龐先慶
把握文體知識(shí),夯實(shí)基礎(chǔ)
議論文是作者對(duì)某個(gè)問題或某件事采用邏輯證明或推理的方法進(jìn)行分析、評(píng)論,并表明自己的觀點(diǎn)、立場、態(tài)度、看法、主張的一種文體。就種類而言,議論文主要有三種類型:
1.比較性議論文
比較性議論文論述的是兩種或兩種以上的事物、觀點(diǎn)或某事物的兩個(gè)對(duì)立面。在對(duì)這兩種或兩種以上的事物、觀點(diǎn)或某事物的兩個(gè)對(duì)立面作比較時(shí),一定要找出其異同點(diǎn)。在比較和對(duì)照后,要明確提出自己的見解。
2.駁斥性議論文
駁斥性議論文主要是對(duì)有爭議的觀點(diǎn)發(fā)表自己的看法。在寫此類作文時(shí),要從正、反兩個(gè)方面對(duì)具有爭議的觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行分析,然后再明確提出自己的看法。
3.闡述性議論文
闡述性議論文主要就某一問題正面闡述自己的觀點(diǎn),并說明自己的理由。
議論文寫作時(shí)應(yīng)注意:
1.把握“三性(準(zhǔn)確性、鮮明性及生動(dòng)性)”和 “三要素”(論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)及論證)。論點(diǎn)是作者要闡述的觀點(diǎn);論據(jù)包括事實(shí)論據(jù)(現(xiàn)實(shí)及歷史)和理論論據(jù)(科學(xué)原理及名言經(jīng)典);論證是論點(diǎn)和論據(jù)之間的邏輯聯(lián)系。
2.選用合適的論證方法。比較性議論文常用對(duì)照法(正反對(duì)照→分析→結(jié)論)和駁論法(錯(cuò)誤觀點(diǎn)→逐條批駁→闡明自己觀點(diǎn))的論證方法。
3.掌握議論文的“三段式”結(jié)構(gòu)層次。第一段為引言段,即開門見山,提出論點(diǎn);第二段為論證段,即擺出事實(shí)或提出論據(jù);第三段為總結(jié)段,即重申論點(diǎn),首尾呼應(yīng)。
活用“三步法”,領(lǐng)悟方略
近來,有不少青少年在網(wǎng)上聊天時(shí)選擇使用繁體字輸入法,更有專家學(xué)者發(fā)出廢除簡體字,重新振興繁體字的呼吁。你班在英語課上針對(duì)此現(xiàn)象展開了討論,請(qǐng)你以“Simplified Chi-nese characters or traditional Chinese char-acters”為題寫一篇文章,談?wù)勀愕闹鲝埣袄碛伞?/p>
具體要求:
1.詞數(shù)在100左右(短文標(biāo)題和開頭已經(jīng)給出,不計(jì)入總詞數(shù))。
2.內(nèi)容充實(shí),結(jié)構(gòu)完整,語意連貫。
3.參考詞匯:simplify 簡化;character 字符;replace 取代
Simplified Chinese characters or trad-itional Chinese characters
Different people have different opinions about the choice between simplified Chinese characters and traditional Chinese charac-ters.
