十三國(guó)博物館聯(lián)展絲綢之路
——超越國(guó)界的濃郁“中國(guó)風(fēng)”

絲綢之路留下的文明燦爛而輝煌，歷史上的各民族在往來(lái)與交流中傳遞著自己的文化，經(jīng)由時(shí)光沉淀，留給世界豐厚的文化遺產(chǎn)，“絲綢之路”正是文明交匯、文化互鑒的重要橋梁。4月11日至7月14日，“殊方共享——絲綢之路國(guó)家博物館文物精品展”在中國(guó)國(guó)家博物館舉辦。本次展覽是中國(guó)國(guó)家博物館于2018年11月?tīng)款^舉辦“首屆絲綢之路國(guó)際博物館聯(lián)盟大會(huì)”后簽屬的展覽聯(lián)盟框架協(xié)議的具體舉措。展覽由中國(guó)國(guó)家博物館聯(lián)合“一帶一路”沿線(xiàn)的柬埔寨、日本、哈薩克斯坦等國(guó)家的12座國(guó)家博物館共同舉辦，展出了包括中國(guó)國(guó)家博物館在內(nèi)的13家博物館的珍貴文物，共計(jì)234件（套），是一場(chǎng)絢爛多彩的國(guó)際文化的盛宴。

12個(gè)絲路國(guó)家?guī)?lái)了橫跨歐亞的文明成果，以“陸上絲綢之路”和“海上絲綢之路”兩大板塊串起各國(guó)歷經(jīng)不斷地文化融合與碰撞所誕生出的波瀾壯闊的畫(huà)面。中國(guó)國(guó)家博物館館長(zhǎng)王春法表示：“兩條絲綢之路是在漫長(zhǎng)的歷史發(fā)展中逐漸形成的，張騫、班超、鄭和、馬可·波羅等古代先賢為開(kāi)拓文化長(zhǎng)廊做出重要貢獻(xiàn)。綿亙數(shù)萬(wàn)里、延續(xù)兩千年的古代絲綢之路已形成跨越時(shí)空、超越國(guó)界、富有永恒魅力、具有當(dāng)代價(jià)值的絲路精神。”

展覽的最大亮點(diǎn)無(wú)疑是各國(guó)帶來(lái)的文物珍品，在遴選時(shí)也是從地域獨(dú)特性和絲路連續(xù)性?xún)煞矫孢M(jìn)行考量，據(jù)中國(guó)國(guó)家博物館國(guó)際聯(lián)絡(luò)部副主任、展覽策展人閆志表示：“展出的文物體現(xiàn)了本國(guó)在‘絲綢之路’歷史中的價(jià)值地位，既要有本國(guó)文明的特色，也要體現(xiàn)該國(guó)與中國(guó)文明的關(guān)聯(lián)以及和其他絲路地區(qū)的聯(lián)系?！北热缍砹_斯圖爾賓諾文化影響之大，在我國(guó)新疆、甘肅、青海地區(qū)都有存在，體現(xiàn)早期絲綢之路的貢獻(xiàn)。而柬埔寨帶來(lái)的前吳哥時(shí)期文明，也可以明顯看出中國(guó)、印度兩國(guó)文化的影響：既有印度的特色，細(xì)節(jié)之處也能找到中國(guó)風(fēng)的元素。而日本帶來(lái)的建窯天目盞，更是中國(guó)宋代茶風(fēng)盛行對(duì)日本茶道深遠(yuǎn)影響的直接體現(xiàn)。此外，拉脫維亞、羅馬尼亞帶來(lái)的克拉克瓷，反映了古中國(guó)海外貿(mào)易的重要?dú)v程。每一個(gè)國(guó)家不僅展現(xiàn)其文明的獨(dú)特性，也表現(xiàn)出了與世界文明的交融互通，這便是絲路精神最真實(shí)的還原。

在展廳中不難發(fā)現(xiàn)絲路國(guó)家對(duì)中國(guó)文化的崇尚。我們可以看到波蘭博物館帶來(lái)的展品有濃郁的“中國(guó)風(fēng)”。展出的歐洲庭院里的中式?jīng)鐾ぴO(shè)計(jì)圖和中式橋梁設(shè)計(jì)圖版畫(huà)，以及另一件中國(guó)風(fēng)格的伊朗瓷盤(pán)，在某種程度上體現(xiàn)了當(dāng)?shù)厝藢?duì)中國(guó)古代歷史和多元文化的迷戀。除了展示絲路各國(guó)與中國(guó)的關(guān)系外，具有各民族特色的文物也是本次展覽的亮點(diǎn)。

