梅新林
1904年,蔡元培在上海發(fā)起成立光復(fù)會(huì),并任會(huì)長(zhǎng),以“光復(fù)漢族,還我山河,以身許國(guó),功成身退”為宗旨,同時(shí)親自參與研制炸彈等武器,彰顯了被后世稱(chēng)為“學(xué)界泰斗、人世楷模”的大教育家勇烈的一面。這應(yīng)歸因于晚清特定時(shí)代風(fēng)云的激勵(lì),但也同樣可以隱約聽(tīng)到春秋時(shí)代越王勾踐臥薪嘗膽精神的遠(yuǎn)古回響,由此可見(jiàn)文化精神穿越時(shí)空的巨大能量。
亦劍亦簫:
江南文化精神的意象提煉
追本溯源,孕育和興盛于長(zhǎng)三角地區(qū)的江南文化,主要是由先秦吳越文化所奠定的。春秋后期,越王勾踐與吳王闔閭、夫差父子通過(guò)相互征戰(zhàn),分別確立了吳越文化的兩大支系,同時(shí)也是長(zhǎng)期影響后代江南文化的兩大淵源。然而由于吳越遠(yuǎn)離中原文化中心,普遍崇尚“斷發(fā)文身”之習(xí)俗,具有好劍尚武之精神。而后至東晉建都建康,終于通過(guò)南北文化的深度融合,而實(shí)現(xiàn)了由武而文、由剛而柔的歷史性轉(zhuǎn)變。但是這種好劍尚武之精神不僅沒(méi)有真正消失,而且會(huì)在重大歷史轉(zhuǎn)折中出現(xiàn)周期性的爆發(fā),于是形成了“武——文”“剛——柔”的二重變奏。
由江南文化精神“武——文”
“剛——柔”的二重變奏,不禁聯(lián)想到反復(fù)重現(xiàn)于近代江南名士、啟蒙思想家龔自珍詩(shī)中的“劍——簫”這對(duì)核心意象,其中最為典型的是作于清代道光三年(1823)的《漫感》詩(shī):“絕域從軍計(jì)惘然,東南幽恨滿(mǎn)詞箋。一簫一劍平生意,負(fù)盡狂名十五年?!?/p>
作者有感于西北邊疆與東南沿海的危機(jī),深懷抑郁而悲憤的心情,唱出了自己仗劍從軍、賦詩(shī)憂(yōu)國(guó)而又無(wú)所作為的慷慨悲歌。與“劍”相聯(lián)的是壯烈、陽(yáng)剛、豪放,與簫相聯(lián)的是靈性、陰柔、婉約;“劍”喻抱負(fù),“簫”喻詩(shī)魂;“劍”喻狂放,“簫”喻纏綿,由此構(gòu)成壯懷報(bào)國(guó)之劍氣與幽情賦詩(shī)之簫心的奇妙組合。
一簫一劍,這所體現(xiàn)出的吳越文化好劍輕死、血族復(fù)仇的尚武精神——“劍”的精神,與江南文化的另一種精神——“簫”的精神的組合,誠(chéng)為深入探索詩(shī)人隱秘心曲的核心標(biāo)識(shí),同時(shí)也有助于更好地把握和辨析江南文化精神的二重變奏。
先劍后簫:
江南文化精神的歷史演變
江南文化精神先“劍”后“簫”的歷史演變,與兩個(gè)關(guān)鍵性的時(shí)間節(jié)點(diǎn)有關(guān)。
第一個(gè)時(shí)間節(jié)點(diǎn)是春秋后期。吳、越躋身列強(qiáng)既是始于西周的吳越文化迅速崛起并結(jié)出輝煌成果的重要標(biāo)志,同時(shí)也由此確立吳越文化重劍輕死、血族復(fù)仇的尚武精神——“劍”之精神核心。
《漢書(shū)·地理志》:“吳、粵(越)之君皆好勇,故其民至今好用劍,輕死易發(fā)”,可見(jiàn)吳越同樣擁有好劍輕死的尚武精神。的確,從春秋時(shí)代吳、越國(guó)鑄劍業(yè)的高度發(fā)達(dá)來(lái)看,隱藏在其背后的也是民風(fēng)的強(qiáng)悍與好劍輕死的尚武精神,因?yàn)殍T劍業(yè)的發(fā)達(dá)既需要精湛工藝的支撐,但更需要民風(fēng)尚武的激勵(lì)。
但相比之下,以越國(guó)尚武精神更為強(qiáng)烈,《呂氏春秋·季秋紀(jì)·順民》有載:齊國(guó)“先君有遺令曰:無(wú)攻越,越猛虎也”;《左傳·定公十四年》有載:越王勾踐在槜李之戰(zhàn)中啟用一群囚犯跑到吳軍陣前,站成三排,一陣狂呼,然后引頸自戕,最后導(dǎo)致闔閭兵敗身亡;至于越王勾踐敗于吳王夫差之后,臥薪嘗膽,復(fù)仇雪恥,最后消滅吳國(guó),稱(chēng)霸中原,更是經(jīng)過(guò)不斷的傳播而家喻戶(hù)曉、代代相傳。
第二個(gè)時(shí)間節(jié)點(diǎn)是六朝時(shí)期,由“永嘉之亂”而引發(fā)的北方移民大浪潮的興起,以及隨后的晉室南渡,建都建康,中國(guó)文化軸心首次出現(xiàn)南北轉(zhuǎn)移。在吳越本土文化與中原移民文化交融與重建的過(guò)程中,南遷的北方士族與江南優(yōu)美山水的交融,為源遠(yuǎn)流長(zhǎng)的吳越文化逐步注入了“士族精神、書(shū)生氣質(zhì)”,所謂“江南佳麗地,金陵帝王州”(謝朓《入朝曲》),更多地趨于對(duì)清談內(nèi)斂與入世享受兩相交融的審美追求,這一由武而文、由剛而柔亦即由“劍”而“簫”的重大變化,也正好反映了從遠(yuǎn)古吳越文化向新的江南文化的歷史性轉(zhuǎn)型。
陳正祥《中國(guó)文化地理》謂西晉末“永嘉之亂”、唐代“安史之亂”、北宋末“靖康之難”,為逼使中國(guó)文化中心南遷的三次波瀾。如果說(shuō)第一次波瀾標(biāo)志著由古老吳越文化催生和發(fā)展為新型江南文化,以及“劍—簫”精神轉(zhuǎn)型的初步完成,那么,其后的兩次波瀾即是沿著這一方向不斷向前推進(jìn),至南宋之后終成定局。
南劍北簫:
江南文化精神的空間差異
在江南文化精神亦“劍”亦“簫”的二重演繹中,與時(shí)間上先“劍”后“簫”的歷史演變相呼應(yīng),在空間上則呈現(xiàn)為南“劍”北“簫”的地域差異。
由于吳越地理相鄰,語(yǔ)言相通,文化相融,所以后人以吳、越之文化并稱(chēng)為吳越文化。
但比較一下南越北吳的地域特點(diǎn),越地多山,相對(duì)封閉;吳地多水,相對(duì)平坦,所以吳地民風(fēng)稍顯平和,而越地民風(fēng)則更為強(qiáng)悍。
