阮曉黎 虞偉星
[摘要] 目的 探討異丙酚與七氟醚麻醉對老年老年輸尿管鏡手術(shù)患者麻醉術(shù)后蘇醒質(zhì)量和認(rèn)知功能影響的比較。方法 選取2015年1月~2017年12月?lián)衿谳斈蚬茜R手術(shù)治療的老年患者80例,分為異丙酚組和七氟醚組各40例,分別采用異丙酚靜脈麻醉和七氟醚吸入麻醉。觀察兩組患者麻醉術(shù)后蘇醒質(zhì)量指標(biāo),并評估麻醉前(T0)、術(shù)后4 h(T1)、術(shù)后12 h(T2)及術(shù)后24 h(T3)認(rèn)知功能的變化,并比較兩組不良反應(yīng)情況。 結(jié)果 異丙酚組患者的自主呼吸恢復(fù)時間、睜眼時間和拔管時間明顯短于七氟醚組(P<0.05)。兩組患者T1和T2時MMSE評分均較T0時明顯下降(P<0.05);且七氟醚組患者下降幅度較異丙酚組更明顯(P<0.05);兩組患者T3時MMSE評分均恢復(fù)至T0時水平(P>0.05)。觀察組與對照組分別出現(xiàn)不良反應(yīng)3例(7.50%)、5例(12.50%),癥狀均較輕,兩組比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=0.14,P>0.05)。 結(jié)論 與七氟醚吸入麻醉相比,異丙酚靜脈麻醉用于老年輸尿管鏡患者術(shù)后具有蘇醒速度快、呼吸恢復(fù)快、拔管時間早、認(rèn)知功能影響較少及安全性較好等優(yōu)點(diǎn)。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 老年患者;七氟醚;異丙酚;蘇醒質(zhì)量;認(rèn)知功能
[中圖分類號] R614? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼] B? ? ? ? ? [文章編號] 1673-9701(2019)04-0122-04
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the effects of propofol and sevoflurane anesthesia on the postoperative awakening quality and cognitive function of anesthesia in elderly patients undergoing ureteroscopic surgery. Methods 80 elderly patients with elective ureteroscopy from January 2015 to December 2017 were enrolled. The patients were divided into propofol group and sevoflurane group, with 40 patients in each group. The propofol group and sevoflurane group were treated with propofol intravenous anesthesia and sevoflurane inhalation anesthesia, respectively. The quality of awakening after anesthesia was observed in both groups, and the changes in cognitive function before anesthesia(T0), 4 h (T1), 12 h (T2) and 24 h (T3) were evaluated, and adverse reactions were compared. Results The spontaneous breathing recovery time, blink time and extubation time were significantly shorter in the propofol group than those in the sevoflurane group(P<0.05). The MMSE scores of T1 and T2 in the two groups were significantly lower than those in T0(P<0.05). The decrease of sevoflurane group was more obvious than that in propofol group(P<0.05). The MMSE scores of the two groups at T3 were restored to that at T0 level(P>0.05). There were 3 cases(7.50%) and 5 cases(12.50%) of adverse reactions in the observation group and the control group. And the symptoms were mild. There was no significant difference between the two groups(χ2=0.14, P>0.05). Conclusion Compared with sevoflurane inhalation anesthesia, propofol intravenous anesthesia is used for elderly ureteroscopy patients with fast recovery, rapid recovery of breathing, early extubation time, less cognitive function and better safety.
