李松澤 黃澤清
[摘要] 目的 研究不同鎮(zhèn)痛方法對腹部手術(shù)后慢性疼痛以及夜間睡眠質(zhì)量的影響。 方法 選擇2017年1月~2018年1月在中國醫(yī)科大學(xué)腫瘤醫(yī)院,遼寧省腫瘤醫(yī)院進行腹腔手術(shù)的患者109例。本研究為回顧性研究,按照術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛方法將患者分為硬膜外患者自控鎮(zhèn)痛組(PCEA組)和超聲引導(dǎo)下腹橫紋肌平面(TAP)阻滯聯(lián)合靜脈內(nèi)PCA(PCIA)組(PCIA+TAP組)。其中PCEA組50例,PCIA+TAP組59例。術(shù)后PCEA組留硬膜外導(dǎo)管進行PCEA,PCIA+TAP組進行TAP阻滯,并連接靜脈鎮(zhèn)痛泵。檢測患者術(shù)后急性和慢性疼痛情況,睡眠質(zhì)量和炎性因子水平。 結(jié)果 術(shù)后24 h,PCIA+TAP組患者視覺模擬評分(VAS)低于PCEA組(P < 0.01),術(shù)后48 h,PCIA+TAP組VAS評分低于PCEA組(P < 0.01)。PCIA+TAP組患者術(shù)后3個月術(shù)后慢性疼痛(CPSP)發(fā)生率明顯低于PCEA組(P < 0.05),VAS評分和ID Pain評分明顯低于PCEA組(P < 0.01)。術(shù)后48 h,匹茲堡睡眠質(zhì)量指數(shù)量表(PSQI)評分≤7分的患者比例明顯高于PCEA組(P < 0.05),術(shù)后3個月PSQI評分≤7的患者比例明顯高于PCEA組(P < 0.05)。PCIA+TAP組患者術(shù)后24、48 h腫瘤壞死因子-α(TNF-α)、白細胞介素-6(IL-6)和IL-8水平均明顯低于PCEA組患者(P < 0.01),兩組患者術(shù)后3個月TNF-α、IL-6和IL-8水平差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。結(jié)論 TAP阻滯聯(lián)合PCIA用于腹部手術(shù)術(shù)后急性疼痛鎮(zhèn)痛效果佳,還能有效減輕患者CPSP,改善患者睡眠質(zhì)量,提高患者生活質(zhì)量。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 慢性疼痛;硬膜外;超聲引導(dǎo);腹橫肌筋膜阻滯
[中圖分類號] R614 [文獻標(biāo)識碼] A [文章編號] 1673-7210(2019)05(a)-0107-05
Effects of different analgesic methods on chronic pain and sleep quality after abdominal surgery
LI Songze HUANG Zeqing
Department of Anesthesiology, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Liaoning Province, Shenyang 110042, China
[Abstract] Objective To study the effects of different analgesic methods on chronic pain and nighttime sleep quality after abdominal surgery. Methods A total of 109 patients who underwent abdominal surgery in Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute from January 2017 to January 2018 were enrolled. This study was a retrospective study in which patients were divided into a patient-controlled epidural analgesia (PCEA) group and an ultrasound-guided transversus abdominis plane (TAP) according to postoperative analgesia. PCA (Patient-controlled intravenous analgesia, PCIA) group (PCIA + TAP group). There were 50 cases in the PCEA group and 59 cases in the PCIA+TAP group. Postoperative epidural catheters were performed in the PCEA group for PCEA, PCIA+TAP group for TAP, and a venous analgesia pump. Acute and chronic pain, sleep quality and inflammatory factor levels were measured after surgery. Results At 24 h postoperatively, the visual analogue scale (VAS) score was lower in the PCIA+TAP group than in the PCEA group (P < 0.01). The VAS score in the PCIA+TAP group was lower than the PCEA group at 48 h after operation (P < 0.01). The incidence of chronic pain (CPSP) in the PCIA+TAP group 3 months after operation was significantly lower than in the PCEA group (P < 0.05). The VAS score and ID Pain score were significantly lower than those in the PCEA group (P < 0.01). The proportion of patients with Pmtsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI) score ≤7 at 48 h after operation was significantly higher than that in PCEA group (P < 0.05). The proportion of patients with PSQI score ≤7 was significantly higher 3 months after operation(P < 0.05). The levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-8 in the PCIA+TAP group 24,48 h after operation were significantly lower than those in the PCEA group(P < 0.01). There were no significant differences in TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8 levels 3 months after operation between two groups (P > 0.05). Conclusion TAP combined with PCIA is effective for acute pain and analgesia after abdominal surgery. It can also effectively reduce postoperative CPSP, improve sleep quality and improve patients′ quality of life.
