□ 文/本刊記者 劉丁睿
2018年是外交官拯救猶太人80周年紀念,為緬懷猶太人大屠殺遇難者,7月8日至8月8日,以色列駐成都總領事館在重慶圖書館舉辦《超越職責——“國際義人”中的外交官》主題歷史展。展覽內(nèi)容為第二次世界大戰(zhàn)期間21個國家36位正義外交官幫助猶太人的故事,包括中國人何鳳山、意大利人喬治·佩拉斯卡、巴西人路易斯·馬丁斯·德索薩·丹塔斯等。以色列駐成都副總領事崔梧蕤,重慶市政府外事僑務辦領事處處長范青,重慶圖書館黨委書記、館長任競出席展覽開幕儀式。
《超越職責——“國際義人”中的外交官》主題歷史展在重慶圖書館展出。 攝影/劉丁睿
The year 2018 marks the 80th anniversary of the event in which diplomats saved the Jews. To commemorate the holocaust victims, a historical exhibition will be held in Chongqing Library by Israel Consulate General in Chengdu from July 8 to August 8. What can be seen are stories about 36 righteous diplomats from 21 countries, such as He Fengshan(China), Giorgio Perlasca(Italy), Louis Massimi Desouza Dantas(Brazil), to name a few. Uri Zirinski, Deputy Consul General of Israel in Chengdu, Fan Qing, Director of Consular Section of Foreign and Overseas Chinese Affairs Office of Chongqing People’s Government, the secretary and curator of Chongqing Library Party Committee attended the opening ceremony.
觀眾被展覽深深吸引。 攝影/劉丁睿
崔梧蕤在主題展致辭時稱,作為外交官,職責就是加強國與國之間的關系,并在人民之間傳遞友誼。本次展覽講述的是在人類歷史最黑暗時期,外交官們超越職責的故事。他們在那個動蕩的時代,冒著個人危險和職業(yè)風險,幫助一些人從死亡的包圍中逃脫出來。有些外交官為此付出了高昂的代價,甚至獻出了生命?!斑@個展覽為了感謝他們的無私無畏,也獻給大屠殺的幸存者,他們的堅韌和力量激勵著人們不斷向前。”
猶太人大屠殺是第二次世界大戰(zhàn)期間,納粹德國為鎮(zhèn)壓異己和推行種族主義政策,所犯下的一場種族滅絕罪行。到1945年戰(zhàn)爭結(jié)束時,多達600萬猶太人遭到殘忍屠殺。1944年10月,匈牙利人非尼哈·艾斯納的最后一封信這樣寫道,“這座城市的猶太人已從街上消失,他們無處可逃。”
Uri Zirinski, Deputy Consul General of Israel in Chengdu, delivered a speech,pointing out where diplomats’duty lies in—enhancing relationships and friendships between countries and people. The exhibition will dwelling on the stories in the darkest times of human history, in which these diplomats made good deed beyond the call of their duty. Runing the risk of losing job even life, they help people get away from the fate of death during that erratic period. Some of them even sacrificed their life, a dear price. “This is to extend gratitude to people who made contributions selflessly and fearlessly, and who survived in the holocaust for their fortitude and strength have encouraged people to forge ahead unceasingly.
In order to supress dissidents and implement racist policy, Nazi Germany committed the Holocaust, a wave of genocide, during the World WarⅡ. Upon the end of the war in 1945, over 6 million Jews were killed in the slaughter. “Jews have vanished from the street of the city. They have nowhere to go.” Phinehas Eisner, a Hungarian, wrote in his last letter.
中國/何鳳山
“我有三個孩子……兩個孫子,他們的性命都是何鳳山博士所賜。我丈夫的侄子……從一個領事館跑到另一個領事館,直到中國領事館才看到希望。我和丈夫以及其他十八位親戚都很幸運,拿到了何先生的簽證。我們于1938年11月12日離開熱那亞,又從那乘船前往上海,我的兒子哈里也是在上海出生。”——來自大屠殺幸存者貝塔·菲德勒。
1938年3月,奧地利被納粹德國吞并,猶太人遭到了恐怖統(tǒng)治和公然羞辱,剝奪財產(chǎn),強迫移民。絕望之中,猶太人圍住了這座城市的所有外國領事館。何鳳山作為時任中國駐維也納總領事,向猶太人簽發(fā)了數(shù)千張前往上海的簽證,幫助猶太人逃離納粹的魔爪。
1944年,布達佩斯的猶太人聚集在瑞士大使館的“玻璃屋”,希望獲得保護通行證。大樓里的地下工作人員分發(fā)文件,從而救下了成千上萬的猶太人。
死里逃生的大屠殺幸存者斯特拉·佛朗哥·伊斯雷爾回憶,“共有三四艘船,我們在海上漂泊了8天,一艘從科斯島(Kos)拉來了200多名猶太人……他們又將船開到萊羅斯島(Leros)去接另外一位猶太人……我們不知道自己將會被送往奧斯維辛?!眮碜圆谒估叩莫q太復國主義活動家,吉斯·弗萊施曼卻沒能逃過納粹毒手,1943年9月1日,在奧斯維辛集中營慘遭殺害。
“在那被監(jiān)禁在法國的日子里,我們承受了諸多苦難,也許最令人痛苦的就是當局強迫我們?nèi)媾c外界隔絕。最重要的是這種隔絕消耗了我們的生命力,我們既無助又無奈,害怕被人遺忘,像是從生命的溪流中被分離出來的一汪死水。”這是1940年10月,德國猶太小說家利翁·福伊希特萬格在抵達美國時發(fā)出的感言。
本次展覽的主角——正義外交官,正是面臨那段最為黑暗的人類歷史,他們正義而勇敢。面對猶太人被迫害的絕境,他們頂著重重壓力,冒著巨大的危險,決定給這些猶太人頒發(fā)“生命簽證”,幫助他們逃離納粹德國的占領的土地,打開改變命運的大門。
Stella Franco Isrel, who survived the slaughter recalled that “We had drifted on the sea for 8 days, with three or four boats in total, among which one boat took more than 200 Jews...They set sail to Leros to pick up another Jew, and it didn’t occur to us that we are on the way to Auschwitz.”
