善用這三點(diǎn)，巧選過渡句

羅麗雯

全國(guó)卷中的“七選五”是在一篇短文中抽出五句話，抽走的句子可能在段首、段中或段尾。段首一般是主題句或總起句，段末（文末）一般是總結(jié)性的句子。這些我們一般容易得分。因而本文主要討論的是，當(dāng)抽出的句子出現(xiàn)于段中時(shí)，我們應(yīng)如何解決。

一、善用“逗號(hào)”

我們來看如下兩道真題：

2015年全國(guó)I卷

Training for a marathon requires careful preparation and steady， gradual increases in the length of the runs. ? ?36 ? ?， buy the best-fitting， best-built running shoes you can find.

During the first week， do not think about distance， but run five minutes longer each day. ? ?38 ? ?， it is wise to take a day off to rest.

A. After six days

B. For a good marathon runner

C. Before you begin your training

D. With each day， increase the distance by a half mile

E. If they still feel good， you can begin running in them

F. Time spent for preparation raises the quality of training

G. Now you are ready to figure out a goal of improving distance and time

2018年全國(guó)I卷

Color is fundamental in home design-something youll always have in every room. A grasp of how to manage color in your spaces is one of the first steps to creating rooms youll love to live in. Do you want a room thats full of life？Professional？Or are you just looking for a place to relax after a long day？ ? 36 ? ， color is the key to make a room feel the way you want it to feel.

Over the years， there have been a number of different techniques to help designers approach this important point. ? ?37 ? ， they can get a little complex. But good news is that therere really only three kinds of decisions you need to make about color in your home： the small ones， the medium ones， and the large ones.

A. While all of them are useful

B. Whatever youre looking for

C. If youre experimenting with a color

D. Small color choices are the ones were most familiar with

E. Its not really a good idea to use too many small color pieces

F. So it pays to be sure， because you want to get it right the first time

G. Color choices in this range are a step up from the small ones in two major ways

不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，這四個(gè)空有著相同的特點(diǎn)，那就是劃線后有個(gè)逗號(hào)，后面跟的是一個(gè)句子。如果遇到這樣的設(shè)空，選項(xiàng)的范圍馬上就縮小了。因?yàn)檫@說明選項(xiàng)要么是“非句子”，如果是句子，則需要有連詞。因此，2015年高考題的36空，只剩下A， B， C可以選擇，而后再利用段首的requires careful preparation，我們可以鎖定C Before you begin your training，因?yàn)闇?zhǔn)備事項(xiàng)是發(fā)生在跑步之前的。而37空，同理，也只有A， B， C可以選項(xiàng)，再利用上下文的During the first week，take a day off，鎖定A，因?yàn)橐恢苤挥?天，1天休息，那就是6天之后。

2018年高考題的36空，同理，我們剩下A， B， C可以選擇。再利用前兩句的“Do you want a room ...”，“Or are you just looking for a place ...”鎖定B. Whatever youre looking for，內(nèi)容與上文承接。至于37題，可以利用代詞they，我們嘗試將A代入原文，從句意來看“盡管所有（的辦法）都有用，但是可能有點(diǎn)復(fù)雜”，意思上說得通，且下文還有“But good news is that ...”更確定A為正確答案?！卜椒ㄓ杏?，但有些復(fù)雜。可是好消息是（即使復(fù)雜）你所要做的決定只有三種〕

筆者認(rèn)為這樣的題目屬于容易得分的題目，逗號(hào)雖不起眼，卻也有它微妙之處?？忌鷤冇龅竭@樣的題目一定要爭(zhēng)取拿分。

二、善用“句式”

2016年全國(guó)I卷

A code uses symbols to replace words， phrases， or sentences. To read the message of a real code， you must have a code book. ? ?39 ? ?For example，“bridge”might stand for“meet”and“out”might stand for“me.”The message“Bridge out”would actually mean“Meet me.” ? 40 ? ?However， it is also hard to keep a code book secret for long. So codes must be changed frequently.

