南蘇丹某國際機(jī)場(chǎng)供電系統(tǒng)及研究

張皓馳

摘要：供電系統(tǒng)是機(jī)場(chǎng)建設(shè)工程的重要組成部分。南蘇丹屬于經(jīng)濟(jì)落后地區(qū)，因?yàn)閼?zhàn)爭(zhēng)的原因電力設(shè)施非常落后，本文較詳細(xì)地介紹了適合于本項(xiàng)目的供電設(shè)計(jì)及改進(jìn)措施的研究。

Abstract： Power supply system is very important for airport. South Sudan is a development country， the economic is very terrible. Due to the civil war， the power grid facility for airport is seriously damaged. This article introduces a real scheme power supply design project， which is fit for the current situation.

關(guān)鍵詞：機(jī)場(chǎng);供電系統(tǒng);電力設(shè)施落后地區(qū);安全性;可靠性

Key words： airport;power supply system;backward economic and power facility area;safety;reliability

中圖分類號(hào)：F562 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼：A ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?文章編號(hào)：1006-4311（2019）12-0170-04

0 ?引言

供電系統(tǒng)在機(jī)場(chǎng)工程中至關(guān)重要，系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)的可靠性及容錯(cuò)性會(huì)直接影響涉及機(jī)場(chǎng)運(yùn)行安全及舒適性的飛行區(qū)目視助航燈光、導(dǎo)航臺(tái)站、機(jī)場(chǎng)安保設(shè)施、航站樓內(nèi)的旅客電子信息引導(dǎo)等。南蘇丹為非洲的經(jīng)濟(jì)落后地區(qū)，因?yàn)閼?zhàn)爭(zhēng)等原因外部電力設(shè)施處于半癱瘓狀態(tài)，機(jī)場(chǎng)電力供應(yīng)經(jīng)常因?yàn)橥獠吭蛑袛?。筆者參與了本項(xiàng)目，認(rèn)真調(diào)研了類似項(xiàng)目及現(xiàn)場(chǎng)實(shí)際情況、并考慮投資成本、運(yùn)營成本、機(jī)場(chǎng)規(guī)模、預(yù)計(jì)吞吐量、氣候等眾多因素，提出了相對(duì)合理的設(shè)計(jì)方案及運(yùn)營措施。

項(xiàng)目地處海外，屬于國家一帶一路戰(zhàn)略工程，項(xiàng)目除了要滿足合同制定的中國標(biāo)準(zhǔn)外，還要滿足當(dāng)?shù)氐姆煞ㄒ?guī)、使用習(xí)慣，當(dāng)?shù)赜胁簧倜绹O(shè)計(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的影子，業(yè)主在項(xiàng)目實(shí)施過程中明確表達(dá)了對(duì)中國規(guī)范并不熟悉，希望在項(xiàng)目設(shè)計(jì)過程中對(duì)比其它國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)以確保供電系統(tǒng)的安全和可靠。

1 ?項(xiàng)目背景介紹

南蘇丹共和國位于非洲東北部，屬于內(nèi)陸國，東鄰埃塞俄比亞，南接肯尼亞、烏干達(dá)和剛果民主共和國，西鄰中非共和國，北接蘇丹。由于長(zhǎng)期內(nèi)戰(zhàn)，南蘇丹經(jīng)濟(jì)十分落后，國家電網(wǎng)處于半癱瘓狀態(tài)，商品基本依賴進(jìn)口、價(jià)格高昂，是非洲最不發(fā)達(dá)的地區(qū)之一。

本文中的機(jī)場(chǎng)建于二十世紀(jì)60年代，機(jī)場(chǎng)在改擴(kuò)建之前電力設(shè)施陳舊，機(jī)場(chǎng)經(jīng)常停電，運(yùn)行過程中各類事故也頻繁發(fā)生。但因政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)需要，機(jī)場(chǎng)需要處理國際和國內(nèi)航班，貨運(yùn)航班和商業(yè)包機(jī)航班。機(jī)場(chǎng)也供南蘇丹軍隊(duì)使用，并作為降落聯(lián)合國救助航班的機(jī)場(chǎng)使用。機(jī)場(chǎng)電力系統(tǒng)的升級(jí)及改擴(kuò)建已刻不容緩。

2 ?合同規(guī)定的供電主系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)范要求分析

根據(jù)合同的要求，供電主系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)范如下：

①ICAO Annex 14， Vol.1：《Aerodrome Design and Operations》（2013）;

②ICAO Aerodrome Design Manual， Doc 9157-AN/901 Part 5 《Electrical Systems》 （1983）;

③MH 5001 《民用機(jī)場(chǎng)飛行區(qū)設(shè)計(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》（2013）;