[Key words] Chronic pain; Epidural; Ultrasound guidance; Transverse abdominis fascia block
術(shù)后慢性疼痛(chronic postoperative pain,CPSP)是指由手術(shù)發(fā)展而來的,排除其他原因引起的,發(fā)生在手術(shù)后至少2個月以上的合并神經(jīng)癥狀的一組疼痛綜合征[1]。CPSP在術(shù)后很常見,是一種嚴(yán)重的手術(shù)并發(fā)癥,對患者日常生活質(zhì)量產(chǎn)生很大影響[2-3]。CPSP在術(shù)后具有高發(fā)生率,比如腹部手術(shù)后為20%,其中胃腸道相關(guān)手術(shù)為18%,子宮切除術(shù)為15%~32%[4-6]。CPSP常用的鎮(zhèn)痛方式主要是口服鎮(zhèn)痛藥物、術(shù)后肌注鎮(zhèn)痛藥物、患者自控鎮(zhèn)痛(patient controlled analgesia,PCA)、多模式鎮(zhèn)痛(multimodal analgesia)等。研究顯示PCA可以有效控制疼痛,提高患者滿意度[7],其中硬膜外PCA(patient-controlled epidural analgesia,PCEA)和靜脈內(nèi)PCA(patient-controlled intravenous analgesia,PCIA)應(yīng)用最為廣泛,PCEA是腹部手術(shù)常用的鎮(zhèn)痛方式,但是也存在穿刺成功率低、對血流動力學(xué)影響大的缺點。超聲引導(dǎo)下腹橫紋肌平面(transversus abdominis plane,TAP)阻滯可以避免硬膜外鎮(zhèn)痛的以上缺點[8],但是其內(nèi)臟鎮(zhèn)痛效果不佳。本研究以腹部手術(shù)患者為研究對象,比較PCIA結(jié)合TAP阻滯和PCEA對CPSP的鎮(zhèn)痛效果和對患者睡眠質(zhì)量的影響,為改善腹部手術(shù)患者預(yù)后,提高患者術(shù)后生活質(zhì)量提供參考依據(jù)。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
選擇2017年1月~2018年1月在中國醫(yī)科大學(xué)腫瘤醫(yī)院、遼寧省腫瘤醫(yī)院進行腹腔手術(shù)的患者109例。本研究為回顧性研究,按照術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛方法將患者分為PCEA組和PCIA+TAP組,其中PCEA組50例,PCIA+TAP組59例。兩組患者一般資料比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P > 0.05),具體可比性。見表1。本研究通過醫(yī)院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會批準(zhǔn)。
納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):年齡28~70歲;美國麻醉師協(xié)會(ASA)分級Ⅰ~Ⅱ級;體重指數(shù)(BMI):20~25 kg/m2;患者知情同意。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):長期服用鎮(zhèn)痛藥者;意識障礙者;肝腎功障礙患者?;颊邽閾衿谶M行腹腔鏡廣泛子宮切除及盆腹腔淋巴結(jié)清除術(shù)、腹腔鏡結(jié)腸癌根治術(shù)患者,其中行腹腔鏡廣泛子宮切除及盆腹腔淋巴結(jié)清除術(shù)患者55例,行腹腔鏡結(jié)腸癌根治術(shù)患者54例。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 麻醉方法 行靜脈全身麻醉,術(shù)前禁食禁飲8 h,術(shù)前開放外周靜脈,常規(guī)監(jiān)測無創(chuàng)血壓(NIBP),血氧飽和度(SPO2),心率(HR)等參數(shù)。麻醉前肌注阿托品(上海禾豐制藥有限公司,生產(chǎn)批號:1803242)0.5 mg,苯巴比妥鈉(上海上藥新亞藥業(yè)有限公司,生產(chǎn)批號:1007102)0.1 g,舒芬太尼(宜昌人福藥業(yè)有限責(zé)任公司,生產(chǎn)批號:81A07051)2 μg/kg,丙泊酚(四川國瑞藥業(yè)有限責(zé)任公司,生產(chǎn)批號:1807111)2 mg/kg?;颊咭庾R模糊時,靜脈給予注射用苯磺順阿曲庫銨(上海醫(yī)藥東英藥業(yè)有限責(zé)任公司,生產(chǎn)批號:A21180502)0.15 mg/kg,誘導(dǎo)麻醉后行氣管插管。術(shù)中維持潮氣量8~10 mL/kg,氧氣流量2 L/min,呼吸比為2∶1,呼氣末CO2分壓35~45 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa)。
