秦文晶
1. 引言
《普通高中英語(yǔ)課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(實(shí)驗(yàn))》中八級(jí)詞匯知識(shí)目標(biāo)之一為:學(xué)會(huì)使用3300個(gè)左右的單詞和400-500個(gè)習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)或詞語(yǔ)搭配(教育部,2003)。詞匯是語(yǔ)言三要素之一,它維系著語(yǔ)音和語(yǔ)法,是構(gòu)筑語(yǔ)言結(jié)構(gòu)和意義的基本單位。沒有語(yǔ)法,表達(dá)甚微;沒有詞匯,表達(dá)為零(Wilkins,1972)。由此可見詞匯教學(xué)的重要性。
教材中的詞匯通??煞譃閮蓚€(gè)層次:第一層是核心詞匯;第二層是非核心詞匯即認(rèn)知詞匯。對(duì)于認(rèn)知詞匯,學(xué)生會(huì)認(rèn)讀,了解其詞義、詞性即可;而對(duì)于核心詞匯則要求學(xué)生不但能在聽和讀的過程中感知詞語(yǔ)形式并提取其意義,還要求在說和諧的活動(dòng)中有能力輸出這些詞匯(葛慶波,2012)。因此,詞匯教學(xué)的重點(diǎn)要放在核心詞匯上。
在詞匯教學(xué)領(lǐng)域,很多專家和教師都提出過有效的方法,如任務(wù)型詞匯教學(xué)法、話題詞匯教學(xué)法、游戲競(jìng)賽法、自主探究法、歸類記憶法和例句記憶法等(魏恒健,2007)。而實(shí)際上詞匯教學(xué)大都形式單一,“領(lǐng)讀——跟讀——講解——背誦——聽寫”,詞匯學(xué)習(xí)枯燥無味,事倍功半。只有高度化的語(yǔ)境才能充分展示詞匯的語(yǔ)義、句法和搭配特征等深度知識(shí)(張文忠、吳旭東,2003)。因此,教師應(yīng)當(dāng)創(chuàng)設(shè)語(yǔ)境進(jìn)行詞匯教學(xué)。
2. 基于情境的詞匯教學(xué)課例
本課例選用的是人教版高中英語(yǔ)教材必修4 Unit 1 Reading A Student of African Wildlife出現(xiàn)的核心詞匯。
Step 1 A morning report about Jane Goodall.
【設(shè)計(jì)說明】課文大意能使學(xué)生接觸到熟悉的語(yǔ)境,快速進(jìn)入學(xué)習(xí)狀態(tài)。
Step 2 Vocabulary learning
Situation 1
Guess the meaning of “childhood” and think of other words with “-hood”.
childhood n. the period of time when someone is a child
boyhood, girlhood, adulthood, neighborhood
【設(shè)計(jì)說明】根據(jù)語(yǔ)境判斷childhood的含義,再說出幾個(gè)同根詞的意思。
Situation 2
Match the different meanings of “bond”.
(1) We signed a formal bond with them.
(2) My mum bought a lot of government bonds.
(3) The experience in the forest formed a close bond between David and me.
(4) You need to bond wood to metal.
A. close connection
B. written promise that has legal force
C. join two things together
D. money has been lent to a government and will be paid back with interest
【設(shè)計(jì)說明】詞義推斷作為基于語(yǔ)境的詞匯認(rèn)知處理方式,有利于學(xué)生對(duì)特定語(yǔ)篇語(yǔ)境中生詞的相關(guān)信息進(jìn)行深加工,從而促進(jìn)其對(duì)詞匯的理解、記憶和提?。▌?,2011)。
Situation 3
Guess the meaning of “behave”.
When chimps feel happy, they behave well.
When chimps feel unhappy, they behave badly.
Situation 4
Eating up is good behaviour.
漢譯英:浪費(fèi)食物是不好的行為。
Wasting food is bad behaviour.
3. Discuss in groups:
At school, __________________ is good behaviour.
At school, __________________ is bad behaviour.
【設(shè)計(jì)說明】用圖片創(chuàng)設(shè)貼近學(xué)生生活的情境能夠激發(fā)學(xué)習(xí)興趣。同時(shí)向?qū)W生灌輸正確的價(jià)值觀。
Situation 5
1. Match different meanings of “observe”.
(1) As students, we must observe the school rules.
