to the illusion(錯覺) that populations are higher than they actually are.
簡析:在介詞by后,且跟有that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句,要用動名詞,故填noting。
(3)并列一致。本條也適合非謂語動詞的其它形式,同時也適合謂語動詞的時態(tài)。
[例3](2020新高考全國Ⅰ卷)As well as looking at exhibits, visitors can play with computer simulations(模擬)and imagine themselves living at a different time in history or?? 43???? (walk)through a rainforest.
簡析:因空格前有并列連詞or,根據(jù)并列一致原則,walk必定與與之并列的某個詞的形式一致,根據(jù)句意可知,與living并列,故填walking。
3. 分詞。
高考考過的有5種情況。
邏輯主語與分詞是主動關(guān)系,用現(xiàn)在分詞;是被動關(guān)系,用過去分詞。
(1)作表語。主語與表語是主動關(guān)系,用現(xiàn)在分詞;是被動關(guān)系,用過去分詞。
[例1](2018年全國Ⅲ卷) I quickly lower myself, ducking my head to avoid looking directly into his eyes so he doesnt feel
65???? (challenge).
簡析:此處表示不直視它的眼睛,它就不會感覺受到挑戰(zhàn),即有被動含義,故用過去分詞challenged作表語。challenge sb意為“向某人挑戰(zhàn)”。
(2)作定語。被修飾的名詞與分詞是主動關(guān)系,用現(xiàn)在分詞;是被動關(guān)系,用過去分詞。
[例2](2016全國Ⅰ卷)But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s, when I was the first Western TV reporter?????? 66???? (permit) to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.
簡析:被修飾名詞the first Western TV reporter和非謂語動詞permit之間是被動關(guān)系,應(yīng)用過去分詞作定語,故填permitted。
[例3](2020全國Ⅱ卷) They represent the earth???? 63
(come)back to life and best wishes for new beginnings.
簡析:被修飾名詞the earth與非謂語動詞come與之間是主動關(guān)系,應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在分詞作后置定語,故填coming。
(3)作狀語。表示伴隨、時間或條件等。句子主語與分詞是主動關(guān)系,用現(xiàn)在分詞;是被動關(guān)系,用過去分詞。
[例4](2019全國Ⅲ卷)On the last day of our week-long stay, we were invited to attend a private concert on a beautiful farm on the North Shore under the stars,?????? 70???? (listen)to musicians and meeting interesting locals.
簡析:句子主語we與listen這個動作是主動關(guān)系,應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在分詞短語作伴隨狀語,故填listening。
(4)作補(bǔ)語。在see sb doing /do /done句型中,作補(bǔ)語的非謂語動詞與賓語,若是被動關(guān)系,用過去分詞;若是主動關(guān)系,用現(xiàn)在分詞表示正在進(jìn)行,用動詞原形表示動作的全過程。
[例5](2020全國Ⅱ卷)They make great gifts and you see them many times?????? 65???? (decorate)with red envelopes and messages of good fortune.
簡析:這是“see+賓語 +賓補(bǔ)”結(jié)構(gòu);非謂語動詞decorate與賓語them(orange trees)之間是被動關(guān)系,應(yīng)用過去分詞作賓補(bǔ),故填decorated。
(5)在“連詞+分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)中。句子主語與分詞是主動關(guān)系,用現(xiàn)在分詞,是被動關(guān)系,用過去分詞。
[例6](2018全國Ⅱ卷)Chinas approach to protecting its environment while?????? 70 ????(feed)its citizens“offers useful lessons for agriculture and food policymakers worldwide,”says the banks Juergen Voegele.
簡析:這是“while+分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)。China和feed之間是主動關(guān)系,應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在分詞,故填feeding。
(四)比較等級
命題方式:是給出形容詞或副詞原級,要求考生將其變成比較級或最高級;或根據(jù)文中的比較級形容詞或副詞,填than(本不在有提示詞之列,但為了方便,在此順便復(fù)習(xí))。
思路點(diǎn)撥:
1. more ... than ...
前有比較級,填than;后有than,用比較級。
[例1](2020全國Ⅰ卷)The far side of the moon is of particular interest to scientists because it has a lot of deep craters (環(huán)形山), more so?????? 65????? the familiar near side.
簡析:由空前的more可知填than。
[例2] (2019全國Ⅰ卷)Scientists have responded by noting that hungry bears may be congregating(聚集)around human settlements, leading to the illusion(錯覺)that populations are
68???? (high)than they actually are.
簡析:根據(jù)空格后的than可知,應(yīng)用比較級,故填higher。
2. 固定短語。
如even worse(更糟糕的是), more than(多于,不只是,非常),less than(少于),no more than(只是)等。
[例3](2017全國Ⅰ卷)Even??????? 66???? (bad),the amount of fast food that people eat goes up.
簡析:副詞even常用來加強(qiáng)比較級的語氣,表示“甚至,還,更加”;由even可知,bad用比較級worse;另外,even worse(更糟糕的是)可作為一個固定短語來記。
[例4](2020全國Ⅱ卷)Orange trees are more????? 64????? decoration; they are a symbol of good fortune and wealth.
簡析:因more than (不只是)為固定詞組,故填than。
3. 最高級+of /in /that ...
根據(jù)表示范圍的介詞短語in /of ... 或that引導(dǎo)的定語從句,或語境暗含范圍,用最高級。
[例5](2018全國Ⅲ卷)That makes her baby scream, and then a 400-pound male appears. He screams the????? 63????? (loud)of all. The noise shakes the trees as the male beats his chest and charges toward me.
簡析:根據(jù)空格后表示范圍的介詞短語of all可知,應(yīng)用loud的最高級形式,故填loudest。
[例6](2020全國Ⅲ卷)One day the emperor wanted to get his portrait(畫像)done so he called all great artists to come and present their?????? 62???? (fine)work, so that he could choose the best.
簡析:根據(jù)語境可知,畫家呈送給皇帝的應(yīng)是自己所有畫中“最好的”作品,后文 the best也是明顯的提示,故填fine的最高級形式finest。
(五)代詞
命題方式:是給出代詞的主格,要求考生用其賓語、物主代詞或反身代詞等形式填空。
思路點(diǎn)撥:分析所填詞在句中的作用,確定填某種形式。
1. 作賓語。
根據(jù)情況用人稱代詞賓語、名詞性物主代詞、反身代詞等。
[例1](2018全國Ⅲ卷)When the gorillas and I frightened each other, I was just glad to find?????? 68???? (they)alive.
簡析:在動詞find后作賓語,要用賓語形式,故填them,指代the gorillas。
[例2](2020新高考全國Ⅰ卷)As well as looking at exhibits, visitors can play with computer simulations(模擬)and imagine?????? 42???? (they)living at a different time in history or walking through a rainforest.
簡析:因句中的they是反指主語visitors的,在及物動詞imagine后作賓語,用反身代詞,故填themselves。
2. 作定語。
用形容詞性物主代詞。
[例3](2020全國Ⅰ卷)Data about the moons composition, such as how much ice and other treasures it contains, could help China decide whether??????? 70???? (it)plans for a future lunar(月球的)base are practical.
簡析:在名詞plans前作定語,應(yīng)用形容詞性物主代詞,故填its。
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