④GB 50052《供配電系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)范》（2009）;

⑤JGJ 16 《民用建筑電氣設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)范》（2008）。

依據(jù)以上合同列明的規(guī)范，對(duì)于南蘇丹朱巴國際機(jī)場(chǎng)內(nèi)的供電要求提煉如下：

①對(duì)于設(shè)有機(jī)場(chǎng)燈光和無線電導(dǎo)航設(shè)施的機(jī)場(chǎng)應(yīng)設(shè)置主電源和第二電源。

②主電源要求有兩個(gè)獨(dú)立的輸入電源而不是單獨(dú)一個(gè)電源，電路的設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)能在一路電源中斷時(shí)保證設(shè)備的完好運(yùn)行。當(dāng)然，取決于每一個(gè)具體情況的安全、可靠、統(tǒng)計(jì)要求和經(jīng)濟(jì)要求，也可以采用其它供電方案。

③第二電源可以取自獨(dú)立的公用電源或是備用發(fā)電機(jī)。

④對(duì)于候機(jī)樓等一級(jí)負(fù)荷應(yīng)由兩個(gè)電源供電，當(dāng)一個(gè)電源故障時(shí)，另一個(gè)電源不應(yīng)同時(shí)受到損害。

⑤對(duì)于航空管制、飛行區(qū)助航燈光系統(tǒng)和臺(tái)站用電等一級(jí)負(fù)荷中特別重要負(fù)荷，應(yīng)增設(shè)應(yīng)急電源。應(yīng)急電源可以采用獨(dú)立于正常電源的發(fā)電機(jī)組。

3 ?美國設(shè)計(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)對(duì)于供電要求以及和國標(biāo)對(duì)比

美國標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的相關(guān)規(guī)范要求主要為：

①FAA-150/5340-30G的9.4章節(jié)中對(duì)飛行區(qū)目視助航燈光提出了一主一備電源以及自動(dòng)投切的要求，并規(guī)定了3種可選電源配置的方法。

9.4. ELECTRICAL POWER CONFIGURATIONS.

a. Basic Configurations. The minimum quality of power needed at a facility varies with the effect that an outage of the facility would have on the provisions of paragraph 9.3. The exact relationship of an individual facility to its environment is， of course， unique; but each type of facility （e.g.， HIRL， centerline lights， etc.） has been evaluated for criticalness in the NAS. The evaluation resulted in the development of the configurations listed below：

（1） Configuration “A”. This configuration provides facilities with power from an emergency power unit within 15 seconds after failure of the prime power source， except those CAT II lighting aids （listed in paragraph 9.4a（2）） requiring a one-second transfer. Details concerning CAT II operation are contained in AC 120-29， Criteria for Approval of Category I and Category II Weather Minima for Approach. The system consists of：

（a） Connection to a prime power source.

（b） Emergency power unit（s）.

（c） Automatic transfer capability.

（2） Configuration “B”. This configuration provides facilities with power from an alternate prime power source within 15 seconds after failure of the prime power source except those CAT II lighting aids requiring a one-second transfer. These are CAT II HIRL， centerline lights， and touchdown zone lights. The system consists of：

（a） Connection to a prime power source.

（b） Connection to an alternate prime power source.

（c） Automatic transfer capability.

（3） Configuration “C”. Configuration “C” provides connections of the facility to a single power source. There are no provisions for alternate prime power or engine generator sets. All lighting aids not covered in Configurations “A” and “B” are in Configuration “C”. Even though standby power is not required for Configuration “C”， a higher grade configuration of power is encouraged for airport lighting systems where a second source can be provided at a reasonable cost.

②FAA 150/5300-13A，Airport Design第608章節(jié)、以及其Order 6950.2D對(duì)機(jī)場(chǎng)的電子導(dǎo)航設(shè)施供電要求為提出了主用電源、備用電源、至少4小時(shí)應(yīng)急電源要求（應(yīng)急電源可為蓄電池設(shè)備）

608. Electrical power.

The FAA recognizes the need to have a reliable power source to operate NAVAIDs， even during utility power outages. Order 6030.20 establishes Continuous Power Airports （CPAs） that provide continuous operations in the event of an area-wide utility failure. Backup power to designated runways at these airports must be able to supply power for at least 4 hours for runway lighting as well as navigation， landing and communication equipment. In addition， FAA policy also requires that power systems used for support of Category （CAT） II and CAT-III operations must be capable of transferring to an alternate source within one second. Information on FAA funding for electrical power systems can be found in Order 5100.38.

（1） A - denotes a commercial power source， a standby engine generator and an Uninterruptible Power Supply （UPS）. This configuration shall provide uninterruptible， conditioned power with AC voltage in and AC voltage out.