陳偉 王鴻志 陳永權(quán)
摘要:目的? 搜集現(xiàn)有文獻(xiàn)證據(jù),對(duì)下腔靜脈擴(kuò)張指數(shù)對(duì)機(jī)械通氣狀態(tài)下患者容量反應(yīng)狀態(tài)的診斷價(jià)值進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)評(píng)價(jià)。方法? 全面檢索中國(guó)知網(wǎng)全文數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù),Pubmed,Embase,the Cochrane datebase數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù),檢索時(shí)限為建庫(kù)至2018年10月。納入符合要求的評(píng)估下腔靜脈擴(kuò)張指數(shù)對(duì)機(jī)械通氣狀態(tài)下,患者容量反應(yīng)狀態(tài)診斷價(jià)值的臨床對(duì)照試驗(yàn),根據(jù)I2確認(rèn)各研究間的異質(zhì)性,I2>50%采用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型分析,I2<50%采用固定效應(yīng)模型分析,計(jì)算合并靈敏度,特異度,診斷比值比(95%CI),繪制受試者工作曲線,計(jì)算曲線下面積,根據(jù)PEEP的有無(wú)進(jìn)行亞組分析,以探究異質(zhì)性的來(lái)源。使用Quadas-2進(jìn)行質(zhì)量評(píng)估。結(jié)果? 研究共納入13篇文獻(xiàn),QUDAS-2量表評(píng)估各文獻(xiàn)質(zhì)量均較高,其中包括992例受試者。Meta分析顯示合并靈敏度,特異度,診斷比值比分別為0.66(95%CI:0.62~0.70),0.80(95%CI:0.77~0.84),19.72(95%CI:7.07~54.94),合并AUROC為0.8825。各研究間異質(zhì)性均較大(I2>50%,P<0.05)。結(jié)論? 下腔靜脈擴(kuò)張指數(shù)對(duì)于機(jī)械通氣狀態(tài)下患者容量反應(yīng)狀態(tài)具有較高診斷價(jià)值,機(jī)械通氣時(shí)給予呼氣末正壓會(huì)導(dǎo)致下腔靜脈擴(kuò)張指數(shù)評(píng)估容量反應(yīng)性的敏感度和特異度下降。
關(guān)鍵詞:下腔靜脈擴(kuò)張指數(shù);機(jī)械通氣;容量反應(yīng)性
中圖分類號(hào):R459.7? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-1959.2019.12.025
文章編號(hào):1006-1959(2019)12-0080-05
Abstract:Objective? To collect the existing literature evidence and systematically evaluate the diagnostic value of the inferior vena cava expansion index for the patient's volume response status under mechanical ventilation. Methods? A comprehensive search of the China Knowledge Network full-text database, Pubmed, Embase, the Cochrane datebase database, the search time limit for the construction of the library until October 2018. A clinical controlled trial evaluating the diagnostic value of the inferior vena cava dilatation index to the patient's volume response status under mechanical ventilation was included. The heterogeneity between the studies was confirmed according to I2. I2>50% was analyzed by random effects model, I2<50% using fixed-effects model analysis, calculating combined sensitivity, specificity, diagnostic odds ratio (95%CI), plotting the receiver's working curve, calculating the area under the curve, and performing subgroup analysis based on the presence or absence of PEEP to explore heterogeneity Source of sex. Using the Quadas-2 to conduct the quality assessment. Results? A total of 13 articles were included in the study. The QUADBS-2 scale assessed the quality of each document, including 992 subjects. Meta-analysis showed that the combined sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic odds ratio were 0.66 (95%CI: 0.62 to 0.70), 0.80 (95%CI: 0.77 to 0.84), and 19.72 (95%CI: 7.07 to 54.94), combined with AUROC. 0.8825. Heterogeneity was greater among studies (I2>50%, P<0.05). Conclusion? The inferior vena cava dilatation index has a high diagnostic value for the patient's volume response state under mechanical ventilation. The positive end expiratory pressure during mechanical ventilation leads to a decrease in the sensitivity and specificity of the inferior vena cava dilatation index for assessing volume reactivity.