(2) We are going to observe Dragon Boat Festival.
(3) Before an experiment, students should observe the teacher doing it carefully.
A. obey (rules, laws, etc.)
B. watch carefully
C. celebrate
2. Multiple choice
(1) We must _______ the laws, or we shall be punished.
A. break B. watch
C. observe D. fall
(2) In the park, I observed him _______ in a chair, reading a book.
A. sat B. was sitting
C. to sit D. sitting
【設(shè)計(jì)說明】本環(huán)節(jié)3句話內(nèi)容都是和學(xué)生真實(shí)生活相關(guān)的,因此學(xué)生不難找出匹配的答案?;顒?dòng)2介紹了新詞用法。
Situation 6
Fill in the blanks with behave, behaviour and observe.
Parents should _______ the traffic rules, because their good _______ can tell children how to _______ well.
【設(shè)計(jì)說明】再次考查了3個(gè)新詞的用法,并對(duì)學(xué)生進(jìn)行交通安全教育。
Situation 7
1. Guess the different meanings of “shade”.
In summer, people usually rest in the shade of the big tree, because it can shade the sunshine for them.
2. Fill in the blank with a word.
One generation plants the trees in whose _______ another generation rests, which is worth respecting.
Translate it into Chinese.
【設(shè)計(jì)說明】圖片1反映了新校區(qū)沒有遮陽(yáng)之處,而圖片3人們可以在樹蔭下乘涼,這要感謝圖片2中的植樹者。英譯漢的句意正是“前人栽樹后人乘涼”,并引出單詞worth。
Situation 8
1. 九寨溝值得一游。
Jiuzhaigou is worth visiting.
It is worthwhile visiting Jiuzhaigou.
It is worthwhile to visit Jiuzhaigou.
2. Multiple choice
This famous novel written by Mo Yan is well worth _______, and I think it is worthwhile _______.
A. to read; translating
B. reading; to translate
C. being read; to be translated
D. to be read; of being translated
Situation 9
Choose one picture and make up sentences in form of “be worth doing”, “It is worthwhile doing ...” and “It is worthwhile to do ...”
【設(shè)計(jì)說明】對(duì)于剛學(xué)過的詞匯,加深記憶的最好的辦法是在表達(dá)中運(yùn)用,學(xué)用結(jié)合永遠(yuǎn)是復(fù)習(xí)與鞏固所學(xué)知識(shí)的最佳途徑(文秋芳,2003)。
Step 3 Consolidation
Situation 10
Enjoy a piece of video. Then fill in the blanks with the new words.
In my _______, I _______ so badly that I always made my parents angry. When I grow up, I _______ that my parents are becoming old and realize the strong _______ between my family and me. Now I should _______ them from the difficulty of life. What my parents and I do is _______ because we are a family.
【設(shè)計(jì)說明】公益視頻“愛的表達(dá)式”讓學(xué)生感念父母的偉大,從而學(xué)會(huì)關(guān)愛父母。再以篇章的形式回顧視頻內(nèi)容并用本節(jié)課所學(xué)詞匯填空。
Step 4 Homework
(1) Retell the text by filling in the blanks with the new words.
(2) Make up a short story with the new words.
【設(shè)計(jì)說明】分層作業(yè):用所學(xué)新詞填空復(fù)述課文;運(yùn)用新詞寫篇短文,充滿了趣味性和挑戰(zhàn)性。
3. 結(jié)語(yǔ)
基于核心素養(yǎng)的詞匯教學(xué)應(yīng)以語(yǔ)境為依托,使詞匯學(xué)習(xí)和運(yùn)用自然滲透到學(xué)習(xí)過程之中。本節(jié)課詞匯教學(xué)目標(biāo)清晰,詞匯處理語(yǔ)境化,不同活動(dòng)場(chǎng)景的銜接自然。大量的輸入保證了高質(zhì)量的輸出。練習(xí)的設(shè)計(jì)有梯度,有利于學(xué)生語(yǔ)言綜合運(yùn)用能力的提高。德育教育也貫穿始終。
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(作者單位:廣西南寧市第八中學(xué))