A. It is very hard to break a code without the code book.

B. In any language， some letters are used more than others.

C. Only people who know the keyword can read the message.

D. As long as there have been codes， people have tried to break them.

E. You can hide a message by having the first letters of each word spell it out.

F. With a code book， you might write down words that would stand for other words.

G. Another way to hide a message is to use symbols to stand for specific letters of the alphabet.

第40也是一個(gè)過渡句，且根據(jù)however我們知道抽出的句子是與后面的句子成轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系。但若再觀察，我們會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)選項(xiàng)中A所用的句式跟however后的句子是一樣的，it is hard to do ... . However， it is also hard to do ...，最后串句成段：“沒有密碼本，很難解密。但也很難長(zhǎng)久地?！堋?，意思上正確，確定A。

2018年全國(guó)Ⅱ卷

If you are already making the time to exercise，it is good indeed！With such busy lives， it can be hard to try and find the time to work out. ? ?36 ? Working out in the morning provides additional benefits beyond being physically fit.

A. You will stick to your diet.

B. Your quality of sleep improves.

C. You prefer healthy food to fast food.

D. There is no reason you should exercise the morning.

E. You can keep your head clear for 4-10 hours after exercise.

F. After you exercise， you continue to burn calories throughout the day.

G. If you are planning to do exercise regularly or youre doing it now， then listen up！

通過閱讀上文，可知是與鍛煉有關(guān)的話題。且這一段是全文第一段，屬于總起段，選項(xiàng)A提到diet， 選項(xiàng)B提到quality of sleep， 選項(xiàng)C提到food等，其實(shí)都屬于提到比較細(xì)節(jié)的內(nèi)容，很少會(huì)放在第一段。再仔細(xì)閱讀，不難發(fā)現(xiàn)選項(xiàng)G的句式與段首的句式相似，If you are（already）doing ...，代入原文：如果你已經(jīng)能騰出時(shí)間鍛煉，很好！畢竟生活繁忙，我們很難擠出時(shí)間鍛煉。如果計(jì)劃長(zhǎng)期鍛煉或者你已經(jīng)這樣做了，聽好了！在早上鍛煉的話，你所得到的好處遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不止身體健康這么簡(jiǎn)單。上下文通順，鎖定答案G。

2019年全國(guó)Ⅱ卷

Another way of setting realistic goals is to analyze your short and long term objectives， keeping in mind your beliefs， values and strengths. Remember that goals are flexible.

39 ? ?They also need to be measurable. You must keep these points in mind while setting your goals.

A. This can affect your work.

B. So how should you motivate yourself？

C. However， this should not discourage you.

D. So why should we try to set specific goals？

E. They can change according to circumstances.

F. Motivation is what you need most to do a good job.

G. Without motivation you can neither set a goal nor reach it.

“goals are flexible”，劃空后是“They also need to be measurable”，不難利用代詞they和句式確定E為正確答案。

這一類題給考生留下足夠的線索，考生如果發(fā)現(xiàn)有些選項(xiàng)的句式跟短文的上下文相似，可以把它作為備選。但考試說明指出：閱讀“主要考查考生對(duì)文章的整體內(nèi)容和結(jié)構(gòu)及上下文邏輯意義的理解和掌握?！保浴岸禾?hào)”“句式”它們是幫助我們迅速解題的依據(jù)，但我們也不能這樣輕率地確定答案，依然得將選項(xiàng)句子代入原文去判斷，看是否上下文通順、有意義。

三、善于“概括”

2016年全國(guó)I卷

A code uses symbols to replace words， phrases， or sentences. To read the message of a real code， you must have a code book. ? ? 39 ? ?For example，“bridge”might stand for“meet”and“out”might stand for“me.”The message“Bridge out”would actually mean “Meet me.” ? 40 ? ?However， it is also hard to keep a code book secret for long. So codes must be changed frequently.