由于展品時(shí)間、空間、地理跨度之大，且涉及多國(guó)，因此布展方面也是精心設(shè)計(jì)。策展團(tuán)隊(duì)根據(jù)色彩和背景著重體現(xiàn)絲綢之路“網(wǎng)絡(luò)化”和“帶狀化”的特點(diǎn)。打破人們對(duì)“海絲”“路絲”慣有的“海洋”“沙漠”的思維?！瓣懮辖z綢之路”不僅途經(jīng)荒漠，路過(guò)西亞也有草原、綠洲，抵達(dá)歐洲還有森林與河谷，至于“海上絲綢之路”，古人需要依托大陸沿線(xiàn)和各國(guó)家已知、未知的港口進(jìn)行航海，離開(kāi)港口駛?cè)胗《妊筮€會(huì)依靠季風(fēng)，實(shí)際也是多種文明的交匯。展品類(lèi)別的豐富多樣也象征著絲路旅途中的諸多奇遇和瑰寶。

在展陳設(shè)計(jì)方面，一方面需要展示多國(guó)文化的豐富多樣性，因此展品陳列序列、各種展柜、視覺(jué)節(jié)奏都經(jīng)過(guò)精心設(shè)計(jì)；另一方面如此多的國(guó)家、多種類(lèi)文物匯聚在有限的空間內(nèi)，避免視覺(jué)的“碎片化”也是很重要的。“路上絲綢之路”板塊使用深綠色展墻，“海上絲綢之路”板塊使用深紅色展墻，也是對(duì)兩個(gè)板塊的清晰呈現(xiàn)。

展覽的主題“殊方共享”就是要讓世界人民共享人類(lèi)文明之光。多彩文明的交相輝映，體現(xiàn)的不僅是人類(lèi)智慧創(chuàng)造的輝煌歷史，也有中國(guó)國(guó)家博物館在秉持用文化構(gòu)建人類(lèi)命運(yùn)共同體的價(jià)值觀。王春法表示：“唐朝詩(shī)人王維詩(shī)有‘人作殊方語(yǔ)，鶯為舊國(guó)聲’之句。展覽以絲路精神，旨在通過(guò)凸顯‘一帶一路’沿線(xiàn)各文明之間在藝術(shù)及技術(shù)方面的融合與互鑒，揭示出構(gòu)建人類(lèi)命運(yùn)共同體是世界未來(lái)發(fā)展的大勢(shì)。”

文物是會(huì)說(shuō)話(huà)的，擁有永恒魅力的藝術(shù)會(huì)跨越千山萬(wàn)水，克服語(yǔ)言的障礙向我們展示人類(lèi)文明的燦爛輝煌。雖然展覽呈現(xiàn)的國(guó)家文化異彩紛呈，但欣賞過(guò)后最終引入一個(gè)主題：那些升華為各民族智慧結(jié)晶的文明終將屬于全人類(lèi)。我們?nèi)缃窨梢栽跉W洲的博物館看到亞洲藝術(shù)，在國(guó)內(nèi)的博物館欣賞西方藝術(shù)精品，正是文化互通的表現(xiàn)。

The civilization left by the Silk Road is splendid.The various ethnic groups conveying their own culture in exchanges in history have created rich cultural heritage for the whole world as times passed,echoing that the "Silk Road" is an important bridge for the intersection of civilizations and mutual learning amongst cultures. From April 11thto July 14th,"Sharing a Common Future - Exhibition of Treasures from National Museums along the Silk Road" has been held at the National Museum of China,marking a concrete measure of the exhibition alliance framework agreement signed by the National Museum of China after the "1stConference of the International Alliance of Museums of the Silk Road" held in November 2018. The exhibition has been jointly organized by the National Museum of China and 12 national museums of Cambodia,Japan,Kazakhstan and other countries along the "Belt and Road",featuring precious cultural relics from 13 museums including the National Museum of China,a total of 234 pieces (sets),a feast of a splendid culture of the world.