[Key words] Elderly patients; Sevoflurane; Propofol; Awakening quality; Cognitive function
認(rèn)知功能障礙(POCD)是手術(shù)麻醉后一種較多見的腦部并發(fā)癥,表現(xiàn)為麻醉后出現(xiàn)一段時間的記憶、定向和意識等障礙,影響患者術(shù)后的恢復(fù)[1,2]。POCD發(fā)生機(jī)制迄今尚不完全清楚,近年來研究發(fā)現(xiàn)麻醉藥物的選擇與POCD的發(fā)生密切相關(guān)[3,4]。七氟醚是一種新型的吸入性麻醉藥,具有麻醉誘導(dǎo)平穩(wěn)和清醒時間縮短等優(yōu)點(diǎn),對患者的POCD有一定的影響[5,6]。異丙酚是一種廣泛應(yīng)用于臨床的全麻藥,臨床起效快,麻醉后蘇醒迅速且副作用少,對POCD的影響相對較少[7,8]。本研究探討了異丙酚與七氟醚麻醉用于老年輸尿管鏡患者對其麻醉術(shù)后蘇醒質(zhì)量和認(rèn)知功能的影響,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
選取2015年1月~2018年4月在我院麻醉科擇期擬行輸尿管鏡手術(shù)治療的老年患者80例。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[9]:①ASA分級為Ⅰ~Ⅱ級,②年齡≥60歲。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[10]:①以往有精神、神經(jīng)疾病病史及認(rèn)知功能障礙者;②文盲、失語及失認(rèn)者。采用拋銀幣法將納入80例老年患者分為異丙酚組和七氟醚組,每組40例。兩組患者的一般資料相均衡。見表1。
1.2 麻醉方法
兩組入手術(shù)室后均建立靜脈通路,行常規(guī)吸氧及生命體征觀察。兩組患者均予以維庫溴銨0.1 mg/kg、咪達(dá)唑侖0.03 mg/kg、依托咪酯0.3 mg/kg和芬太尼2 μg/kg依次靜脈誘導(dǎo),成功常規(guī)氣管插管行機(jī)械通氣。異丙酚組予以異丙酚(西安力邦制藥公司,規(guī)格:200 mg/20 mL,國藥準(zhǔn)字:H19990282)3~5 mg/(kg·h)靜脈維持麻醉。七氟醚組予以1%七氟醚(上海恒瑞醫(yī)藥有限公司,規(guī)格:120 mL/瓶,國藥準(zhǔn)字H20070172)持續(xù)吸入維持麻醉,術(shù)中可追加芬太尼和維庫溴銨維持麻醉。術(shù)畢停用七氟醚或異丙酚。觀察兩組患者麻醉術(shù)后蘇醒質(zhì)量指標(biāo),并評估麻醉前(T0)、術(shù)后4 h(T1)、術(shù)后12 h(T2)及術(shù)后24 h(T3)認(rèn)知功能的變化,并比較不良反應(yīng)。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo)
1.3.1 麻醉術(shù)后蘇醒質(zhì)量指標(biāo)? 包括自主呼吸恢復(fù)時間、睜眼時間及拔管時間。
1.3.2 認(rèn)知功能判斷? 采用簡易智能量表(MMSE)進(jìn)行判斷,包括計(jì)算能力、語言能力、時間定向、即刻記憶、注意力和地點(diǎn)定向等30項(xiàng),總分30分,分?jǐn)?shù)越高表明認(rèn)知功能越好。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS19.0軟件,計(jì)量資料用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,采用t檢驗(yàn)和方差分析,計(jì)數(shù)資料采用χ2檢驗(yàn),P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 兩組麻醉術(shù)后蘇醒質(zhì)量指標(biāo)比較
異丙酚組自主呼吸恢復(fù)時間、睜眼時間和拔管時間顯著短于七氟醚組(P<0.05)。見表2。
2.2 兩組術(shù)后MMSE評分比較
兩組T0時MMSE評分基本一致(P>0.05)。兩組T1和T2時MMSE評分均較T0時明顯下降(P<0.05);且七氟醚組患者下降幅度較異丙酚組更明顯(P<0.05);兩組T3時MMSE評分均恢復(fù)至T0時水平(P>0.05)。見表3。
2.3 兩組不良反應(yīng)比較
異丙酚組出現(xiàn)不良反應(yīng)3例(7.50%),其中惡心2例和頭痛1例;七氟醚組5例(12.50%),其中惡心4例和頭昏1例,癥狀較輕,兩組不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率比較,無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(χ2=0.14,P>0.05)。