A. It is very hard to break a code without the code book.

B. In any language， some letters are used more than others.

C. Only people who know the keyword can read the message.

D. As long as there have been codes， people have tried to break them.

E. You can hide a message by having the first letters of each word spell it out.

F. With a code book， you might write down words that would stand for other words.

G. Another way to hide a message is to use symbols to stand for specific letters of the alphabet.

第39空，利用上文“you must have a code book”，我們將A， F這兩個(gè)含有”code book”的選項(xiàng)作為備選，利用下文For example，“bridge”might stand for“meet”and“out”might stand for“me.”，確定F為正確答案：有了密碼本，你可以寫下一些詞，這些詞本身另有含義。比如，“bridge”可能代表“meet”，“out”代表”Me”。

因?yàn)镕or example的出現(xiàn)，表明下文即將對(duì)上文作出解釋，邏輯上是有關(guān)系的。而筆者認(rèn)為，既然下文是對(duì)上文的具體化描述，那劃空句可以理解為概括句（只是概括的內(nèi)容相對(duì)較少），所以概括句未必一定就是在段首，段中也有可能。再看下面這個(gè)例子。

2017年全國(guó)I卷

The friends who introduced me to camping thought that it meant to be a pioneer.

37 ? ?We slept ?in ?a ?tent， cooked over an open fire， and walked a long distance to take the shower and use the bathroom. This brief visit with Mother Nature cost me two days off from work， recovering from a bad case of sunburn and the doctors bill for my sons food poisoning.

A. This time there was no tent.

B. Things are going to be improved.

C. The trip they took me on was a rough one.

D. I was to learn a lot about camping since then，however.

E. I must say that I have certainly come to enjoy camping.

F. After the trip， my family became quite interested in camping.

G. There was no shade as the trees were no more than 3 feet tall.

第37空，劃線后描述的是作者露營(yíng)的情況：睡帳篷，用篝火煮食，要洗澡得步行較長(zhǎng)距離等……這些具體的情況都說明這次露營(yíng)條件一般，我們確定C. The trip they took me on was a rough one. 為正確答案。

2018年全國(guó)I卷

Medium color choices are generally furniture pieces such as sofa， dinner tables or bookshelves. ? ?39 ? . They require a bigger commitment than smaller ones， and they have a more powerful effect on the feeling of a space.

A. While all of them are useful

B. Whatever youre looking for

C. If youre experimenting with a color

D. Small color choices are the ones were most familiar with

E. Its not really a good idea to use too many small color pieces

F. So it pays to be sure， because you want to get it right the first time

G. Color choices in this range are a step up from the small ones in two major ways

利用上文講過的“逗號(hào)”法，這里沒有逗號(hào)，可以排除ABC三個(gè)選項(xiàng)。又因?yàn)檫@段是講Medium color choices，可以排除D，E。剩下F，G兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)，通過閱讀下文發(fā)現(xiàn)They require a bigger commitment...， and they have a more powerful effect ... 發(fā)現(xiàn)是講到兩個(gè)方面的事情（且是比較級(jí)），此時(shí)可以確定G為正確答案：這個(gè)范疇的顏色比起色塊小的顏色，在兩個(gè)方面有所升級(jí)。選項(xiàng)G屬于概括性的句子，而后面的內(nèi)容則是具體化描述，使得上下文合理、通順。

最后，本文主要是提出三種解七選五過渡句的方法，盡管這些方法依然需要借助“關(guān)鍵詞”或是“邏輯關(guān)系——因果，轉(zhuǎn)折”等方法，但筆者認(rèn)為，多結(jié)合一種方法，則多一份保障。除了學(xué)生常用的“關(guān)鍵詞”法外，希望考生能關(guān)注到“句式”，進(jìn)而關(guān)注到“篇章”，多維思考，解決問題。但考生們?nèi)缘糜涀?，技巧只是輔助，仍得牢記閱讀“主要考查考生對(duì)文章的整體內(nèi)容和結(jié)構(gòu)及上下文邏輯意義的理解和掌握”，找出備選項(xiàng)后，一定得將其代入文中，看看它的加入能否讓上下文意思連貫、通順。

責(zé)任編輯 蔣小青