1.2.2 術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛 PCEA組在手術(shù)后拔除靜脈導(dǎo)管,在腰1~2間隙行穿刺,連接硬膜外自控鎮(zhèn)痛泵,0.12%羅哌卡因(齊魯制藥有限公司,生產(chǎn)批號:8A0062C3)+0.001%枸櫞酸舒芬太尼(宜昌人福藥業(yè)有限責(zé)任公司,生產(chǎn)批號:81D05071)混合液100 mL輸注,背景劑量2 mL/h,鎖定時間20 min。PCIA+TAP組術(shù)后行TAP阻滯,在腋中線和臍交叉處放置探頭,在距離探頭1~2 cm超聲束平面內(nèi)進針,將超聲掃描探頭置于側(cè)腹壁腋中線上,腹部3層肌肉及TAP成像后在腹壁前內(nèi)側(cè)朝向后側(cè)進針至TAP,回抽無氣無血后注入0.3%鹽酸羅哌卡因60 mg,對側(cè)行相同操作。靜脈接上靜脈自控鎮(zhèn)痛泵,使用枸櫞酸舒芬太尼100 μg+阿扎司瓊(南京正大天晴制藥有限公司,生產(chǎn)批號:1709261)20 mg,背景劑量2 mL/h,鎖定時間20 min。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo)及檢測方法
1.3.1 疼痛程度檢測 急性疼痛,使用視覺模擬評分(VAS)[9]對患者疼痛進行評估,分別評估患者術(shù)后6、24、48 h疼痛情況。VAS評分是將疼痛程度用0~10共11個數(shù)字表示,0代表無痛,10代表最痛,患者根據(jù)自身疼痛程度在11個數(shù)字中挑選相對數(shù)字代表疼痛程度。慢性疼痛(CPSP),使用VAS評分對患者疼痛進行評估,評估患者術(shù)后3個月疼痛情況。使用神經(jīng)病理性疼痛(ID Pain)量表對患者神經(jīng)病理性疼痛進行評估。ID Pain評分是用于評估神經(jīng)病理性疼痛的評估工具。評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn):-1~0分:排除神經(jīng)病理性疼痛;1分:不完全排除神經(jīng)病理性疼痛;2~3分:可能存在神經(jīng)病理性疼痛;4~5分:高度考慮為神經(jīng)病理學(xué)疼痛。
1.3.2 睡眠質(zhì)量檢測 使用匹茲堡睡眠質(zhì)量指數(shù)量表(Pittsburgh sleep quality index,PSQI)[10]對患者術(shù)后睡眠質(zhì)量進行評估。分別評估患者術(shù)后48 h、3個月睡眠質(zhì)量。PSQI評分由7個大項和18個小項組成,評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn):0~5分:睡眠質(zhì)量很好;6~10分:睡眠質(zhì)量較好;11~15分:睡眠質(zhì)量一般;16~21分:睡眠質(zhì)量差。
1.3.3 血清炎性因子水平檢測 收集患者靜脈血,使用酶聯(lián)免疫吸附法檢測血漿中腫瘤壞死因子-α(TNF-α)、白細胞介素-6(Interleukin-6,IL-6)、IL-8水平,試劑盒均來自Elabscience。分別評估患者術(shù)后24 h、48 h、3個月的炎性因子水平。
1.4 統(tǒng)計學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 21.0統(tǒng)計軟件對所得數(shù)據(jù)進行統(tǒng)計分析。計量資料采用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,組間比較采用t檢驗,計數(shù)資料采用百分率表示,組間比較采用χ2檢驗。以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 兩組患者疼痛情況比較
兩組患者術(shù)后6 h VAS評分比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。隨著時間推移,兩組術(shù)后VAS評分呈下降趨勢。術(shù)后24 h,PCIA+TAP組患者VAS評分低于PCEA組,差異有高度統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P < 0.01);術(shù)后48 h,PCIA+TAP組患者VAS評分低于PCEA組,差異有高度統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P < 0.01)。見表2。
兩組患者術(shù)后3個月CPSP發(fā)生率PCIA+TAP組明顯低于PCEA組,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P < 0.05);術(shù)后3個月VAS評分和ID Pain評分PCIA+TAP組明顯低于PCEA組,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P < 0.01)。見表3。
2.2 兩組患者PSQI評分比較
兩組患者術(shù)后48 h至術(shù)后3個月PSQI評分>7分的患者人數(shù)逐漸降低。PCIA+TAP組術(shù)后48 h PSQI評分≤7分的患者比例明顯高于PCEA組,術(shù)后3個月PSQI評分≤7分的患者比例明顯高于PCEA組,差異均有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(χ2 = 4.042、5.027,P < 0.05)。見表4。