3 討論
POCD作為手術(shù)麻醉后常見的一種中樞系統(tǒng)并發(fā)癥,以老年患者多見。POCD的病因及發(fā)病機(jī)制迄今國內(nèi)外尚未完全明確,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)主要與患者對藥物代謝性和老年器官對藥物耐受性與敏感性等因素密切相關(guān),麻醉藥物對患者認(rèn)知功能的影響不但取決于老年患者生理器官對麻醉藥敏感性增高,還與麻醉藥的理化性質(zhì)相關(guān)。老年患者由于大腦系統(tǒng)發(fā)生退行性變使大腦老化萎縮,大腦神經(jīng)功能區(qū)的神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞數(shù)量相對減少,因此對手術(shù)的耐受程度逐漸較差,術(shù)后易發(fā)生POCD。國內(nèi)外的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)老年患者術(shù)后發(fā)生POCD的發(fā)病率高達(dá)30%以上,因此,采用合適的麻醉藥減少老年患者POCD是近年來麻醉科研究的新熱點(diǎn)[11-13]。
七氟醚是近年來新合成的一種揮發(fā)性麻醉藥,具有血?dú)夥峙湎禂?shù)低、誘導(dǎo)速度迅速等優(yōu)點(diǎn),且對血壓的影響較少、呼吸道刺激感較弱、術(shù)中麻醉深度易掌控,臨床使用安全性較佳,近年來廣泛應(yīng)用于臨床麻醉中[14-16]。但研究發(fā)現(xiàn)吸入型麻醉藥麻醉術(shù)后易發(fā)生POCD,其發(fā)生率高達(dá)20%~40%,嚴(yán)重影響患者病情恢復(fù)[17-19]。最新研究發(fā)現(xiàn)七氟醚對認(rèn)知功能的影響主要是由于七氟醚可抑制膽堿能神經(jīng)元,延長大腦海馬結(jié)構(gòu)區(qū)突觸傳遞過程;還能抑制中樞神經(jīng)細(xì)胞活性氧的分泌和釋放,促進(jìn)炎癥在病癥的浸潤和活化,減輕大腦細(xì)胞的鈣超載與脂質(zhì)過氧化產(chǎn)生,影響其認(rèn)知功能[20-12]。
異丙酚是一種臨床常用的快速強(qiáng)效靜脈麻醉藥,誘導(dǎo)與麻醉蘇醒較快和副作用較小等優(yōu)點(diǎn),其體內(nèi)的代平穩(wěn)快,在體內(nèi)殘留時間較短,術(shù)后蘇醒速度快,恢復(fù)較快,對患者的認(rèn)知功能的影響較少[23-25]。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)異丙酚組自主呼吸恢復(fù)時間、睜眼時間和拔管時間[(11.7±2.1)min、(14.9±2.5)min、(17.2±3.1)min]明顯短于七氟醚組[(13.2±2.6)min、(16.3±2.8)min、(20.9±3.8)min]。提示異丙酚靜脈麻醉用于老年輸尿管鏡手術(shù)患者具有蘇醒速度快、呼吸恢復(fù)快和拔管時間早等優(yōu)點(diǎn)。研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)兩組患者T1和T2時MMSE評分[(24.3±3.4)分、(25.2±3.6)分、(21.7±3.2)分、(22.7±3.8)分]均較T0時[(28.6±3.9)分、(28.8±3.4)分]明顯下降,且七氟醚組患者下降幅度較異丙酚組患者更明顯,且兩組患者T3時MMSE評分恢復(fù)至T0時水平。提示七氟醚吸入和異丙酚靜脈麻醉這兩者麻醉均對老年輸尿管鏡手術(shù)患者術(shù)后早期認(rèn)知功能有一定影響,但后者影響相對較少。研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)異丙酚組與七氟醚組不良反應(yīng)較輕,發(fā)生率比較相接近,說明兩種藥物的安全性均較好。本文推測認(rèn)為中樞膽堿能系統(tǒng)功能隨患者年齡的上升而逐漸發(fā)生減弱,引起七氟醚吸入麻醉對中樞膽堿能系統(tǒng)控制相對更強(qiáng),從而使七氟醚吸入麻醉較異丙酚靜脈麻醉更易導(dǎo)致患者認(rèn)知功能下降;而異丙酚能夠?qū)χ袠猩窠?jīng)系統(tǒng)多種受體和離子通道造成影響,麻醉起效快,同時由于異丙酚具有高親脂性,代謝迅速,因此蘇醒迅速而平穩(wěn)[26-30]。
總之,與七氟醚吸入麻醉相比,異丙酚靜脈麻醉用于老年輸尿管鏡患者術(shù)后具有蘇醒速度快、呼吸恢復(fù)快、拔管時間早、認(rèn)知功能影響較少及安全性較好等優(yōu)點(diǎn)。
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(收稿日期:2018-08-27)