再就與中原文化關(guān)系而論,北吳較之南越與中原地緣更近,也更易受到中原文化的輻射與影響。從公元前1123年周太伯?dāng)y弟仲雍逃到荊蠻句吳,建立吳國(guó),“數(shù)年之間,人民殷富,教化大治。東南禮樂(lè),實(shí)始基焉”(東漢吳郡太守麋豹《泰伯墓碑記》)。到公元前544年季札奉命使魯,在魯國(guó)觀樂(lè)所顯示的非凡音樂(lè)素養(yǎng),都可證明吳國(guó)在與中原文化互動(dòng)相融中深受后者的影響。
以此反觀越國(guó),無(wú)論是《呂氏春秋·遇合篇》謂“客有以吹籟見(jiàn)越王者,羽、角、宮、徵、商不繆,越王不善,為野音,而反善之”,還是《越絕書(shū)》載勾踐遷都瑯琊后孔子曾往謁見(jiàn),為述五帝三王之道,勾踐以俗異為由辭謝之,都可說(shuō)明越國(guó)更注重本土文化,也更堅(jiān)守自己的“土著”特色。
然后至六朝時(shí)期建都建康,全國(guó)文化中心首次南遷江南,也是江南北部的吳文化傳統(tǒng)最先受到中原文化的深度改造,中經(jīng)南宋建都臨安的第二次全國(guó)文化中心南遷江南,再到明代以首都——陪都南京引領(lǐng)江南文化走向鼎盛,以及近代之后全國(guó)文化中心的東移上海并進(jìn)而發(fā)展為海派文化,都充分凸顯了江南文化精神南“劍”北“簫”的空間差異,也就是說(shuō),在亦“劍”亦“簫”的二重組合與演繹中,吳“簫”多于“劍”,而越則“劍”多于“簫”。
內(nèi)劍外簫:
江南文化精神的共性特點(diǎn)
無(wú)論是時(shí)間上的先“劍”后“簫”,還是空間上的南“劍”北“簫”,就江南文化精神的共性特點(diǎn)而言,最為核心的是內(nèi)“劍”外“簫”。
從春秋到六朝時(shí)代,江南文化精神在完成由“劍”而“簫”的歷史性轉(zhuǎn)型之際,也同時(shí)實(shí)現(xiàn)了內(nèi)“劍”外“簫”的歷史性重構(gòu),是內(nèi)“劍”外“簫”的精神重構(gòu)。因?yàn)楸M管六朝時(shí)期江南文化發(fā)生了由武而文、由剛而柔的重大變化,但發(fā)源于遠(yuǎn)古吳越本土文化的重劍輕死、血族復(fù)仇的尚武精神,作為一種精神基因與原型依然代代相傳而未嘗中斷。
尤其是每當(dāng)社會(huì)發(fā)生變局之際,這種尚武的基因與原型就會(huì)被迅速激活迸發(fā)出耀眼的光輝。即便在“簫”多于“劍”的吳文化區(qū)域,暫且不論元末常州以?xún)扇f(wàn)義軍堅(jiān)守半年抵抗20萬(wàn)元軍的圍攻,清初慘遭“揚(yáng)州十日”“嘉定三屠”之際兩地居民爆發(fā)出視死如歸、氣壯山河的英雄氣概,也不論東林、復(fù)社文人群體前仆后繼、反抗專(zhuān)制的錚錚鐵骨,即便如祝允明、文征明、唐寅等江南才子,也是華艷其外,傲骨其中,具有強(qiáng)烈的反權(quán)威意識(shí)。此乃內(nèi)“劍”外“簫”、似“簫”實(shí)“劍”也。
到了近代的海派文化,也是在由“劍”而“簫”的整體趨求中,充分彰顯了獨(dú)立、自強(qiáng)、愛(ài)國(guó)的精神面貌,直至以中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨誕生為標(biāo)志的紅色文化的興起,都充分彰顯了海派文化精神的另一層面——“劍”的精神。在近代,古越之地的紹興,蔡元培、陶成章、徐錫麟、秋瑾等一批光復(fù)會(huì)中堅(jiān)力量,組織民眾以各種剛烈的方式,在反清斗爭(zhēng)中完成了從傳統(tǒng)江南文化的“劍”精神與紅色文化的銜接與轉(zhuǎn)化。
(本文圖片提供:CFP)
Historically, Jiangnan started with wars in the Spring and Autumn centuries that spanned the first half of the Eastern Zhou, that is, from 770-746AD. Two of the Five Overlords of the Spring and Autumn Period founded and ruled the Wu Kingdom and the Yue Kingdom respectively in the regions in the south of the Yangtze River Delta. The people in this part of China set a great store by martial qualities. In retrospect, these centuries are symbolized by the sword.?
The turning point of history came when the Eastern Jin was founded in Jiankang (present-day Nanjing) and ruled Jiangnan from 317 to 420. This dynasty was founded by the power from the north. They fled when the Western Jin collapsed. These from the central plains brought the finest of the Chinese culture to the south, adding a new chapter to the history of Jiangnan and transforming the region forever. The cultural part of Jiangnan is symbolized by , a vertical bamboo flute.