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【方法指導(dǎo)】
第一步:仔細(xì)審題,確定文章結(jié)構(gòu)。
本寫作任務(wù)屬于議論文體裁。題目要求考生在陳述簡體字和繁體字各自好處的基礎(chǔ)上,針對(duì)這個(gè)字體選擇問題提出自己的看法。
本文可分三段來寫。首先,通過話題背景介紹提出議論的中心;然后,引述他人的觀點(diǎn),并論證自己的觀點(diǎn);最后進(jìn)行總結(jié),對(duì)論點(diǎn)進(jìn)行提煉、歸納,進(jìn)一步提出自己的建議,深化主題。
第二步:根據(jù)需要,選定時(shí)態(tài)人稱。
①人稱:該文主要采用第一、三人稱。
②時(shí)態(tài):引述他人觀點(diǎn)及發(fā)表自己的評(píng)論時(shí),可用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)。
第三步:搜索詞句,連句成篇。
句型搜索
表示對(duì)比的常用句型:There are / lie many differences between... and...; compared with...; while等。
表示總結(jié)的句型:It can be concluded that...; We can find that...等。
表達(dá)觀點(diǎn)的句型:I do not deny that... but...; I prefer... because...等。
其他的常用句型:Different people have different opinions about...;We are discussing whether... or not...;There has been a discussion on the issue of...;Some are against / for... Others think that... I think / strongly think...等。
關(guān)聯(lián)詞搜索
表示對(duì)比的短語:the same as、 as... as、 on the contrary、 in comparison、 in contrast等。
表示總結(jié)的短語:to sum up、 in conclusion、 in brief、 on account of this、 in a word、 in short、 all in all、 for the reasons mentioned above等。
表達(dá)觀點(diǎn)的短語:in my opinion等。
套用格式
Different people have different opinions about? ? ? _______________? ? (介紹話題背景). Some people think that
(引述他人觀點(diǎn)做鋪墊). However, others_______________? ?(引述他人觀點(diǎn)做鋪墊). In my opinion,?_______________? (提出自己的觀點(diǎn)).
I have two reasons to support my opinion (提出兩條論據(jù),圍繞論點(diǎn)進(jìn)行論證). First of all,? _______________ ? (具體闡述第一條論據(jù)). Besides,? ? _____________? ?(具體闡述第二條論據(jù)).
For the two reasons mentioned above, it is no surprise that? ?_____________? ?(進(jìn)行總結(jié)歸納,首尾呼應(yīng)).
【佳作登場】
Simplified Chinese characters or trad-itional Chinese characters
Different people have different opinions about the choice between simplified Chinese characters and traditional Chinese characters. Some people think that people should use the former. However, others prefer the use of the latter. In my opinion, the former should not be given up in the modern society.
I have two reasons to support my opinion. First of all, generations of people, in most areas of China, have been educated on simplified Chinese characters. If they were replaced with traditional Chinese characters, their lives would be affected, which might result in inconvenience. Besides, the promotion and wide use of the former follow the development of language. Compared with the latter, simplified Chinese characters are easier to learn and can be written more quickly.
For the two reasons mentioned above, it is no surprise that I prefer the former.
【精彩點(diǎn)評(píng)】
本文“三段式”結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn),層次分明,要點(diǎn)全面,論證有力,個(gè)人觀點(diǎn)論證合理。
首段提出論點(diǎn);第二段提出兩條論據(jù)進(jìn)行論證。第一條論據(jù)考慮到推廣繁體字在實(shí)施方面有較大困難,第二條論據(jù)從語言發(fā)展規(guī)律出發(fā),闡明簡體字的使用符合科學(xué)規(guī)律。兩條論據(jù)均有理有據(jù),具有較強(qiáng)的說服力;最后一段再次重申論點(diǎn),做到了首尾呼應(yīng)。
全文結(jié)構(gòu)清晰,文中還使用了一些銜接上下文和表示邏輯關(guān)系的詞匯和短語,如:first of all、 besides、 if等。
沙場巧點(diǎn)秋兵,證明真知
近年來,有許多青少年喜歡穿松松垮垮的牛仔褲,并讓內(nèi)褲上端一截暴露于外。據(jù)報(bào)道,某地政府規(guī)定露出內(nèi)褲的人將被處以罰款。對(duì)此,人們看法不一。
假定上周你班就此召開了一次主題班會(huì)。請(qǐng)你根據(jù)下面的信息提示,寫一篇英語短文,并表達(dá)自己的看法。
注意事項(xiàng):
1.詞數(shù)在120左右(短文開頭已經(jīng)給出,不計(jì)入總詞數(shù))。
2.可根據(jù)所給的內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)適當(dāng)發(fā)揮,但不要逐條翻譯。
3.參考詞匯:loose-fitting 松垮的; low-slung pants 低腰褲; distracting 心煩意亂的
Recently many teenagers have been wearing very loose-fitting jeans and a good portion of their underwear ends up showing.
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(答案見第64頁)