喀山池—生態(tài)岸線之俄羅斯喀山伏爾加河灣濱水區(qū)設計國際競賽方案

朱文一

歷史名城喀山，韃靼斯坦共和國首府，是俄羅斯第八大城市。作為一座體育之城，喀山于2015年成功舉辦了第16屆國際泳聯(lián)世界游泳錦標賽。作為伏爾加河沿岸著名的濱河城市?？ι讲邉澚?018生態(tài)岸線（Eco-Shore 2018）國際節(jié)活動，并在此框架下舉辦了生態(tài)岸線之俄羅斯伏爾加河灣濱水區(qū)設計國際競賽。競賽選址在緊鄰喀山城中心區(qū)的伏爾加河灣喀山段（圖1）。該址目前存在的主要問題是，河岸利用率低，沒有體現(xiàn)喀山濱河城市的特色；沿河岸的鐵路線將緊鄰的城中心區(qū)變成“孤島”，可達性低。朱文一工作室提交的“喀山池”方案在巧妙利用河岸、整合城中心區(qū)、策劃活動功能、創(chuàng)造建筑形式等方面進行大膽的探索。方案特點主要體現(xiàn)在以下3個方面：

第一，呈L形的“喀山池”線性建筑長2.65km。建筑寬30m，中間20m為主體部分，兩側各5m為樓電梯和結構柱林。建筑主體分為上下兩層，其中上層高15m，寬20m，包括寬8～14m的游泳池和兩邊各3～6m寬的步行道；下層為距水面7m高的自行車道（圖2）。在歷史上，地段所在的水域不是深水區(qū)，而是伏爾加河水位上升后的淹沒區(qū),這使得“喀山池”方案中保持水面通達的數(shù)千個纖細結構柱具有很強的可操作性（圖3）?！翱ι匠亍笨梢匀菁{數(shù)千當?shù)鼐用窈陀慰瓦M行游泳、走跑、騎自行車等運動（圖4—圖6）。另一方面，“喀山池”建筑本身也以其獨特的形式和優(yōu)雅的姿態(tài)成為喀山城的一景（圖7）。

其次，“喀山池”方案充分尊重和保留歷史形成的地段現(xiàn)狀，包括由于伏爾加河下游水壩形成的現(xiàn)狀水庫形態(tài)岸線、百年前形成的沿直線通往老伏爾加河的堤壩、后來修建的供游艇和船只停泊的港灣以及沿岸鐵路和道路等。在此基礎上提出的“喀山池”線性建筑跨越位于喀山港和基洛夫橋之間的伏爾加灣，如同從喀山港北部和喀山老城中心西部自然延伸。“喀山池”連同2.55km長的海濱休閑小徑及連接舊城中心的人行天橋，形成了喀山城中心區(qū)緊密連接的5.2km長休閑娛樂環(huán)路（圖8）。

圖1 / Figure 1區(qū)位 / Location

圖2 / Figure 2剖面圖 / Section

第三，針對地段東面岸上部分，“喀山池”方案優(yōu)化濱水休閑道路，將跨過鐵路和其他交通線路的東西向人行橋的數(shù)量增至7條，并在節(jié)點處建造了幾個廣場，如“喀山池”北廣場、“喀山池”南廣場和L型“喀山池”轉折處的“喀山池”廣場，不僅確保了“喀山池”的可達性，還創(chuàng)造了活躍的公共場所?？傮w上，在充分考慮現(xiàn)狀的前提下，“喀山池”方案采用最小干擾的策略，通過少量公共空間設計，獲得最大公共效益，實現(xiàn)生態(tài)岸線的目標。

在衛(wèi)星地圖上萬能視角下，“喀山池”方案挖掘并呈現(xiàn)出伏爾加河灣喀山段優(yōu)雅線性形式的潛在空間趨勢（圖9），這將是喀山城的新地標。

圖片來源

Figure Sources

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FULL TEXTS TRANSLATED FROM CHINESE

The L-shaped “Kazan Pool” is 2.65 kmlong,located on the Volga Bend between Kazan Port and Kirov Bridge. It is naturally extended from the north area of Kazan Port and the west area of Kazan old city center (Figure 1).

First, the “Kazan Pool” is 20-30 m wide and consists of a 20m wide swimming pool with a walkway and 5m of elevators and decorative poles on each side. The “Kazan Pool” is divided into upper and lower fl oors, of which the upper level is 15m high, consisting of a swimming pool of 8-14m wide and a walkway of 3-6m wide; the lower level is 7m high and consists of two 4m bicycle lanes(Figure 2). In history, this area of water is not deep water area but the submerged area after the rise of the Volga River. This makes thousands of structural poles of the “Kazan Pool” very easy to achieve(Figure 3). It can accommodate thousands of people for swimming, walking, cycling and other recreational activities (Figure 4-7) .Second, together with the 2.55 km long waterfront recreation trail and its pedestrian bridge connecting the old city center, the “Kazan Pool” not only connects the Kirov Bridge and the Kazan Port from the water, but also highlights the advantages of the water landscape of the Volga Bend that has been hidden before (Figure 8).

Third, the “Kazan Pool” proposal reshapes the waterfront recreation trails, adding seven east-west footbridges that cross the railway and other transportation lines, and makes several squares at the nodes. In particular, the North Square, the South Square and the “Kazan Pool” Square at the turning point. City residents and visitors from the old city center can easily access to the water through the“Kazan Pool”, to enjoy the beautiful waterscape like in the new center at Kazan Port.

In brief, from God's-Eye-View on satllitte map, the“Kazan Pool” proposal reveals the potential spatial trend of the Volga Bend in its elegant linear form L-Shape. It would be a new landmark in Kazan City (Figure 9).

圖3 / Figure 3開敞水面 / Open Water

圖4 / Figure 4游泳 / Swimming

圖7 / Figure 7濱水美景 / A Beautiful Waterscape

圖5 / Figure 5快走 / Brisk Walking

圖6 / Figure 6騎自行車 / Bicycling

圖8 / Figure 8喀山池方案整合周邊空間 / Kazan Pool and Its Contexts

圖9 / Figure 9喀山新地標 / A New Landmark in Kazan City