2.3 兩組患者炎性因子水平比較
兩組患者術(shù)后IL-6、TNF-α、IL-8濃度隨時間延長而降低。PCIA+TAP組患者術(shù)后24 h,TNF-α、IL-6和IL-8水平明顯低于PCEA組患者,且差異有高度統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(t = 21.426、25.567、26.135,P < 0.01);PCIA+TAP組術(shù)后48 h,TNF-α、IL-6和IL-8水平明顯低于PCEA組患者,差異有高度統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(t = 24.591、28.330、30.810,P < 0.01)。兩組患者術(shù)后3個月,TNF-α、IL-6和IL-8水平差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(t = 1.030、0.325、-1.084,P > 0.05)。見表5。
3 討論
硬膜外鎮(zhèn)痛已成為腹部手術(shù)的一種主要鎮(zhèn)痛方式,具有較好的療效和安全性。然而,關(guān)于硬膜外鎮(zhèn)痛是否能改善預(yù)后仍未有定論[11]。對于結(jié)直腸手術(shù),硬膜外鎮(zhèn)痛可減少術(shù)后疼痛和腸梗阻,對住院時間無影響[12-13]。關(guān)于硬膜外鎮(zhèn)痛對CPSP的療效,只有少數(shù)報道。對于腹部手術(shù),一項隨機對照研究發(fā)現(xiàn)圍術(shù)期硬膜外鎮(zhèn)痛可以改善術(shù)后12個月的CPSP[14]。
TAP阻滯是指于TAP注射麻醉劑,TAP是指存在于腹內(nèi)斜肌和腹橫肌之間的筋膜[15-16],在腹部手術(shù)中廣泛應(yīng)用[17-19]。由于其對內(nèi)臟疼痛鎮(zhèn)痛效果差,所以本研究將TAP阻滯聯(lián)合PCIA來彌補其缺點,增加鎮(zhèn)痛效果。關(guān)于TAP阻滯聯(lián)合PCIA鎮(zhèn)痛對CPSP的療效,鮮有報道。本研究首先比較PCEA和TAP阻滯聯(lián)合PCIA的鎮(zhèn)痛方法對患者術(shù)后急性疼痛的效果,結(jié)果顯示兩組患者術(shù)后VAS評分逐步降低,且術(shù)后24 h、48 h,PCIA+TAP組患者VAS評分均低于PCEA組。以上結(jié)果提示PCEA和TAP阻滯聯(lián)合PCIA對術(shù)后急性疼痛鎮(zhèn)痛效果較好,而且TAP阻滯聯(lián)合PCIA的鎮(zhèn)痛效果更優(yōu)。進一步對CPSP進行研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)兩組患者術(shù)后3個月CPSP發(fā)生率PCIA+TAP組明顯低于PCEA組,VAS評分和ID Pain評分明顯低于PCEA組。ID Pain評分為神經(jīng)病理學(xué)評分,PCEA組患者的平均ID Pain評分為(3.27±0.89)分,在3分左右,提示屬于神經(jīng)病理性疼痛的可能性大。同時檢測患者術(shù)后48 h至3個月PSQI評分,結(jié)果顯示PCIA+TAP組術(shù)后48 h PSQI評分≤7分的患者例數(shù)明顯高于PCEA組,術(shù)后3個月PSQI評分≤7分的患者例數(shù)明顯高于PCEA組,結(jié)果提示CPSP可能成為影響患者睡眠質(zhì)量的重要因素。
CPSP發(fā)生的機制包括急性疼痛向慢性疼痛轉(zhuǎn)化、中樞神經(jīng)痛覺敏化、外周神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)發(fā)生病理變化等[20-21]。結(jié)果顯示PCEA組術(shù)后急性疼痛比TAP阻滯聯(lián)合PCIA組嚴(yán)重,而且CPSP為ID Pain的可能性大,提示TAP阻滯聯(lián)合PCIA組患者CPSP發(fā)生率低于PCEA組的可能原因是抑制了術(shù)后急性疼痛向慢性疼痛轉(zhuǎn)化,以及中樞神經(jīng)和外周神經(jīng)的病理改變[22-23]。關(guān)于炎性因子的檢測提示,PCIA+TAP組患者術(shù)后24 h、48 h的TNF-α、IL-6和IL-8水平明顯低于PCEA組患者,兩組患者術(shù)后3個月的TNF-α、IL-6和IL-8水平比較差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。以上結(jié)果提示兩組患者術(shù)后急性疼痛的發(fā)生可能與炎性因子升高有關(guān),但是這兩種鎮(zhèn)痛方式對CPSP的影響可能與炎性因子無關(guān)。
綜上所述,TAP阻滯聯(lián)合PCIA用于腹部手術(shù)術(shù)后急性疼痛鎮(zhèn)痛效果佳,還能有效減輕患者術(shù)后CPSP,改善患者睡眠質(zhì)量,提高患者生活質(zhì)量。
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(收稿日期:2018-12-17 本文編輯:金 虹)