Key words:Inferior vena cava dilatation index;Mechanical ventilation;Volume reactivity
合理的液體治療是調(diào)節(jié)術(shù)中患者機(jī)體組織灌注和氧供的重要方式,過(guò)度補(bǔ)液或者限制補(bǔ)液均會(huì)對(duì)機(jī)體造成不良影響,增加術(shù)后并發(fā)癥[1]。容量反應(yīng)性亦稱液體反應(yīng)性,是指經(jīng)過(guò)快速輸液后,患者的每搏輸出量或心輸出量隨之增加的能力,符合starling定律,即增加前負(fù)荷,心輸出量會(huì)增加,因此判斷患者的容量狀態(tài)就是判斷患者的容量反應(yīng)性[2]。目前國(guó)內(nèi)外就臨床判斷容量反應(yīng)性的指標(biāo)尚存在很大爭(zhēng)議,比如中心靜脈壓,肺動(dòng)脈鍥壓等靜態(tài)指標(biāo)已經(jīng)被證實(shí)和容量反應(yīng)性無(wú)明顯關(guān)系,而心輸出量等動(dòng)態(tài)指標(biāo)與容量反應(yīng)性相關(guān)性更好,但這些指標(biāo)的測(cè)定多為有創(chuàng)性,不易操作,價(jià)格昂貴等原因限制在臨床應(yīng)用[3]。近年來(lái)經(jīng)胸心臟超聲(TTE)或經(jīng)食道心臟超聲(TEE)以無(wú)創(chuàng)或微創(chuàng),可重復(fù)測(cè)量等優(yōu)點(diǎn)廣泛用于危重癥患者監(jiān)測(cè)[4, 5]。下腔靜脈擴(kuò)張指數(shù)為目前研究證明與容量反應(yīng)性相關(guān)度較高的心超指標(biāo),其適用范圍,靈敏度和特異度,尚存在很大爭(zhēng)議。本研究通過(guò)搜集國(guó)內(nèi)外有關(guān)下腔靜脈擴(kuò)張指數(shù)對(duì)容量反應(yīng)性的臨床對(duì)照試驗(yàn),對(duì)其進(jìn)行Meta分析,進(jìn)一步揭示下腔靜脈擴(kuò)張指數(shù)與容量反應(yīng)性之間的關(guān)系。
1資料與方法
1.1文獻(xiàn)檢索與篩選? 中文文獻(xiàn)應(yīng)用中國(guó)知網(wǎng)、維普網(wǎng)、萬(wàn)方數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù),檢索時(shí)間截止至2018年10月,檢索詞為“下腔靜脈擴(kuò)張指數(shù)下腔靜脈變異度”“下腔靜脈呼吸擴(kuò)張指數(shù)”“容量反應(yīng)性”“機(jī)械通氣”。外文文獻(xiàn)應(yīng)用Pubmed、Elsevier、 Cochrane Library數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)。檢索時(shí)間截止至2018 年10月,檢索詞為“inferior vena cava diameter”“fluid responsiveness”“fluid therapy”“ventilated patients”均采取主題詞和自由詞檢索相結(jié)合的方式,所有檢索策略通過(guò)多次預(yù)檢索后確定。
1.2納入與排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)? 納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①評(píng)估下腔靜脈擴(kuò)張指數(shù)對(duì)于患者容量反應(yīng)性的診斷價(jià)值;②前瞻性研究或回顧性研究;③能順利提取真陽(yáng)性值、真陰性值、假陽(yáng)性值、假陰性值。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):綜述、講座和個(gè)案報(bào)告類文獻(xiàn),重復(fù)報(bào)道、質(zhì)量較差的研究。
1.3數(shù)據(jù)提取? 有2名研究者獨(dú)立閱讀所得文獻(xiàn)題目和摘要,刪除重復(fù)文獻(xiàn),排除明顯不符合納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的文獻(xiàn),對(duì)于不能確定是否符合納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn),則通過(guò)閱讀文獻(xiàn)全文來(lái)進(jìn)行判斷。2名研究者交叉核對(duì)納入文獻(xiàn)的結(jié)果。對(duì)于出現(xiàn)分歧難以確定是否符合納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的文獻(xiàn),由第3位研究者決定其是否納入。仔細(xì)閱讀全文,提取出以下信息:①文獻(xiàn)特點(diǎn):作者、出版年限、研究類型、受試者來(lái)源;②受試者特點(diǎn):病例數(shù)、容量有反應(yīng)及無(wú)反應(yīng)病例數(shù);③評(píng)估容量反應(yīng)性的方法:補(bǔ)液類型、呼吸機(jī)潮氣量、容量反應(yīng)性金標(biāo)準(zhǔn);④結(jié)局指標(biāo):診斷閾值、靈敏度、特異度、受試者工作特征曲線下面積。