“Imprisoned in France, we suffered a lot in those days. We were forced to cut off from the outside, which is the most afflicting. Because it drained up our life strength and made us helpless. We were afraid of being forgotten, like a still water isolated from the stream of life.”said Lion Feuchtwanger,a German Jewish novelist, upon arriving the United States.
During that darkest age in human history, there was a batch of righteous, bold and fearless. Under mountainous pressure and in the face of such despair situation,they awarded “Life Visa” to Jews at great risk. They helped the victims escape from territories dominated by Nazi Germany and changed their lives. They are all righteous diplomats.
意大利/喬治·佩拉斯卡(Giorgio Perlasca)
喬治·佩拉斯卡是意大利科摩人,1942年移居至匈牙利,成為意大利牛肉出口商代表。德國入侵匈牙利后,佩拉斯卡進入西班牙大使館避難。那個時候,“箭十字黨”已經(jīng)掌權,開始進行恐怖統(tǒng)治。包括西班牙代表團在內(nèi)的國際組織和大使館都盡力幫助猶太人,為他們提供保護文件、提供“安全屋”。
1944年12月,西班牙大使安吉爾·桑茲一布里茲離開匈牙利,留下了官方印章和幾位基層外交官。喬治·佩拉斯卡假裝成西班牙代表發(fā)放保護文件、與當局展開談判,并親自前往“箭十字”監(jiān)獄迎接被釋放的猶太人。他不止一次冷靜地使用自己的假身份,將“箭十字”幫趕出了“安全屋”。戰(zhàn)爭結(jié)束后,他要返回意大利,幾十個獲救者將他一直送到火車站,依依不舍地與他告別。
大屠殺幸存者站在營救者奧斯卡·辛德勒(Oskar Schindler)的墳墓旁。
1963年,以色列猶太大屠殺紀念館(Yad Vashem)開啟了一項世界工程,將“國際義人”的稱號授予那些冒著生命危險拯救猶太人的非猶太人,并將這種文化遺產(chǎn)永久傳承下去。目前已有26000多人被以色列授予“國際義人”稱號。其中,有一個中國人非常熟悉的名字——何鳳山。1938至1940年,何鳳山任中國駐維也納總領事期間,向奧地利猶太人發(fā)放數(shù)千份“生命簽證”。2000年,何鳳山被授予“國際義人”稱號,他也被譽為“中國的辛德勒”。
市政府外事僑務辦領事處處長范青表示,二戰(zhàn)給中華民族和猶太民族都帶來了巨大的痛苦和不幸,盡管當時中國人飽受戰(zhàn)火之苦,但仍有無數(shù)中國人盡己所能幫助猶太人。此次展覽,不僅表達了對二戰(zhàn)烈士與受害者的緬懷,和對國際義人的感激,更表達了人們對戰(zhàn)爭的譴責和對和平與發(fā)展的熱愛與向往。希望人們永遠牢記歷史,珍愛和平,促進中國與世界各國友好交流與共同發(fā)展。
圖片/以色列駐成都總領事館提供
For the purpose to pass down the spirits of these diplomats as a kind of cultural heritage, Israel Yad Vashem have entitled “Righteous Among the Nations” to those non-Jewish people who put their life on the line to save Jews Since 1963. At present over 26,000 people were awarded “Righteous Among the Nations”, among which a name is very familiar to Chinese people — He Fengshan. From 1938 to 1940, as a Consular General of China in Vienna, He Fengshan had issued thousands of “Life Visa” for Jews in Austria. He was conferred “Righteous Among the Nations” in 2000,also renowned as “Schindler in China”
Fan Qing, indicated that despite of the suffering in the WWⅡ, which brought much pain and adversity to both Chinese nation and Jewish people, there still had numerous Chinese who, trying their best to bail Jews out of misery. The exhibiton not only pays tribute to martyrs and victims in the war, express gratitude to these righteous among nations, but also reflects people’s condenmation of the war as well as their hope and longing for peace and development. To this end, the exhibitor hope that people bear in mind history and cherish peace forever so as to promote the friendly exchanges and common development between China and other countries.
Photo provided by the Consulate General of Israel in Chengdu
巴西/路易斯·馬丁斯·德索薩·丹塔斯(Luis Martins de Souza Dantas)
路易斯·馬丁斯·德索薩·丹塔斯從1922年開始擔任巴西駐法國大使。為尋找繞開猶太人移民禁令的方法,德索薩·丹塔斯努力獲得了可針對特殊情況發(fā)放簽證的授權,并以極其慷慨的方式利用這一政府許可,向猶太人和非猶太難民提供了數(shù)百個簽證。
德索薩·丹塔斯明白他這么做,完全違背了世界各地的巴西外交使團所得到的指令。得益于這位大使的“違規(guī)操作”,數(shù)百名猶太人順利離開了法國。當巴西當局準備對德索薩·丹塔斯采取司法措施時,他已到了退休年齡。