LagoScape—改變垃圾山之多功能體育場設(shè)計(jì)國際競賽方案，拉各斯，尼日利亞

朱文一

“到2025年，全球各城市每天產(chǎn)生的垃圾足以填滿一輛3,100英里長的垃圾卡車?！边@是競賽任務(wù)書引用世界銀行集團(tuán)（World Bank Group）的話。城市垃圾已經(jīng)成為全球議題。競賽地段位于尼日利亞前首都拉各斯北部一個廢棄的垃圾填埋場（圖1）。將垃圾填埋場改變?yōu)槿粘Ｊ褂玫某鞘锌臻g，需要跨學(xué)科合作的設(shè)計(jì)。低造價(jià)、適宜技術(shù)是競賽提出的又一個挑戰(zhàn)。“白象綜合癥”（White Elephant）用來表述大型體育場這樣的巨型建筑對一座城市而言之不能承受之重。任務(wù)書要求的40,000人體育場可以歸入這種建筑類型。朱文一工作室提交的“LagoScape”方案（圖2）通過明確的設(shè)計(jì)思路、精準(zhǔn)的設(shè)計(jì)策略以及巧妙的設(shè)計(jì)手法回應(yīng)了上述挑戰(zhàn)。

第一，在越來越多的快速發(fā)展的大城市，過去位于郊外的垃圾場很快被廢棄，變成城市擴(kuò)張后中心地區(qū)的廢棄填埋場。“LagoScape”方案采用垃圾就地填埋的成熟技術(shù)，按照最小改變地形、最小土方量的原則，將80公頃的垃圾場重新設(shè)計(jì)為大型足球活動運(yùn)動場地。其中，用垃圾堆疊而成的足球體育場可以容納40,000人，滿足體育比賽和城市觀景的要求(圖3，圖4)。而重新整理后的大片綠茵場地則成為周邊社區(qū)日常足球活動的場地。

第二，“LagoScape”方案將體育場足球功能簡化至僅僅滿足基本的日常足球活動以及訓(xùn)練需要和比賽需要；將體育場的建筑造型簡化至僅滿足40,000名觀眾觀看場地時(shí)的視線要求；將足球體育場的造價(jià)，特別是建筑日常運(yùn)行費(fèi)用降至最低。如同古代希臘圓形劇場的簡明、火山口造型，“LagoScape”方案呈現(xiàn)出簡潔的形式、明晰的功能、樸素的材料以及低價(jià)的運(yùn)營（圖5），這是避免大型體育場“白象綜合癥”的有益嘗試。

第三，“LagoScape”方案充分考慮尼日利亞作為足球國家的特點(diǎn)，結(jié)合大型體育場相對建筑高度，創(chuàng)造極富象征性的建筑形象，以發(fā)掘和弘揚(yáng)體育場建筑的附加值?！癓agoScape”的意思是“拉各斯景”之意。體育場不僅是足球訓(xùn)練和比賽場地，而且以其獨(dú)一無二的形象成為極具吸引力的觀眾席和城市觀景臺。將游覽目的地功能賦予足球體育場，是大型體育場多功能使用的大膽嘗試。

圖1 / Figure 1地段現(xiàn)狀為垃圾填埋場，拉各斯，尼日利亞The land fi ll site. Lagos, Nigeria / Souce: www.archoutloud.com

圖2 / Figure 2LagoScape方案Proposal LagoScape

第四，不論在萬能視角下、鳥瞰視角下，還是凡人視角下，“LagoScape”方案都體現(xiàn)出優(yōu)雅的建筑體驗(yàn)。需要強(qiáng)調(diào)的是，“LagoScape”方案充分考慮谷歌地球衛(wèi)星地圖上的建筑體驗(yàn)，采用簡單的圓形創(chuàng)造識別性超強(qiáng)的形式。根據(jù)滿足40,000人使用的出入口特點(diǎn)和場地周邊社區(qū)狀況設(shè)計(jì)的放射狀路徑，更是加強(qiáng)了“LagoScape”方案的形式感（圖6）。

簡潔、大氣、巧妙，樸素，這4個詞匯很好地體現(xiàn)了“LagoScape”方案的特點(diǎn)（圖7）。

圖片來源

Figure Sources

文中圖片除注明外均為朱文一工作室提供

All figures, except those are specified, are provided by ZHU Wenyi Atelier

FULL TEXTS TRANSLATED FROM CHINESE

The LagoScape proposal is located in the former Olusosun Land fi ll (Figure 1) in the northern part of Lagos, Nigeria. The program asks participants to design a new multi-purpose stadium at the former Olusosun Land fi ll. How could this massive structure, known to be wasteful in its resources, limited lifespan, and inconsistent usage, confront critical issues of waste in Lagos while sited on a former land fi ll? Designers are encouraged to consider how the stadium might act as a porous entity, serving as both a world-class sporting facility and local commodity. ZHUWENYI Atelier proposed a scheme LagoScape (Figure 2). The keypoints of the proposal are as follows:

First, well-developed land fi ll technology is applied to build the stadium and green field, which is a sustainable way. The football stadium stacked with wastes can accommodate 40,000 people, meeting the requirements of sports competitions and city observation (Figure 3, Figure 4). The refurbished large green fi elds have become the venue for daily football activities in the surrounding communities.The 80-hectare site is designed as a football green fi eld. The large football stadium with 40,000 seats is centrally located, taking into account the events and daily use, exploring new typology of large-scale stadiums (Figure 5).

Second, the stadium not only serves as a football training and competition venue, but also has a unique image to become an attractive auditorium and city viewing platform. Giving the function of the tourist destination to the football stadium is an disruptive attempt to use the multi-purpose stadium.

Third, the proposal LagoScape takes into account the architectural experience from god's eye view,bird's eye view to man's eye view. It should be emphasized that the LagoScape is highly recognizable in its simple circular and is easily identi fi ed on Google Earth satellite maps. The gates of stadium with emanant paths on the green field are accessible to the neighborhoods surrounding the site(Figure 6).

The name LagoScape means Lagos Landscape.With its unique form, it will be a new landmark in the Lagos city (Figure 7).

圖 3 / Figure 3用垃圾填埋而成的看臺頂部——城市觀景臺The top of the grandstand made of land fi ll - the city observation deck

圖4 / Figure 4通過適宜技術(shù)用垃圾填埋而成的40,000人體育場看臺40,000 seats stadium stands made of land fi lls by suitable technology

圖5 / Figure 5凡人視角下簡潔、明快的“LagoScape”方案A simple and bright "LagoScape" from Man's-Eye-View

圖6 / Figure 6“LagoScape”足球場和周邊社區(qū)的巧妙連接Smart connection between the "LagoScape" football stadium and the surrounding community

圖7 / Figure 7萬能視角下的 "LagoScape" 。左:場地現(xiàn)狀谷歌地球衛(wèi)星圖；右:LagoScape方案"LagoScape" from God's-Eye-View. Left: Site on Google Eargh satellite map; Right: Proposal LagoScape