The 12 countries along the Silk Road have brought their achievements of civilization across Europe and Asia,to form a brilliant picture that originated from the continuous cultural integration and collision of different countries on the two major plates of the "Land Silk Road" and the "Maritime Silk Road". Wang Chunfa,director of the National Museum of China,said: "The two Silk Roads were gradually formed during the long historical development.The ancient sages,such as Zhang Qian,Ban Chao,Zheng He and Marco Polo,have made important contributions to the development of the cultural corridors. The ancient Silk Road,lasting thousands of miles in distance and two thousand years in time,has formed a Silk Road spirit that transcends time,space and national borders,showcasing eternal charm and contemporary value."

The most stunning highlight of the exhibition is undoubtedly the treasures of cultural relics from various countries,selected on the basis of their regional uniqueness and continuity of Silk Road. According to Yan Zhi,deputy-director of the International Liaison Department of the National Museum of China and the exhibition curator,"the cultural relics on display,reflecting the value of the country in the history of the Silk Road,must have the characteristics of its own civilization,as well as its connection with Chinese civilization and links with other regions along the Silk Road." For example,the influence of the Russian Turbino culture has also existed in Xinjiang,Gansu and Qinghai,reflecting the contribution of the Silk Road at early times. The pre-Angkor period civilization brought by Cambodia can also clearly present the influence of Chinese and Indian cultures: featuring both Indian characteristics and elements of Chinese style in details. The kiln-built cup brought by Japan is a direct reflection of the profound influence of the tea culture of the Song Dynasty on the Japanese tea ceremony.In addition,the Kraak porcelain brought by Latvia and Romania reflects the important course of China's ancient overseas trade. Each country not only demonstrates the uniqueness of its civilization,but also shows their integration with world civilization,which is the most authentic restoration of the spirit of the Silk Road.

It is not difficult to find the admiration of countries along the Silk Road for the Chinese culture in the exhibition hall. We can see that the exhibits brought by the Polish Museum showcase a strong "Chinese style". The Chinese pavilion design and Chinese bridge design drawings in the European courtyard on display,as well as another Chinese-style Iranian porcelain plate,to some extent,reflect local people's fascination with ancient Chinese history and multiculturalism. In addition to showing the relationship between Silk Road countries and China,cultural relics with various national characteristics are also the highlights of this exhibition.

Due to the large timeline,space and geographical span of the exhibits,the exhibition is also carefully designed in layout. The curatorial team emphasizes the characteristics of the "networking" and "banding" of the Silk Road based on color and background,breaking people's thinking about the "ocean" and "desert" concerning the "Maritime Silk Road" and the "Silk Road". The "Silk Road" not only passes through the desert,but also the grasslands and oases in regions of West Asia,and also forests and river valleys when it reaches Europe. As for the "Maritime Silk Road",the ancients need to rely on the ports along the mainland and the known and unknown ports of various countries. The departure from the ports into the Indian Ocean also depends on the monsoon,which is actually the intersection of multiple civilizations. The variety of exhibit categories also symbolizes all the adventures and treasures along the spectacular journey.

In terms of exhibition design,on one hand,as it is necessary to display the rich diversity of multinational cultures,the exhibition sequence,various booths and visual rhythms have been subtlely designed; on the other hand,it is also important to avoid visual "fragmentation"as so many countries and various kinds of cultural relics are gathered in a limited space. The "Silk Road" section employs a dark green exhibition wall,while the deep red is used at the "Maritime Silk Road" section,a clear representation of the two plates.

The theme of the exhibition,"Sharing a Common Future",is committed to letting the people of the world share the light of human civilization. This exhibition of colorful civilizations reflects not only the glorious history of human wisdom,but also the orientation of the National Museum of China in the course of building a community of shared future for mankind with the help of cultural exchanges. Wang Chunfa said: "The poet Wang Weishi of the Tang Dynasty has chanted the sentences of 'Peoples Use Different Languages,But Birds Singing Rhythms of Old Towns'. The exhibition,based on the spirit of the Silk Road,aims at highlighting the integration and mutual learning of artistic and technical aspects of civilizations along the 'Belt and Road' to reveal the fact that building a community of shared future for mankind is the general trend of the future development of the whole world."

Cultural relics have their own languages,and the art with eternal charm will span thousands of mountains and waters and overcome the obstacles of languages to show people the splendor of human civilization. Each of the national cultures presented in the exhibition are so splendid,however,the audiedce will understand this truth at the end of the visit: those civilizations that sublimate into the wisdom of all nations will eventually belong to all mankind. People can now admire the Asian art in European museums,and appreciate the Western art in domestic museums,simply because of cultural integration.