The spirit of Jiangnan is represented by the sword and the flute. Both the martial qualities and cultured temperament are two important components of the Jiangnan persona. Gong Zizhen (1792-1841), a poet and renaissance thinker of Jiangnan, discussed the sword and the flute repetitively in his poems.
The evolution of the spirit of Jiangnan can be seen in history. Historically, the sword came first and culture came later.
History has long stories and accounts about the Wu Kingdom (12th century-473BC) and the Yue Kingdom (2032-222BC) where military conquests occurred and revenge occurred. After what is now known as “Yongjia Turmoil” (307-311) in the north, large numbers of northerners fled to the south, bringing the northern cultural wealth to Jiangnan. This started a cultural transformation. Two other major tumults followed: the An-Shi Rebellion (755-763) that crippled the Tang Dynasty, and the Jingkang Calamity (1127) which marked the crash of the Northern Song and the beginning of the Southern Song. Altogether, the three chaoses brought the best of Chinese culture to the south, which eventually civilized the Jiangnan in the northern style and culturally transformed Jiangnan forever.
Spatially, Jiangnan was once composed of the Wu Kingdom in the north of Jiangnan and the Yue Kingdom in the south. Today, “Wu Yue” is a term often applied collectively to the whole Jiangnan in a discussion of culture and history. There are cultural differences even within Jiangnan. The Wu region had closer ties with the north and therefore was more influenced by the north. The Yue region in the south of Jiangnan clung more closely to its native cultural roots. Some scholars suggest, in terms of the sword and the flute, the Wu region in the north of Jiangnan was more flute than sword and the Yue was more sword than flute.
The spirit of Jiangnan is characterized by the sword within and the flute without. Though Jiangnan is known as a region of prosperity, historically people fought heroically in face of disasters. For example, in 1275, twenty thousand volunteers resisted a siege of 200,000 Yuan soldiers in Changzhou for half a year. In the early years of the Qing Dynasty, local residents resisted the Qing so stubbornly that the Qing army carried out a 10-day massacre in Yangzhou and carried out three massacres in Jiading. A closer look at the heroes over the past centuries reveals that the people in Jiangnan are still all the sword in face of hard times. There is a long list of heroes in Jiangnan who fought to overthrow the Qing in the early years of the 20th century. The birth of the Communist Party of China in Shanghai gives a strong testimonial to the sword side of the Jiangnan: independence, patriotism, self-improvement, iron-will to change the world, etc.