1.4統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法? 從所納入的文獻(xiàn)中直接或通過(guò)計(jì)算提取出補(bǔ)液治療的總數(shù)真陽(yáng)性數(shù)、假陽(yáng)性數(shù)、真陰性數(shù)、假陰性數(shù)、敏感度和特異度、陽(yáng)性預(yù)測(cè)值(95%CI),繪制納入研究的合并受試者工作特征曲線(SROC),計(jì)算出AUROC。利用CochraneQ及I2檢驗(yàn)評(píng)價(jià)各研究間的統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)異質(zhì)性。I2>50%或P<0.05表示具有明顯異質(zhì)性。Meta-Disc軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,P<0.05表示差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2結(jié)果
2.1文獻(xiàn)篩選流程? 文獻(xiàn)篩選流程見圖1,閱讀標(biāo)題和摘要進(jìn)行初篩,仔細(xì)閱讀全文進(jìn)行復(fù)篩,在此過(guò)程中參照納入與排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn),去重后共納入13篇文獻(xiàn)。
2.2文獻(xiàn)基本特征? 所納入的13篇文獻(xiàn)發(fā)表于2004~2017年,共992例受試者其中包括容量有反應(yīng)患者728例,容量無(wú)反應(yīng)患者264例。其中5篇中文文獻(xiàn),8篇英文文獻(xiàn)。所有受試者均為ICU住院患者,均進(jìn)行機(jī)械通氣,研究對(duì)象及判斷容量有反應(yīng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)及具體參數(shù)見表1,Quadas-2質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)表見圖2。
2.3數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)? Meta分析結(jié)果顯示,特異度、靈敏度及診斷比值比的I2分別為77.72%,79.85%,83.93%,P值均為0.00。據(jù)Cochrane手冊(cè)對(duì)Meta分析異質(zhì)性的解讀,各研究間存在較大的異質(zhì)性。所有文獻(xiàn)合并靈敏度、合并特異度及合并診斷比值比分別為0.66(95%CI:0.62~0.70),0.80(95%CI:0.77~0.84),19.72(95%CI:7.07~54.94),見圖3~圖5。合并AUROC為0.8825,見圖6。按照PEEP有無(wú)進(jìn)行亞組分析,PEEP組合并靈敏度、合并特異度及合并診斷比值比分別為0.79(95%CI:0.68~0.88),0.77(95%CI:0.66~0.86),17.30(95%CI:6.81~43.95)。合并AUROC為0.880。特異度、靈敏度及診斷比值比的I2分別為47.70%,59.1%,0,P=0.00。非PEEP組合并靈敏度、合并特異度及合并診斷比值比分別為0.82(95%CI:0.71~0.90),0.95(95%CI:0.87~0.99),79.42(95%CI:24.83~254.00)。合并AUROC為0.880。特異度、靈敏度及診斷比值比的I2均為0,P=0.00,且QUDAS-2量表評(píng)估各文獻(xiàn)質(zhì)量均較高。
下腔靜脈擴(kuò)張指數(shù)反映患者容量反應(yīng)性患者受多因素影響,其中最主要的因素包括腹內(nèi)壓,呼吸機(jī)參數(shù),容量負(fù)荷的液體類型等。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)呼氣末正壓會(huì)使下腔靜脈變異度診斷容量反應(yīng)性的假陽(yáng)性率增加[21],本文根據(jù)PEEP的有無(wú),將其分為有PEEP組和無(wú)PEEP組進(jìn)行亞組分析,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)無(wú)PEEP組進(jìn)行診斷容量反應(yīng)性時(shí)敏感度和特異度更高,異質(zhì)性明顯下降。容量負(fù)荷的類型包括晶體液和膠體液,不同的液體類型進(jìn)行容量負(fù)荷的效果不同,晶體液由于很快會(huì)被腎臟代謝,擴(kuò)張血管效果不佳,而膠體液由于能夠長(zhǎng)時(shí)間留存在血管中,擴(kuò)張效果明顯,所以在診斷容量反應(yīng)性時(shí),使用膠體液進(jìn)行容量負(fù)荷可能準(zhǔn)確性會(huì)更高[22]。
本Meta分析尚存在以下局限性,首先,僅納入了13篇文獻(xiàn),樣本量較小;其次,13篇文獻(xiàn)所用的超聲品牌型號(hào)不同,操作者水平無(wú)法考察,評(píng)價(jià)容量反應(yīng)性所選取的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)尚不一致,本研究尚沒(méi)有進(jìn)一步分析。下腔靜脈擴(kuò)張指數(shù)在預(yù)測(cè)患者容量反應(yīng)性方面的價(jià)值尚需要更多的臨床實(shí)驗(yàn)進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證。
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收稿日期:2019-2-19;修回日期:2019-3-8
編輯/肖婷婷